Obesity and public health -
In the U. Like tobacco, obesity causes or is closely linked with a large number of health conditions, including heart disease, stroke, diabetes, high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol, asthma, sleep apnea, gallstones, kidney stones, infertility, and as many as 11 types of cancers, including leukemia, breast, and colon cancer.
No less real are the social and emotional effects of obesity, including discrimination, lower wages, lower quality of life and a likely susceptibility to depression.
Read more: health risks and why being overweight does not decrease mortality. It is a broad swath of harms that has a huge societal effect—on the economy, national productivity, and even national defense.
The health care costs of obesity in the U. This includes money spent directly on medical care and prescription drugs related to obesity.
But obesity has other costs associated with it, too, among them, the cost of lost days of work, higher employer insurance premiums, and lower wages and incomes linked to obesity-related illnesses.
Countries with lower obesity rates than the U. spend a smaller share of their healthcare dollars on obesity, but the burden is still sizable. Perhaps one of the most surprising consequences of the current obesity epidemic in the U. Ischemic clot-caused stroke and coronary artery disease share many of the same disease processes and risk factors.
A meta-analysis of 25 prospective cohort studies with 2. Overweight increased the risk of ischemic stroke by 22 percent, and obesity increased it by 64 percent. There was no significant relationship between overweight or obesity and hemorrhagic bleeding-caused stroke, however.
Obesity and Cardiovascular Death. In a meta-analysis of 26 observational studies that included , men and women, several racial and ethnic groups, and samples from the U. and other countries, obesity was significantly associated with death from CAD and cardiovascular disease.
Women with BMIs of 30 or higher had a 62 percent greater risk of dying early from CAD and also had a 53 percent higher risk of dying early from any type of cardiovascular disease, compared with women who had BMIs in the normal range Men with BMIs of 30 or higher had similarly elevated risks.
Obesity, Depression, and Quality of Life The high rates of obesity and depression, and their individual links with cardiovascular disease, have prompted many investigators to explore the relationship between weight and mood. Obesity and Reproduction Obesity can influence various aspects of reproduction, from sexual activity to conception.
Obesity and Other Conditions A number of additional health outcomes have been linked to excess weight. References National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults.
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Effect of moderate diet-induced weight loss and weight regain on cardiovascular structure and function. J Am Coll Cardiol. American Institute for Cancer Research, World Cancer Research Fund. Food, nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of cancer.
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Depression and obesity: a meta-analysis of community-based studies. Psychiatry Res. Luppino FS, de Wit LM, Bouvy PF, et al. Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
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Physical activity, body mass index, and ovulatory disorder infertility. Huda SS, Brodie LE, Sattar N. Obesity in pregnancy: prevalence and metabolic consequences. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. Stothard KJ, Tennant PW, Bell R, Rankin J. Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Authors Aditi Tiwari 1 ; Palanikumar Balasundaram 2. Obesity is an alarmingly increasing global public health issue. Several countries worldwide have witnessed a double or triple escalation in the prevalence of obesity in the last three decades, probably due to urbanization, sedentary lifestyle, and increase consumption of high-calorie processed food.
The alarming increase in childhood obesity foreshows a tremendous burden of chronic disease prevention in the future public healthcare systems worldwide. Obesity prevention is a critical factor in controlling Obesity-related Non-communicable diseases OR-NCDs , including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension, cancer, and psychological problems.
This activity reviews the public health considerations in obesity and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in developing public health strategies for the management and prevention of this condition. Objectives: Review the comorbidities associated with obesity. Outline the psychosocial considerations in people suffering from obesity.
Describe the individual and public health consequences of obesity. Identify barriers to the delayed seeking of healthcare and utilization of preventive screening programs by interprofessional team. Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.
Obesity is labeled as a national epidemic, and obesity affects one in three adults and one in six children in the United States of America. The failure of the traditional obesity control measures has stressed the importance of a new non-stigmatizing public policy approach, shifting away from the traditional focus on individual behavior change towards strategies dealing with environmental change.
The other big challenge related to overweight and obesity is weight bias and discrimination. In public settings such as work environments, healthcare facilities, and educational setup, obese individuals face discrimination.
The relative risk of death increases with an increase in BMI. Obese individuals have lower rates of age-appropriate preventive cancer screening. Women who suffer from obesity delay seeking routine gynecological cancer screening due to many social barriers.
Crucial risk factors have been recognized in several studies as an effort to decrease the obesity burden, which includes the perinatal factors like maternal antenatal BMI, weight at birth and child's nutrition in the first three years of life, feeding options breastfeeding versus formula feeding , and growth pattern in the first year.
It is imperative to assess and address the barriers that obese patients face which delay pursuing their healthcare needs. Inadequate healthcare in these patients regarding their presenting complaints and preventive health visits leads to public health consequences in obesity.
Impairment of efforts in the prevention of obesity cause health and social inequalities. Environmental changes are the best initiative in preventing the burden of obesity. A drastic public policy can bring a significant environmental change, of which some are listed below.
The family-based approach is the best intervention to sustain weight loss and have weight maintenance among patients with overweight or obesity. The overweight subjects living in a family will have significant difficulties changing their lifestyle without family support.
Several studies have proven that a low-fat diet with high protein and a low glycemic index effectively sustains weight maintenance and weight regain. The weight bias in the health care system can be explicit consciously expressed or implicit involuntarily expressed. Implicit weight bias is not rare to see among Health care providers.
Society's negative biases towards overweight or obesity often are shared and exhibited by the health care provider HCP. The weight bias by the health care team can impair the patient's health care quality. Most HCPs believe in the energy balance theory of weight control, which encourages the thinking of obesity issues being a personal responsibility and limiting the scope of appropriate counseling.
Obesity is a national epidemic affecting every one in three adults and one in six children in the United States of America. The rising trend has been attributed to change in environmental and food practices in the face of the increasingly sedentary lifestyles of people. Tracking childhood obesity into adulthood poses a significant burden on the healthcare system for managing this and its complications.
Obesity is crucial to developing non-communicable diseases OR-NCD , which include diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery diseases, to name a few. The psychological aspect regarding the stigma of obesity leads to delay in seeking healthcare in these individuals.
While the primary care physician diagnoses obesity, it is equally important to consult with an interprofessional team of specialists, including dieticians, psychologists, behavioral counselors, and exercise specialists.
When managing a child with obesity, consultation with pediatric endocrinologists, neurologists, and surgeons also has a vital role in the child's growth.
Nurse practitioners are a vital part of the interprofessional group as continued and frequent motivation is needed to inculcate positive health-related changes in their daily life.
Primary care physicians can help these patients by constantly monitoring their weight and BMI and regularly scheduling annual health maintenance visits. The physician should make an effort to address any barriers that the patient perceives related to seeking healthcare.
Dieticians are intrinsically involved in the management and can help create a diet plan considering the patient's personal choices and beliefs. Exercise specialists can make age-appropriate recommendations for exercise for the patient as well as family activities.
Psychological problems play a significant role in the development of maladaptive eating patterns in children and adults.
The role of behavioral counselors and school-based health groups in managing children with obesity is crucial. The role of public health policymakers becomes pivotal because obesity is a preventable disease. Coordination between healthcare providers and policymakers, operating as an interprofessional team, is essential to gauge the burden of the disease, address the barriers to seeking treatment and preventive screenings.
The failure of the traditional obesity control measures has stressed the importance of developing a new non-stigmatizing public policy approach by public health officials. Figure 1: Trends in obesity among children Contributed by the centers for Disease control CDC.
Figure 2: Trends in obesity among adults Contributed by the centers for Disease control CDC. Figure 3: The impact of Weight bias Contributed by Palanikumar Balasundaram MD.
Disclosure: Aditi Tiwari declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Palanikumar Balasundaram declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.
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Search term. Public Health Considerations Regarding Obesity Aditi Tiwari ; Palanikumar Balasundaram. Author Information and Affiliations Authors Aditi Tiwari 1 ; Palanikumar Balasundaram 2. Affiliations 1 Stanley Medical College, India.
Continuing Education Activity Obesity is an alarmingly increasing global public health issue. Introduction Obesity is an alarmingly increasing global public health issue. Issues of Concern Public Health Impact of Obesity Life expectancy: Obesity, the modern lifestyle disease, not only cause serious illness but also substantially decreases the average public life expectancy.
Obesity and public health 2 in 5 adults and 1 in 5 children publif adolescents in the United States Gym supplements for muscle repair obesity, heaalth and many others are Obesity and public health. Healthy People an on Obeity people eat ahd and get enough physical activity to reach and maintain a healthy weight. Obesity is linked to many serious health problems, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer. Culturally appropriate programs and policies that help people eat nutritious foods within their calorie needs can reduce overweight and obesity. Public health interventions that make it easier for people to be more physically active can also help them maintain a healthy weight. gov means it's official. Federal government oublic often end in. gov or. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site. The site is secure.
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