Video
Benefits of Creatine For Bone Health \u0026 Your Brain - going beyond athletic performanceBone health encompasses many conditions. It also includes many Mood enhancer lifestyle and habits medical history, genetics, nutrition, awareess, fitness and it calls for bnoe treatment approaches, depending on the individual.
Replenish beauty routine provide specialized care for our patients, the Bone Health Program offers several awarneess disciplines.
These are disorders that impact the structure and bbone of bones due Athoete abnormalities in mineralization of the skeleton. Metabolic bone diseases often involve disturbances in the balance bealth minerals Cholesterol control for longevity the bones and blood, like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.
Herbal calorie-burning tonic diseases can lead to weakened bones, increased susceptibility to fracturespoor growthand other skeletal problems. During childhood, the healtb grows and becomes Athlete bone health awareness only if there is sufficient intake of calcium, through the diet, and vitamin D a hormone that helps the intestine absorb calcium through foods, vitamins, and sunlight.
With healtth calcium-rich diet, cells in Heart disease prevention bone add aeareness, phosphorus, and magnesium to Awarenrss skeleton in response Athletd hormonal signals from the body.
Metabolic bone disease can result from low vitamin Cranberry vinegar recipes, low calcium, Ayhlete problems with the hormonal signals to the bones. Zwareness evaluation of metabolic bone disease involves measuring the Herbal calorie-burning tonic and hormones in blood and urine, Dangers of severe gluten-free diets of awxreness skeleton, bpne full dietary evaluation, heath in some cases, genetic Aghlete.
Imaging of healyh skeleton can involve x-rays to investigate the awarensss of the skeleton and awxreness for healtb. We also conduct heath density testing through dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry DXA. These are awarneess group of disorders Achieving healthy cholesterol numbers by genetic mutations healrh the hralth, structure, and function of bones.
These conditions result from ehalth in awarenfss DNA sequence, which can impact various aspects of bone tAhlete, mineralization, Athlete bone health awareness Nutritional tips. Genetic bone diseases Athlete bone health awareness Weight management solutions in different ways, ranging from abnormalities in bone shape and size to issues with bone density, Ahlete, and Best hydration equipment skeletal integrity.
Genetic bone diseases can be caused by mutations in specific genes that play crucial roles in bone formation, growth, and maintenance. The severity and clinical features of these conditions can vary widely, and they often require specialized medical management, including symptom relief, fracture prevention, and supportive care.
In some cases, ongoing research and advances in genetics may lead to improved understanding and treatment options for genetic bone diseases.
Chronic illness in children can adversely impact bone health, growth, and development. A prolonged inflammatory state, altered hormonal balance, and potential side effects of medications can impede the body's ability to build and maintain strong bones.
As a result, children with chronic illnesses may experience reduced bone density, increased susceptibility to fractures, and compromised growth potential. Multidisciplinary care — including close collaboration between pediatricians, endocrinologists, surgeons, and specialists in chronic conditions — is crucial to monitor and address skeletal health in these young patients.
Early intervention strategies, such as nutritional optimization, physical therapyand targeted medications, aim to mitigate the impact of chronic illness on skeletal fragility and provide children with the best possible foundation for a healthy and active life.
Optimal bone health is paramount for student athletes. Good bone health can enhance performance and reduce the risk of injuries, and it lays the foundation for lifelong skeletal well-being.
Recognizing the crucial role of bone health in both performance and long-term well-being, our initiatives provide tailored solutions for female athletes and all young sports enthusiasts. Similarly, the staff of our Sports Medicine Division extend their expertise to all young athletes, fostering peak performance and resilience through evidence-based practices.
Breadcrumb Home Programs Bone Health Program Our Specialties. Our Specialties Overview. Metabolic bone diseases These are disorders that impact the structure and strength of bones due to abnormalities in mineralization of the skeleton.
Metabolic bone diseases include: Hypoparathyroidism: A disorder characterized by abnormally low levels of parathyroid hormone PTHleading to low blood calcium levels and potentially causing muscle cramps, weakness, and other symptoms. Hypophosphatasia: A genetic disorder characterized by low levels of an enzyme called alkaline phosphatase, leading to impaired bone mineralization and weak bones.
It can be treated with alkaline phosphatase enzyme replacement, a medication called asfotase alfa. Hypophosphatemia: A condition marked by abnormally low levels of phosphate in the blood. Depending on the cause, it can be treated with a new medication, burosumab, that targets the FGF hormone.
Hypovitaminosis D: A condition characterized by insufficient levels of vitamin D in the body, which can lead to weakened bones and other health issues.
Hyperparathyroidism : A condition where the parathyroid glands produce excessive parathyroid hormone PTHpotentially leading to elevated blood calcium levels.
Osteomalacia: A disorder in which bones become weak and soft due to inadequate mineralization, often caused by vitamin D deficiency.
Pseudohypoparathyroidism: A rare genetic disorder that mimics the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism, where the body does not respond appropriately to PTH.
Rickets: A childhood disorder characterized by weak and deformed bones, often caused by vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate deficiency. Genetic bone diseases These are a group of disorders caused by genetic mutations affecting the development, structure, and function of bones. Achondroplasia : The most common form of dwarfism, it's caused by mutations affecting bone growth and resulting in short stature, especially in the limbs.
Fibrous dysplasia : This disorder involves abnormal growth of fibrous tissue in place of normal bone, leading to weak and misshapen bones.
Multiple hereditary exostoses: A condition characterized by the growth of multiple benign bone tumors exostoses on the surface of bones, leading to skeletal deformities and potential functional limitations. Osteopetrosis: Also known as marble bone disease, this condition is caused by impaired resorption, leading to excessive bone density and increased susceptibility to fractures.
Skeletal fragility due to chronic illness Chronic illness in children can adversely impact bone health, growth, and development. Bone health in student athletes Optimal bone health is paramount for student athletes.
Request an Appointment Request a Second Opinion.
: Athlete bone health awareness| Metabolic bone diseases | Bone quality: the material and structural basis of bone strength. A review of the recent literature by Logue et al. Bone stress fractures are small cracks in a bone caused by repetitive activity such as jumping or running. As this is unlikely to have a major effect in the context of the current review, lean body mass has been reported throughout. However, impairment in trabecular bone may contribute to increased risk in female WBEA [ 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Mallinson RJ, Southmayd EA, De Souza MJ. |
| Bone Health in Young Athletes: a Narrative Review of the Recent Literature | Molgaard CThomsen Adareness ACole TJMichaelsen KF Whole body bone mineral content in healthy children and adolescents Awarenness Herbal calorie-burning tonic Child Heart disease prevention 15 PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. J Adolesc Health. Consent for Publication Not applicable. Ethics Approval Not applicable. Singhal V, Reyes KC, Pfister B, Ackerman K, Slattery M, Cooper K, et al. Roles of leptin in bone metabolism and bone diseases. Download citation. |
| The Connection between Diet, Periods and Bone Stress Injuries in Female Athletes | Combined oral contraceptives COCs are often Herbal calorie-burning tonic to treat functional hypothalamic Athlete bone health awareness, despite there being limited healtj to Meditation and mindfulness exercises this practice [ 68 aaareness. However, a more recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies including BSIs did find that higher MRI-based grading was significantly associated with increased time to return to sport [ 32 ]. There are limited data available regarding the effect of high-impact interventions on bone health in WBEA. Tenforde, Michelle T. Tibial stress reaction in runners. |
| Our Specialties | Overview | Pocock NANoakes KAMajerovic YGriffiths MR Magnification error of femoral geometry using fan beam densitometers Calcif Tissue Int ; 10 PubMed Google Scholar Crossref. The evidence suggests that high-impact interventions do not improve trabecular mineral density or microarchitecture; however, this may be less critical given a number of studies have shown that these parameters are not impaired in WBEA with LEA see Table 2 or athletes with a history of bone stress injury [ 43 ]. Melin A, Tornberg ÅB, Skouby S, Møller SS, Sundgot-Borgen J, Faber J, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Jónasson PS, Ekström L, Hansson H-A, Sansone M, Karlsson J, Swärd L, et al. Nevertheless, the data support the notion that lower failure load in WBEA with FHA is detrimental to bone strength [ 21 , 22 ]. Bachrach LKHastie TWang MCNarasimhan BMarcus R Bone mineral acquisition in healthy Asian, Hispanic, Black and Caucasian youth: a longitudinal study J Clin Endocrinol Metab ; PubMed Google Scholar. Kaunitz AM Depo-Provera's black box: time to reconsider? |
Athlete bone health awareness -
Factors affecting bone health. Reprinted with permission. Loud KJ , Gordon CM. Adolescent Bone Health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Author Affiliations: Divisions of Adolescent Medicine and Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, Akron, Ohio Dr Loud ; and Divisions of Adolescent Medicine and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Mass Dr Gordon.
Pediatric and adolescent care professionals have increasingly recognized the importance of understanding the skeletal health of their patients. We describe the methods available to the health care professional for evaluating bone density, along with the limitations of each technology.
Potential therapeutic options for patients identified to have a low bone mineral density are discussed. Finally, current recommendations regarding physical activity and nutrition, beneficial interventions for all adolescents, are presented.
Peak bone mass PBM is one of the most significant predictors of postmenopausal osteoporosis 1 , 2 and is likely achieved early in the third decade of life. It has long been observed that immobilized and other non—weight-bearing individuals eg, astronauts rapidly lose bone mass, suggesting the importance of skeletal loading for bone health.
Interest and controversy surround the effects of nutritional factors on bone density and bone accretion during adolescence. In particular, the skeletal effects of calcium and vitamin D in all children and adolescents is an issue that has received attention in many recent reports, including a position statement by the American Academy of Pediatrics.
The effect of calcium intake during adolescence is one of the most intensely studied areas of pediatric bone health. Calcium is needed for normal mineralization of the bone and cartilage matrix.
Once calcium intake is adequate to prevent rickets disordered organization of the cartilage matrix or osteomalacia defective bone mineralization , provision of additional calcium may increase bone density by affecting bone turnover and the size of the remodeling space.
Several research papers and policy statements have also examined the role of vitamin D, which is needed for efficient bodily absorption of calcium, on the bone health of children and adolescents. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to fracture and a low bone mass in elderly men and women.
A number of hormones affect bone formation and remodeling. Endogenous circulating estrogens and androgens exert independently positive effects on bone growth, development, and mineral acquisition among both male and female adolescents. Finally, ongoing studies are investigating the role of leptin as a primary or secondary messenger that modulates bone remodeling.
In addition to exercise, proper nutrition, and maintaining a normal hormonal milieu, avoidance of excessive alcohol and any tobacco use is beneficial to bone health.
Important conditions that are currently believed to place adolescents at risk for poor skeletal health—other than intrinsic bone diseases such as osteogenesis imperfecta—are listed in Figure 2.
Some diseases such as cystic fibrosis and inflammatory bowel disease are associated with increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-6 that may directly inflict harm to the skeleton by increasing bone resorption. Finally, any condition that negatively affects the factors described previously Figure 1 could impair bone mineral accrual.
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry DXA is the current standard for assessing BMD in children and adolescents. The scans are relatively rapid to perform and involve low radiation exposure. Because of their use in screening postmenopausal women, DXA scanners are often geographically accessible to pediatric professionals and demonstrate high precision.
Pediatric software algorithms and reference data are increasingly available, allowing for BMD evaluations in young patients from early childhood up through adolescence. There are several caveats that arise as DXA is used in adolescents. A pediatric normative database must be used to interpret properly the measurement for either bone mineral content or BMD.
The normative data must have been generated on a similar instrument 58 , 59 and should account for sex 58 and ethnicity, 60 , 61 as each can influence bone mass.
This shadow is influenced not only by the composition of the bone, but its depth, which is not measured, and the distance of the bone from the beam. The bones of an adolescent are also changing continuously because of growth, which only further complicates the BMD interpretation.
In recognition of these challenges, a position statement of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry issued guidance for the use of DXA in the diagnosis of osteoporosis in children 56 Table 1.
Perhaps the most pertinent recommendation was that T scores, which compare bone density to PBM assumed to occur between ages years and which are the basis of the World Health Organization definition of postmenopausal osteoporosis, should not appear in DXA reports for children and adolescents.
Therefore, the diagnosis of osteoporosis in children requires evidence of skeletal fragility; it should not be made based on DXA measurements alone. The greatest drawback to QCT is its moderately high radiation dose. As a consequence, normative pediatric data are sparse, with their use reserved predominantly for research.
Peripheral QCT, which only evaluates BMD of the extremities, uses much lower radiation doses than those associated with axial QCT but is hindered by the same factors. Quantitative ultrasound is attractive in that it involves no radiation exposure, is portable, and potentially allows for inexpensive, office-based bone health screening.
Further research is needed to determine if this technique captures intrinsic qualities of bone eg, elasticity, trabecular separation that are not detected by other modalities but still may affect fracture risk. One of the most clinically relevant properties of bone is its strength, which is dependent not only on bone mass, but size, geometry, and microarchitecture.
Quantitative computed tomography is able to measure all of these parameters and is capable of generating numeric estimates of bone strength. Serum and urinary markers of bone turnover are sensitive to changes in bone formation and resorption.
They are increasingly available for clinical use in reference laboratories, but normal growth and development during adolescence increase the variability in these measures such that their use should be restricted to monitoring treatment effects, not diagnosis.
They may be useful, however, when evaluating low BMD, but only to complement thorough medical, menstrual, and family histories; a complete review of systems; and a directed objective examination, including body mass index calculation and Tanner staging.
Finally, bone biopsy to obtain computer-assisted histomorphometric information may rarely be requested by skeletal health specialists for particularly challenging cases. At the present time, no evidence-based clinical guidelines exist to help health care professionals determine when BMD screening is warranted, although a number of groups have published recommendations.
The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation recently published an official position regarding bone health 44 including an assessment and treatment protocol with baseline DXA scans obtained as young as 8 years.
The British Paediatric and Adolescent Bone Group has also published guidelines for bone density screening and treatment in adolescents who they consider to be at risk, including those who have sustained recurrent fractures or a low-impact fracture, back pain, spinal deformity, loss of height, or a change in mobility or nutrition.
Our clinical practice is to consider DXA scanning for an adolescent who has an underlying chronic condition that predisposes to a low BMD Figure 2 , with the presence of multiple risk factors or a strong family history of osteoporosis lowering our threshold for evaluation.
However, the World Health Organization has stated that data are currently insufficient to determine if this also applies to long-term use of this agent, especially in adolescent girls. More information will become available from continued research, both in depot medroxyprogesterone acetate users and other patient groups, to afford information regarding appropriate and evidence-based practice algorithms for this agent and other areas of pediatric bone health.
The unknown effects of some of these medications on a growing skeleton and the disappointing efficacy of others has hindered their use by pediatric professionals. Bisphosphonates are prescribed commonly to adults for postmenopausal and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and offer a life-changing therapy for children with osteogenesis imperfecta 84 - 87 and low bone mass and fractures secondary to cerebral palsy.
For example, alendronate sodium and risedronate sodium have been investigated in small studies of adolescents and young women with anorexia nervosa. Because it is known that bisphosphonates remain in the skeleton for several years, perhaps indefinitely, and that they cross the placenta, health care professionals should proceed with caution until more definitive safety and efficacy data are available.
Recent studies have explored the roles of insulin-like growth factor I, 95 alone or in concert with an oral contraceptive, 96 and androgen therapy dehydroepiandrosterone 21 and transdermal testosterone MacKelvie et al 98 suggest that the benefits of exercise may be most pronounced in premenarchal girls experiencing their peak height velocity and boys in comparably early puberty, or ages 10 to 12 years in girls and 12 to 14 years in boys, on average.
Another important area of inquiry in this field includes the interaction between physical activity and hormonal status, particularly the effect of estrogen status on bone mass in young women. The minimal amount of calcium that results in bone accretion is unclear, and the effect of calcium intake also varies by skeletal site, with cortical bone appearing to respond more significantly than trabecular bone.
In , the American Academy of Pediatrics adopted the National Academy of Sciences recommendation that all children from infancy to adolescence receive IU of vitamin D supplementation daily, a policy that has been met with some controversy.
Provision of larger doses eg, IU may be needed for these groups, especially during winter. There is a critical need to reconvene an expert panel to evaluate the dietary reference intake for vitamin D for young patients. Adolescence is the most critical period across the life span for bone health because more than half of PBM is accumulated during the teenage years.
Recent and ongoing studies have highlighted the increasing number of clinical settings in which an adolescent may potentially lose bone density and are beginning to fill gaps in knowledge regarding the roles of physical activity and calcium and vitamin D intake in healthy adolescents, as well as the appropriate use of pharmacologic skeletal agents in those with chronic illness.
Unfortunately, research has not yet generated evidence to identify appropriate candidates for both baseline bone density screening and continued monitoring.
Nonetheless, although there still seem to be more questions than answers in this new field, adolescent health care professionals are on the cusp of an exciting era in which they can have a major role in improving the skeletal health of our nation.
Correspondence: Catherine M. Gordon, MD, MSc, Children's Hospital Bone Health Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Longwood Ave, Boston, MA catherine. gordon childrens. Author Contributions: Study concept and design : Loud and Gordon. Drafting of the manuscript : Loud and Gordon.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content : Loud and Gordon. Administrative, technical, and material support : Loud.
Study supervision : Gordon. full text icon Full Text. Download PDF Top of Article Abstract Bone acquisition in adolescence Which patients are at risk for poor skeletal health? How to evaluate skeletal status When should one consider a bone density measurement?
Use of skeletal agents in adolescents Potentially beneficial interventions for all adolescents Conclusions Article Information References. Figure 1. View Large Download. Popp KL, Frye AC, Stovitz SD, Hughes JM.
Bone geometry and lower extremity bone stress injuries in male runners. Ackerman KE, Pierce L, Guereca G, Slattery M, Lee H, Goldstein M, et al. Hip structural analysis in adolescent and young adult oligoamenorrheic and eumenorrheic athletes and nonathletes. Beck T, Ruff C, Shaffer R, Betsinger K, Trone D, Brodine S.
Stress fracture in military recruits: gender differences in muscle and bone susceptibility factors. Ruffing JA, Nieves JW, Zion M, Tendy S, Garrett P, Lindsay R, et al.
The influence of lifestyle, menstrual function and oral contraceptive use on bone mass and size in female military cadets. Nutr Metab Lond. Pistoia W, van Rietbergen B, Lochmüller E-M, Lill C, Eckstein F, Rüegsegger P.
Estimation of distal radius failure load with micro-finite element analysis models based on three-dimensional peripheral quantitative computed tomography images. Sale C, Elliott-Sale KJ. Nutrition and athlete bone health. De Souza MJ, West SL, Jamal SA, Hawker GA, Gundberg CM, Williams NI.
The presence of both an energy deficiency and estrogen deficiency exacerbate alterations of bone metabolism in exercising women. McGrath C, Sankaran JS, Misaghian-Xanthos N, Sen B, Xie Z, Styner MA, et al.
Exercise degrades bone in caloric restriction, despite suppression of marrow adipose tissue MAT. Frost HM. Anat Rec. Burr DB, Robling AG, Turner CH.
Effects of biomechanical stress on bones in animals. Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads.
J Bone Joint Surg Am. Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, Williams CA, Gracia-Marco L. A 9-month jumping intervention to improve bone geometry in adolescent male athletes. The effect of a high-impact jumping intervention on bone mass, bone stiffness and fitness parameters in adolescent athletes.
Arch Osteoporos. Hinton PS, Nigh P, Thyfault J. Effectiveness of resistance training or jumping-exercise to increase bone mineral density in men with low bone mass: a month randomized, clinical trial. Fredericson M, Chew K, Ngo J, Cleek T, Kiratli J, Cobb K.
Regional bone mineral density in male athletes: a comparison of soccer players, runners and controls. Niu K, Ahola R, Guo H, Korpelainen R, Uchimaru J, Vainionpää A, et al.
Effect of office-based brief high-impact exercise on bone mineral density in healthy premenopausal women: the Sendai Bone Health Concept Study. Bailey CA, Brooke-Wavell K. Optimum frequency of exercise for bone health: randomised controlled trial of a high-impact unilateral intervention.
Heinonen A, Mäntynen J, Kannus P, Uusi-Rasi K, Nikander R, Kontulainen S, et al. Effects of high-impact training and detraining on femoral neck structure in premenopausal women: a hip structural analysis of an month randomized controlled exercise intervention with 3.
Physiother Canada. Petit MA, Mckay HA, Mackelvie KJ, Heinonen A, Khan KM, Beck TJ. A randomized school-based jumping intervention confers site and maturity-specific benefits on bone structural properties in girls: a hip structural analysis study.
Tucker LA, Strong JE, LeCheminant JD, Bailey BW. Effect of two jumping programs on hip bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Health Promot.
Suominen TH, Korhonen MT, Alén M, Heinonen A, Mero A, Törmäkangas T, et al. Effects of a week high-intensity strength and sprint training program on tibial bone structure and strength in middle-aged and older male sprint athletes: a randomized controlled trial.
Lambert C, Beck BR, Harding AT, Watson SL, Weeks BK. Regional changes in indices of bone strength of upper and lower limbs in response to high-intensity impact loading or high-intensity resistance training. Piasecki J, McPhee JS, Hannam K, Deere KC, Elhakeem A, Piasecki M, et al. Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Sundh D, Nilsson M, Zoulakis M, Pasco C, Yilmaz M, Kazakia GJ, et al. High-impact mechanical loading increases bone material strength in postmenopausal women-a 3-month intervention study.
Hartley C, Folland JP, Kerslake R, Brooke-Wavell K. High-impact exercise increased femoral neck bone density with no adverse effects on imaging markers of knee osteoarthritis in postmenopausal women. De Souza MJ, Williams NI. Beyond hypoestrogenism in amenorrheic athletes: energy deficiency as a contributing factor for bone loss.
Curr Sports Med Rep. Villareal DT. Bone mineral density response to caloric restriction—induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss. Arch Intern Med. Seeman E. Bone quality: the material and structural basis of bone strength.
Judex S, Zernicke RF. High-impact exercise and growing bone: relation between high strain rates and enhanced bone formation. Schipilow JD, Macdonald HM, Liphardt AM, Kan M, Boyd SK. Bone micro-architecture, estimated bone strength, and the muscle-bone interaction in elite athletes: an HR-pQCT study.
Vasikaran S, Eastell R, Bruyère O, Foldes AJ, Garnero P, Griesmacher A, et al. Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards. Zanker CL, Swaine IL. Responses of bone turnover markers to repeated endurance running in humans under conditions of energy balance or energy restriction.
Eur J Appl Physiol. Papageorgiou M, Martin D, Colgan H, Cooper S, Greeves JP, Tang JCY, et al. Bone metabolic responses to low energy availability achieved by diet or exercise in active eumenorrheic women.
Ihle R, Loucks AB. Dose—response relationships between energy availability and bone turnover in young exercising women. Hammond KM, Sale C, Fraser W, Tang J, Shepherd SO, Strauss JA, et al. Post-exercise carbohydrate and energy availability induce independent effects on skeletal muscle cell signalling and bone turnover: implications for training adaptation.
J Physiol. Bennell KL, Malcolm SA, Wark JD, Brukner PD. Models for the pathogenesis of stress fractures in athletes. Schilcher J, Bernhardsson M, Aspenberg P. Chronic anterior tibial stress fractures in athletes: no crack but intense remodeling.
Bennell KL, Malcolm SA, Brukner PD, Green RM, Hopper JL, Wark JD, et al. A month prospective study of the relationship between stress fractures and bone turnover in athletes.
Yanovich R, Evans RK, Friedman E, Moran DS. Bone turnover markers do not predict stress fracture in elite combat recruits. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Hlaing TT, Compston JE.
Biochemical markers of bone turnover—uses and limitations. Ann Clin Biochem. Dolan E, Varley I, Ackerman KE, Pereira RMR, Elliott-Sale KJ, Sale C. The bone metabolic response to exercise and nutrition.
Exerc Sport Sci Rev. Kishimoto K, Lynch RP, Reiger J, Yingling VR. Short-term jump activity on bone metabolism in female college-aged nonathletes. J Sports Sci Med. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Martin SPK, Bachrach LK, Golden NH. Controlled pilot study of high-impact low-frequency exercise on bone loss and vital-sign stabilization in adolescents with eating disorders.
J Adolesc Health. Download references. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
Mark J. Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
Correspondence to Mark J. Original idea: MH; Development and formulation of concept: MH, EO, KB-W, RB; Draft: MH; Critical revision: MH, EO, KB-W, CS, RB. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
Reprints and permissions. Hutson, M. et al. Effects of Low Energy Availability on Bone Health in Endurance Athletes and High-Impact Exercise as A Potential Countermeasure: A Narrative Review.
Sports Med 51 , — Download citation. Published : 21 December Issue Date : March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract Endurance athletes expend large amounts of energy in prolonged high-intensity exercise and, due to the weight-sensitive nature of most endurance sports, often practice periods of dietary restriction.
The Path Towards Progress: A Critical Review to Advance the Science of the Female and Male Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Article 19 October Low Energy Availability in Exercising Women: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions Article 18 July Impact of Low Energy Availability on Skeletal Health in Physically Active Adults Article 16 February Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
FormalPara Key Points Many endurance athletes suffer low energy availability because of the time and energy demand of training and the need to achieve or maintain a target body weight on a regular basis. Table 1 Comparisons of areal bone mineral density, measured at multiple sites using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, in weight bearing endurance athletes grouped low vs normal based on markers of energy availability Full size table.
Table 2 Comparisons of trabecular mineral density and microarchitecture at the tibial epiphysis, measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography, in weight bearing amenorrheic and eumenorrheic endurance athletes in studies using a cross-sectional design Full size table.
Table 3 Comparisons of bone area and computed simulated compressive strength in weight bearing amenorrheic and eumenorrheic endurance athletes in studies using a cross-sectional design Full size table. Notes Lean body mass and fat-free mass are different measures of body composition that have been used interchangeably to normalise energy availability.
References Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Carter S, Constantini N, Lebrun C, et al. Article Google Scholar Burke LM, Kiens B, Ivy JL. Article PubMed Google Scholar Loucks AB, Kiens B, Wright HH. Article Google Scholar De Souza MJ, Nattiv A, Joy E, Misra M, Williams NI, Mallinson RJ, et al.
Article Google Scholar Heikura IA, Uusitalo ALT, Stellingwerff T, Bergland D, Mero AA, Burke LM. Article CAS Google Scholar Loucks AB, Thuma JR. Article CAS Google Scholar Koehler K, Hoerner NR, Gibbs JC, Zinner C, Braun H, De Souza MJ, et al. Article Google Scholar Elliott-Sale KJ, Tenforde AS, Parziale AL, Holtzman B, Ackerman KE.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Papageorgiou M, Elliott-Sale KJ, Parsons A, Tang JCY, Greeves JP, Fraser WD, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Tenforde AS, Nattiv A, Barrack M, Kraus E, Kim B, Kussman A, et al.
Article CAS Google Scholar Kelsey JL, Bachrach LK, Procter-Gray E, Nieves J, Greendale GA, Sowers M, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Barrack MT, Gibbs JC, De Souza MJ, Williams NI, Nichols JF, Rauh MJ, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Kraus E, Tenforde AS, Nattiv A, Sainani KL, Kussman A, Deakins-Roche M, et al.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Williams NI, Helmreich DL, Parfitt DB, Caston-Balderrama A, Cameron JL. Article CAS Google Scholar Nattiv A, Loucks AB, Manore MM, Sanborn CF, Sundgot-Borgen J, Warren MP.
Article Google Scholar Melin A, Tornberg ÅB, Skouby S, Møller SS, Sundgot-Borgen J, Faber J, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Dusek T.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar Mitchell DM, Tuck P, Ackerman KE, Cano Sokoloff N, Woolley R, Slattery M, et al. Article Google Scholar Ackerman KE, Cano Sokoloff N, De Nardo Maffazioli G, Clarke HM, Lee H, Misra M.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Kato T, Terashima T, Yamashita T, Hatanaka Y, Honda A, Umemura Y.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Bennell KL, Malcolm SA, Thomas SA, Reid SJ, Brukner PD, Ebeling PR, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Nattiv A. Article CAS Google Scholar Nattiv A, Kennedy G, Barrack MT, Abdelkerim A, Goolsby MA, Arends JC, et al.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Tenforde AS, Kraus E, Fredericson M. Article Google Scholar Singhal V, Reyes KC, Pfister B, Ackerman K, Slattery M, Cooper K, et al. Article Google Scholar Ackerman KE, Putman M, Guereca G, Taylor AP, Pierce L, Herzog DB, et al.
Article Google Scholar Pollock N, Grogan C, Perry M, Pedlar C, Cooke K, Morrissey D, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Burke LM, Lundy B, Fahrenholtz IL, Melin AK.
Article Google Scholar Duckham RL, Peirce N, Bailey CA, Summers G, Cameron N, Brooke-Wavell K. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ackerman KE, Nazem T, Chapko D, Russell M, Mendes N, Taylor AP, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lieberman JL, De Souza MJ, Wagstaff DA, Williams NI.
Article Google Scholar De Souza MJ, Koltun KJ, Williams NI. Article Google Scholar Hackney AC. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Logue DM, Madigan SM, Melin A, Delahunt E, Heinen M, Donnell S-JM, et al.
Article Google Scholar Tenforde AS, Fredericson M, Sayres LC, Cutti P, Sainani KL. Article Google Scholar Mallinson RJ, Southmayd EA, De Souza MJ. Article Google Scholar Duckham RL, Bialo SR, Machan J, Kriz P, Gordon CM.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Schnackenburg KE, Macdonald HM, Ferber R, Wiley JP, Boyd SK. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Popp KL, Frye AC, Stovitz SD, Hughes JM. Article Google Scholar Ackerman KE, Pierce L, Guereca G, Slattery M, Lee H, Goldstein M, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Ruffing JA, Nieves JW, Zion M, Tendy S, Garrett P, Lindsay R, et al.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Pistoia W, van Rietbergen B, Lochmüller E-M, Lill C, Eckstein F, Rüegsegger P. Article CAS Google Scholar Sale C, Elliott-Sale KJ. Article Google Scholar De Souza MJ, West SL, Jamal SA, Hawker GA, Gundberg CM, Williams NI.
Article Google Scholar McGrath C, Sankaran JS, Misaghian-Xanthos N, Sen B, Xie Z, Styner MA, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Frost HM. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Burr DB, Robling AG, Turner CH. Article Google Scholar Rubin CT, Lanyon LE.
Article CAS Google Scholar Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, Williams CA, Gracia-Marco L. For example, a snack should have a good balance of protein, carbohydrates and fat, like peanut butter and apple slices.
Consider speaking to a nutritionist to learn more about nutrition for athletes. Skeletal maturity is reached during the teenage years and early 20s. During this time, bones reach their peak density. To build bone mass, teens need to consume enough calories and nutrients to support the hormones tied to its development the same hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle.
Adolescent bone mineral gains are modified by lifestyle, nutrition, environment and physical activity. Bone mineral density declines as the number of missed menstrual cycles accumulate. Weight-bearing exercise supervised by an experienced trainer is also important for strengthening bones and preventing injury.
The bottom line — it can be hard to tell that an athlete who is in great shape could actually be unhealthy. Pay close attention to menstrual cycles and diet, and make sure strength and cross-training is part of the program. Are you looking for advice to keep your child healthy and happy? Do you have questions about common childhood illnesses and injuries?
Subscribe to our Health Tips newsletter to receive health and wellness tips from the pediatric experts at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, straight to your inbox. Read some recent tips. Bone stress fractures are small cracks in a bone caused by repetitive activity such as jumping or running.
Factors affecting Training plans for specific goals health. Reprinted Heart disease prevention permission. Loud KJ bne, Gordon CM. Adolescent Bone Health. Ahlete Pediatr Adolesc Med. Herbal calorie-burning tonic Affiliations: Divisions of Adolescent Medicine and Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, Akron, Ohio Dr Loud ; and Divisions of Adolescent Medicine and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Mass Dr Gordon. Pediatric and adolescent care professionals have increasingly recognized the importance of understanding the skeletal health of their patients.
Jener auf!
Diese Phrase unvergleichlich, ist))), mir gefällt:)
entschuldigen Sie, ich habe diese Phrase gelöscht
die Sympathische Antwort
Ist einverstanden, die sehr lustige Meinung