Popat VB Bohe, Calis KAVanderhoof VHet al. Most of the focus on Muscle building exercises for legs +Maintaining healthy intestinal transit hormohes involves estrogens and androgens. Ane are 7 established relaxin family peptides RXFPincluding Bone health and hormones RLN 1, RLN2, RLN3, and insulin-like peptide INSL 3, INSL4, INSL5, and INSL6 Under steady state, there is a balance between bone resorption and bone formation and thus stable bone mass. Emerging evidence relating to traditional reproductive hormones and the recent discovery of newer reproductive neuropeptides and hormones has deepened our understanding of the interaction between bone and the reproductive system. This is because scientists and health experts have linked ERT with an increased risk of:. Preventing osteoporosis.

Bone health and hormones -

Over time, you may develop osteoporosis and a higher risk of breaking bones in later life. This is particularly likely if you have an early menopause. HRT usually combines both hormones.

This is because oestrogen taken on its own could make your womb lining too thick and increase your risk of womb cancer. There are more than 50 different HRT products available for prescription in the UK, including tablets, patches that you stick on your skin, small implants that are placed under the skin, and gels you rub on your skin.

There are also rings, creams and pessaries small removable devices that can be placed inside the vagina to treat symptoms such as vaginal dryness. But these aren't used to treat osteoporosis, as they only contain very low levels of oestrogen.

HRT comes in the following three forms. Your healthcare professional should explain which form is most suitable for you and why. Sequential combined therapy You take oestrogen every day and progestogen for around 12 days per month. The progestogen causes you to have a bleed like a menstrual period.

The progestogen stops your womb lining from getting too thick. You need to be at least a year past your last period before having continuous combined therapy, or it may cause irregular bleeding.

Regulated bio-identical hormones These medications, often called body-identical hormones, are designed to be identical to the hormones we produce naturally. An example is micronised progesterone.

Some clinicians prescribe this with oestrogen, instead of standard progestogen, as it's less likely to cause side effects or increase risks of blood clots and stroke.

It may also be less likely to increase the risk of breast cancer. There hasn't been as much research into these newer products, which is why many doctors still prescribe standard progestogen. Unregulated bio-identical hormones These are different to the regulated products mentioned above.

They aren't recommended and they aren't available on the NHS. Tibolone Livial® This is taken as a tablet once a day. Tibolone mimics oestrogen, progesterone, and the hormone testosterone inside the body.

It can be used if you completed your menopause over a year ago. It may be helpful for libido desire for sex and bone strength. HRT causes your oestrogen levels to increase. This can help to prevent bone loss and reduce your risk of developing osteoporosis and of breaking bones. If you already have osteoporosis or a high risk of breaking bones, HRT can help to strengthen your bones and make fractures less likely.

The levels of risk vary from one person to another and depend on things such as your age, weight, medical and family history. As you reach your 60s, the overall risks of HRT may outweigh the benefits.

This is because your risk of the health problems mentioned above increases naturally with age, and taking HRT could add to this risk. A regular review of treatment choices is also useful.

Worried by stories you've seen in the news? You may have seen news stories about HRT, and be feeling worried and confused about its safety. Experts regularly review the safety and use of treatments. As with any drug, HRT can cause side effects. Possible side effects include:. The patient information leaflet that comes with your treatment will have more information on possible side effects of HRT.

If you do get side effects that don't go away, speak to your doctor or pharmacist. This is because you will start losing bone at an earlier age than the average woman, increasing your risk of osteoporosis and broken bones.

Many women take HRT to treat symptoms caused by the menopause. HRT is also an option after the menopause as an osteoporosis drug treatment. You can also read more detailed information in our fact sheet, ' Hormone replacement therapy HRT and bone health '.

Our specialist nurse Helpline is here for you, if you have any questions or concerns. Call free on However, your healthcare professional may recommend regular scans if you have a high risk of breaking bones. You can find this tool by visiting the Know Your bones website here.

Hormones help keep bones healthy. So, what exactly are bones? Bones are living, growing tissue. There are 3 main types of bone cells that are involved in bone remodeling: Osteoblasts — these are cells that create new bone. They release proteins like collagen that form the bone matrix 3D scaffolding and then release minerals including calcium that bind to this matrix.

When bone surfaces are not undergoing formation or resorption, they become lined with old osteoblasts that have flattened. These are then called bone lining cells. Under certain conditions, the bone lining cells can return to become bone-forming osteoblasts again. Osteoclasts — these are cells that break down and resorb old or damaged bone.

They do this by releasing enzymes at the bone surface which digests the bone matrix and frees calcium from the bone. Osteocytes are surrounded by mineralised bone matrix, but have long branches or extensions that connect them to other bone cells.

These extensions allow bones cells to transport molecules and signal each other, which can start the bone repair or bone remodeling process. Maintaining healthy bones is a balancing act A balance between bone formation and bone breakdown is important for maintaining bone mass and density.

For example: Too much bone breakdown without a corresponding amount of new bone being formed can lead to bone loss and osteoporosis.

This is where bones lose density and strength, and are easily broken. Too much bone formation without a corresponding amount of breakdown is seen in a rare condition called osteosclerosis, where bones become harder and more dense. What hormones keep bone remodeling processes under control?

A number of hormones play key roles in keeping bone remodeling processes in check. Parathyroid hormone PTH : The main role of this hormone is to keep blood calcium levels stable. If calcium levels fall too low, the parathyroid glands release PTH.

This causes the bones to breakdown so that calcium can be released from the bones into the bloodstream. If this happens over a long period of time, the bones can become too weak, leading to osteopenia or osteoporosis. Calcitonin: This hormone also acts to keep calcium levels stable but works in the opposite direction to parathyroid hormone.

If calcium levels in the blood get too high, calcitonin reduces bone breakdown by osteoclasts. This means more calcium stays in the bones to keep them strong.

Growth Hormone GH : This hormone plays key roles in the growth of bones during childhood, but also maintains bone health in adulthood. Growth hormone stimulates osteoblast activity, promoting bone formation.

GH deficiencies can lead to a gradual loss of bone density. Vitamin D or calcitriol : This hormone helps the body absorb calcium. If Vitamin D levels are low for a long time, calcium levels in the body can fall.

This causes PTH release, which in turn causes the bones to breakdown to release their calcium 1. Glucocorticoids: These hormones act on osteoblasts to reduce bone formation, as well as causing a period of increased bone breakdown. The effect of these hormones is seen when taking high dose, oral or injected glucocorticoid medications 2 , such as prednisolone, for a prolonged period.

Estrogen — The major effect of the loss of estrogen is an increase in bone resorption, which leaves a gap between bone formation and resorption 3. This is why the rapid fall in estrogen levels that occurs in the years following menopause can cause significant bone loss in women.

Androgens — These male sex hormones are also important for keeping bones healthy. This mainly happens because some testosterone is naturally converted to estrogen, which protects bone health.

Low testosterone levels can therefore also lead to increased bone loss. Ways to keep your bones healthy and strong, now and into the future. Keep active. Ideally, this includes a mix of weight-bearing exercises e.

walking and jogging , some resistance training e. weights and exercises that improve balance e.

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