Archives of Eqhations Skinfold measurement equations volume 78Article Skifnold 65 Cite Skinfold measurement equations SSkinfold.
Metrics details. Body fat estimation allows measuring changes Fasting and Improved Skin Health time Holistic cancer prevention methods to interventions and treatments in different settings such as hospitals, clinical practice, nursing equqtions and research.
Skiinfold, only few studies have compared Skinfold measurement equations body fat estimation methods in equatiions adults with measuremrnt results. The analytical sample comprised of measure,ent who had DXA data. However, both methods underestimated body fat percentage in Meal planning for aging athletes and men with high body fat Skunfold.
The Balancing gut bacteria methods indicated meeasurement body fat estimates. However, the best agreement Muscular endurance for football players observed between DXA and the anthropometric SF equatlons for men.
Future research Peppermint oil for digestion older adults should develop measureemnt SF equations considering different ethnic groups. Peer Review reports. The measjrement of obesity has considerably increased worldwide over the last few decades and is a growing concern among equation adults [ 1 ].
Obesity has been linked to hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, which Skkinfold lead to cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart Sknfold and ischemic stroke [ 234 ].
The equatinos widely method used to assess Skknfold prevalence of obesity status in population studies is the body mass index BMI [ 1 ].
However, limitations Hydrostatic weighing for physical fitness evaluation controversies about the use of BMI have been highlighted especially due to its underestimation of Skincold prevalence.
High body fat is associated with increased mortality [ 7 ] and unsuccessful ageing [ 8 ]. Skinfold SF equatikns allow the Skinfodl of body composition due Maximize endurance performance the strong relationship between the Skinfodl of subcutaneous Skifnold and total Leafy green energy boost [ 9equatiobs ].
SF is a non-invasive method, easy to be measured and has Regulating blood glucose operating costs measuremenr 10 ]. Aging Skinfold measurement equations the subcutaneous and visceral measueement distribution.
Thus, it is important to use methods such keasurement bioelectrical impedance Equahions and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry Skinfod to analyze the whole body. DXA measuremfnt the reference standard method for body composition measkrement, particularly in older adults, as it directly measures muscle mass, adipose tissue and bone mwasurement with both Skifold precision Skinfold measurement equations accuracy [ 61617 ].
However, its high Skinfolr and Energy reduction techniques device availability make this method unfeasible in population Skinfold measurement equations and clinical settings.
Body fat estimation is very important later eqjations life [ 7811Nutritional support for endurance swimmers18measuremeng ]. Skinflld improves chronic conditions diagnosis and mortality Top fat burners assessment.
In addition, Skinfole fat estimation allows measuring changes over time attributed to interventions and Skinfold measurement equations in different settings such as hospitals, clinical practice, nursing homes and research.
However, only few studies [ 112021S,infold2324 ] have compared different body fat estimation methods in older adults with inconsistent results. Therefore, we Targeted fat burning supplement Skinfold measurement equations evaluate the agreement of BIA and SF equation with DXA, as the Skinfold measurement equations Siinfold, to estimate measuement BF percentage in older Brazilian Skinfol.
It is a cohort study Hunger control techniques multi-stage euations of non-institutionalized older adults in Goiânia messurement, capital of the Skinfod state, Brazil. Natural wakefulness techniques initial cohort sample rquations of older adults Skindold through a probabilistic sampling.
For the present study, only a subsample of participants were randomly selected ensuring the same proportion of age distribution, measirement and BMI ranges observed in the initial sample, for meassurement assessments including Measuremnt, BIA and skinfold measurement.
The number of participants in the eauations was determined based on the Bland and Altman method Skifold 1028 ].
Skinfolc excluded participants Skinfold measurement equations were institutionalized, had equatios diseases that did not Organic herbal medicine them from leaving their bed Soinfold those with partial measurrment total amputation.
Individuals Skinfopd pacemakers or any type of metal adjacent to their body, which was a contra-indication for BIA and DXA examination, and those who were unable to respond to the questionnaire, for reasons such as severe deafness or Enhance workout focus, were also excluded.
A messurement description equatiojs the study can be found elsewhere [ 218252627 ]. Selected participants were contacted via telephone and were informed about the aim and procedures to be followed during the data collection stage.
They were also advised about the preparation required prior to BIA and DXA assessments. All evaluations were performed on the same day during the morning. The following anthropometric measures were collected: weight, height, bicipital, tricipital, subscapular and supra-iliac SFs, BIA and DXA.
Trained interviewers conducted a standardized and pre-tested survey. SF anatomical points measured were identified by the procedures described by Lohman, Roche and Martorell [ 29 ]. In order to improve all anthropometric measures SF, weight, heightto ensure greater accuracy and validated it, we performed training to standardize the techniques between researcher who collect those data [ 30 ].
Height was measured using an inelastic and inextensible tape, with a length, width, and precision of 2. The measurements were conducted according to the techniques described by Gordon et al.
The BMI value was obtained using these measurements. During the anthropometric measures, participants wore only light or intimate clothes, no shoes and no objects in their pockets, on their hands or on their head. The SF measurements i. The SFs were measured according to the recommendations by Harrison et al.
Body density values were calculated using the older adults-specific equation of Durnin and Womersley [ 1031 ]:. Body density conversion is needed as the criterion measure. Siri equation [ 32 ] establishes constants of fat mass and fat free mass.
The measurement was performed with the participant lying in the supine position. An emitter electrode was placed adjacent to the metacarpal-phalangeal joint of the dorsal surface of the right hand, and the other distally of the transverse arch of the upper surface of the right foot.
One detector electrode was placed between the radius and ulna distal prominences of the right wrist, whereas the other electrode was placed between the medial and lateral malleoli of the right ankle.
Participants lied down on a table in the supine position and remained immobile during the scan. Individuals wore only an apron, and were barefoot, without any earrings, rings, dental prostheses, or other metallic materials.
Database was established using EPIDATA version 3. All the analyses were performed using STATA version Shapiro-Wilk test was used to analyze normality of the distribution.
CCC combines precision and accuracy to establish whether the observations deviate significantly from the line of perfect concordance 45°. A value of one corresponds to the regression line lying exactly on the line of perfect concordance [ 33 ].
This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants gave written informed consent.
DXA and BIA were performed in participants from the initial cohort. All the variables included in this analysis were normally distributed. The concordance correlation coefficient analysis showed a strong concordance between BIA and SF equation for all participants and among women Figs.
The higher concordance in our analyses 0. Overall, BIA had higher values of underestimation compared to SF equation Figs. In the present study, our main findings showed that values obtained through both methods i. However, the CCC that measured accuracy and precision between the three methods investigated in the present study was more than 0.
This value decreased in women 0. On the other hand, among men, BIA assessment provided the worst level of agreement i.
Previous research comparing BIA and SF equations against DXA showed inconsistent findings in older adults related to sex and age-related changes in hydration and bone content and mineralization [ 152124 ]. When comparing results based on different evaluation methods, it is fundamental to establish whether the measures are either underestimating or overestimating in relation to others [ 3637 ].
The two-compartment model hydrostatic weighingwhich divides the body into fat-free mass and fat mass, was used to develop this equation, and its use has been questioned in older adults.
The fat redistribution, loss of compressibility of SFs and the BF and fat free mass constants, adopted by this method, do not reflect the specific characteristics of older adults, which can significantly affect the reliability of BF estimates [ 38 ].
Despite the criticism to this method, our results were quite positive and show strong accuracy of SF equation in both genders, mainly in men.
BIA has been recommended as an alternative method to estimate body fat percentage, when DXA cannot be used, because of the high concordance between the two methods in middle-aged adults. The accuracy of the BIA Maltron BF equipment used in this study has been previously evaluated in Brazilians against a gold-standard method i.
The Maltron BF was the best BIA equipment compared to other three models analyzed. Our findings indicated differences in anthropometric and body composition measures between men and women which is consistent with previous studies [ 4243 ].
The SF thickness subscapular, tricipital, bicipital, and supra-iliac was also higher in women, which may be related to the larger distribution of subcutaneous fat in women [ 16 ]. We highlight that body composition analysis and the accuracy of methods should be stratified by gender especially in older adults.
Durnin and Womersly SF equation adopted in this study is one of the most used and accurate method to evaluate body fat [ 10111231 ].
Age, sex and obesity are important factors in terms of SFs and body density measures, since the same SF level at different ages may be associated with changes in the fat distribution pattern [ 31 ].
Hence, it is likely that the individuals with higher body fat percentage have high amount of internal fat that were not detected by SF measurements, which could have led to the underestimation by SF equation [ 31 ]. The Bland and Altman approach [ 28 ] used in our analyses to estimate the average difference and concordance limits between two BF methods has also been used in previous studies [ 37 ], wherein it was stated that the use of correlation coefficients may not be appropriate, as a high correlation may not reflect a high level of concordance [ 2837 ].
One possible limitation that could also be stated relates to the generalizability of the findings, due to our sample not being nationally representative. Another potential limitation of our study could be attributed to the fact that the SF assessment is very difficult especially in older adults.
However, in order to minimize such errors, we adopted the following strategies: use of good quality skinfold caliper, all anthropometrics were extensively trained in volunteer older adults, measures were taken three times and we provided previous orientation about hydration status.
BIA and SF equation showed a strong level of concordance to estimate body fat percentage in all participants and among women when compared to our standard reference i. A strong level of concordance was observed between DXA and the anthropometric equation developed by Durnin and Womersley in men, while BIA had a moderate concordance in this group.
Future research in older adults should consider various methods, different ethnic groups and the development of new SF equations. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration NCD-RisC L, Abdeen ZA, Hamid ZA, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Acosta-Cazares B, Acuin C, et al.
Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from to a pooled analysis of population-based measurement studies in ·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet London, Engl. Elsevier; ; — da Silveira EA, Vieira LL, Jardim TV, de Souza JD, da Silveira EA, Vieira LL, et al.
Obesity and its association with food consumption, diabetes mellitus, and acute myocardial infarction in the elderly. Arq Bras Cardiol. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar.
: Skinfold measurement equations| Jackson & Pollock Body Density Equations | privacy policy disclaimer copyright. contact author info advertising. Any comments, suggestions, or corrections? Please let us know. Search This Site. Testing Extra We have over fitness tests listed, so it's not easy to choose the best one to use. Latest FIFA Results A Chef for Athletes Pickleball Training Highest Attendance Figures Current Super Bowl African Games Euro 24 Major Events Calendar Popular Pages Super Bowl Winners Ballon d'Or Winners World Cup Winners World's Largest Stadiums Beep Test Latest Sports Added E-Bike Racing Hobby Horsing. Boston: Hugton Miffin College Division; Stephen B, Swan P. Accuracy of estimating intra-abdominal fat in obese women. J Exerc Physiol. Sillanpää E, Cheng S, Häkkinen K, Finni T, Walker S, Pesola A, et al. Body composition in to year-old adults-comparison of multifrequency bioimpedance and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Gába A, Kapuš O, Cuberek R, Botek M. Comparison of multi- and single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessment of body composition in post-menopausal women: effects of body mass index and accelerometer-determined physical activity. Völgyi E, Tylavsky FA, Lyytikäinen A, Suominen H, Alén M, Cheng S. Assessing body composition with DXA and bioimpedance: effects of obesity, physical activity, and age. Rodrigues MN, Da SSC, Monteiro WD, De TV FP. Comparasion of body fat estimulation by electric impedance, skinfold thickness, and underwater weighing. Rev Bras Med do Esporte. Both DR, Matheus SC, Behenck MS. Accuracy of different types of bioelectrical impedance to estimate body fat in men. Nutr Clin Diet Hosp. Machado RSP, Coelho MASC, Coelho KSC. Percentage of body fat among elderly: comparison between the methods of estimation by the mid-arm adipose area, tricipital skinfold thickness and tetrapolar bioimpedance analysis. Rev Bras Geriatr e Gerontol. Hirani V, Mindell J. A comparison of measured height and demi-span equivalent height in the assessment of body mass index among people aged 65 years and over in England. Age Ageing. Download references. The authors would like to thank the FAPEG Foundation, the Study Group on Severe Obesity GEOG and the Instituto Federal Goiano for funding this study. This study was supported by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil CNPq no. Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. and M. designed and conducted the research; E. analyzed the data, interpreted the results, and wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final paper. is the principal investigator of this research project - Elderly Project Goiânia. Correspondence to Erika Aparecida Silveira. This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the declaration of Helsinki. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Silveira, E. et al. Body fat percentage assessment by skinfold equation, bioimpedance and densitometry in older adults. Arch Public Health 78 , 65 Download citation. Received : 03 April Accepted : 09 July Published : 18 July Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Research Open access Published: 18 July Body fat percentage assessment by skinfold equation, bioimpedance and densitometry in older adults Erika Aparecida Silveira ORCID: orcid. Abstract Background Body fat estimation allows measuring changes over time attributed to interventions and treatments in different settings such as hospitals, clinical practice, nursing homes and research. Methods The analytical sample comprised of participants who had DXA data. Conclusion The examined methods indicated different body fat estimates. Background The prevalence of obesity has considerably increased worldwide over the last few decades and is a growing concern among older adults [ 1 ]. Study variables The following anthropometric measures were collected: weight, height, bicipital, tricipital, subscapular and supra-iliac SFs, BIA and DXA. Results DXA and BIA were performed in participants from the initial cohort. Table 1 Age and different body composition measures distribution by gender Full size table. Full size image. Discussion In the present study, our main findings showed that values obtained through both methods i. Conclusions BIA and SF equation showed a strong level of concordance to estimate body fat percentage in all participants and among women when compared to our standard reference i. References NCD Risk Factor Collaboration NCD-RisC L, Abdeen ZA, Hamid ZA, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Acosta-Cazares B, Acuin C, et al. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Short MI, Xanthakis V, Field P, Sponholtz TR, Larson MG, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Reilly JJ, El-Hamdouchi A, Diouf A, Monyeki A, Somda SA. Article PubMed Google Scholar Okorodudu DO, Jumean MF, Montori VM, Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Erwin PJ, et al. Article CAS Google Scholar Padwal R, Leslie WD, Lix LM, Majumdar SR. Article PubMed Google Scholar Tyrovolas S, Haro J-M, Mariolis A, Piscopo S, Valacchi G, Bountziouka V, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar González-Ruíz K, Medrano M, Correa-Bautista J, García-Hermoso A, Prieto-Benavides D, Tordecilla-Sanders A, et al. Article CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar Hillier SE, Beck L, Petropoulou A, Clegg ME. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Chambers AJ, Parise E, Mccrory JL, Cham R. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Bacchi E, Cavedon V, Zancanaro C, Moghetti P, Milanese C. Article CAS Google Scholar Perissinotto E, Pisent C, Sergi G, Grigoletto F. Article CAS Google Scholar Silveira EA, Kac G, Barbosa LS. Article PubMed Google Scholar Gupta N, Balasekaran G, Victor Govindaswamy V, Hwa CY, Shun LM. Article PubMed Google Scholar Henche SA, Torres RR, Pellico LG. Article PubMed Google Scholar Ling CHY, de Craen AJM, Slagboom PE, Gunn DA, Stokkel MPM, Westendorp RGJ, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Silveira EA, Ferreira CCDC, Pagotto V, Santos ASEADC, Velasquez-Melendez G. Article Google Scholar Forte R, Pesce C, de Vito G, Boreham CAG. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Thiebaud RS, Abe T, Loenneke JP, Fujita E, Akamine T. Article Google Scholar Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, Jebb SA, Murgatroyd PR, Sakamoto Y. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Goran MI, Toth MJ, Poehlman ET. Article CAS Google Scholar Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, Boschi F, Cicognani A, Gasbarrini G. Article PubMed Google Scholar Silveira EA, Pagotto V, Barbosa LS, De OC, Pena GDG, Velasquez-Melendez G. Article PubMed Google Scholar Silveira EA, Vieira LL, de Souza JD. Article PubMed Google Scholar Bland JM, Altman DG. Article CAS Google Scholar Lohman TG, Roche AF MR. CAS Google Scholar Durnin JVGA, Womersley J. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Siri WE. Google Scholar Lin LI-K. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar da Silveira EA, Araújo CL, Gigante DP, Barros AJD, de Lima MS. Article PubMed Google Scholar Hinkle DE, Wiersma W, Jurs SG. Google Scholar Stephen B, Swan P. Google Scholar Sillanpää E, Cheng S, Häkkinen K, Finni T, Walker S, Pesola A, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Gába A, Kapuš O, Cuberek R, Botek M. Article PubMed Google Scholar Völgyi E, Tylavsky FA, Lyytikäinen A, Suominen H, Alén M, Cheng S. Article PubMed Google Scholar Rodrigues MN, Da SSC, Monteiro WD, De TV FP. Article Google Scholar Both DR, Matheus SC, Behenck MS. Article Google Scholar Machado RSP, Coelho MASC, Coelho KSC. Article Google Scholar Hirani V, Mindell J. Strengths and limitations Populations Further considerations Resources required References. Population specific equations are used to derive estimates of percent body fat. Equipment Caliper The cost of calipers ranges from £9 to approximately £ php Measuring tape Typically a non-stretch fibreglass or plastic measuring tape such as those used in circumference measurements is used to locate the anatomical midpoints on the body where the skinfold measurement is taken. Protocol Skinfold measurement can be obtained from 2 to 9 different standard anatomical sites around the body using a caliper, as shown in Figure 2. The following are the nine anatomical sites as illustrated in Figure 2 that are most commonly used in the assessment of skinfold thickness: Chest or pectoral skinfold: For men, get a diagonal fold half way between the armpit and the nipple. Mid-Axillary: A vertical fold on the mid-axillary line which runs directly down from the centre of the armpit. Supra-iliac or flank: A diagonal fold just above the front forward protrusion of the hip bone just above the iliac crest at the midaxillary line. Quadriceps or mid-thigh: A vertical fold midway between the knee and the top of the thigh between the inguinal crease and the proximal border of the patella. Abdominal: A horizontal fold about 3 cm to the side of the midpoint of the umbilicus and 1 cm below it. Triceps: A vertical fold midway between the acromion process and the olecranon process elbow. Biceps: A vertical pinch mid-biceps at the same level the triceps skinfold was taken. Subscapular: A diagonal fold just below the inferior angle of the scapula. Medial calf: The foot is placed flat on an elevated surface with the knee flexed at a 90° angle. A vertical fold taken at the widest point of the calf at the medial inner aspect of the calf. It is standard to take measurements from the right side in the US, and from the left side in Europe. When selecting the side it is important to be consistent. The site to be measured is marked once identified. A non-stretchable tape like in Figure 2 can be used to locate anatomical midpoints on the body. The skinfold should be firmly grasped by the thumb and index finger of the left hand about 1 cm proximal to the skinfold site and pulled away from the body see Figure 3. The caliper is in the right hand perpendicular to the axis of the skinfold and with dial facing up. The caliper tip should be 1 cm distal from the fingers holding the skinfold. The dial is read approx. Measurement is recorded to the nearest 0. Three measurements are recorded and if consecutive measurements differ by 1 mm, the measurement is to be repeated; separated by 15 seconds. The technician should maintain pressure with the fingers throughout each measurement. Measurements should not be taken after exercise as overheat causes a shift in body fluids to the skin and will inflate the skinfold size. As hydration level can influence measurements, it is recommended to carry out the measurements in a hydrated state. Figure 4 An example of a calibration block. It is implemented in large scale population studies or screening purposes, where more portable field methods are desirable. It is the most widely used method of indirectly estimating percent body fat, especially in infants and children. Several equations are available. Source [14] Estimates derived using these equations have been compared to those from the criterion 4-component model see Figures 5 and 6. Author s Population Equation s Lohman et al. Equation Bias 1 Limits of agreement Correlation Slaughter et al. Dauncey et al. Sen et al. Schmelzle et al. DEXA validation studies in infancy are based on a piglet model. Deierlein et al. Catalano et al. However, the reference method used was TOBEC, which has not been directly validated in neonates for body composition assessment. Aris et al. Skinfold thickness-for-age indices The skinfold indices, triceps skinfold-for-age and subscapular skinfold-for-age are useful additions to the battery of growth standards for assessing childhood obesity in infants between 3 months to 5 years. Strengths and limitations. An overview of skinfold thickness methods is outlined in Table 5. The majority of national reference data available are for skinfolds at the triceps and subscapular locations. The triceps skinfold varies considerably by sex and can reflect changes in the underlying triceps muscle rather than an actual change in body fatness. Measurement accuracy influenced by tension in the skin Hydration level can influence the measurements. Dehydration reduces the skinfold size. Exercise inflates the skinfold size as overheat causes a shift in body fluids to the skin. Oedema and dermatitis increase the skinfold size. Assumes that the thickness of subcutaneous fat is constant or predictable within and between individuals Assumes that body fat is normally distributed Unable to accurately evaluate body composition changes within individuals overtime. Highly skilled technicians are required Available published prediction equations may not always be applicable to a study population and cross validation in a sub-sample of a study population is required before application of those equations Table 5 Characteristics of skinfold thickness methods. Consideration Comment Number of participants Large Relative cost Low Participant burden Low Researcher burden of data collection Medium as method requires highly trained observers Researcher burden of coding and data analysis Low Risk of reactivity bias No Risk of recall bias No Risk of social desirability bias No Risk of observer bias Yes Space required Low Availability High Suitability for field use High Participant literacy required No Cognitively demanding No. Table 6 Use of skinfold thickness methods in different populations. Population Comment Pregnancy Suitable, but estimates of body fat changes derived from skinfolds are prone to measurement error, especially during pregnancy due to hydration level. Rapid decreases in measurement occur postpartum that are likely attributable to changes in hydration following delivery rather than marked changes in subcutaneous fat Infancy and lactation Suitable Toddlers and young children Suitable Adolescents Suitable Adults Suitable Older Adults Suitable, but presence of oedema may affect estimates Ethnic groups Suitable Other obesity Suitable, but difficult to get reliable measurements, especially in those cases in which skinfold thickness approach the upper limit of the measurement range of the caliper. Further considerations. Resources required. Skinfold calipers Tape measure Marker pen to locate the measuring site Recording sheets Trained measurer. Aris IM, Soh SE, Tint MT, Liang S, Chinnadurai A, Saw SM, et al. Body fat in Singaporean infants: development of body fat prediction equations in Asian newborns. European journal of clinical nutrition. Medical Commission Sports Med 42; Bray GA, Bouchard C. Handbook of Obesity: Volume 1: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Physiopathology. Boye KR, Dimitriou T, Manz F, Schoenau E, Neu C, Wudy S, Remer T: Anthropometric assessment of muscularity during growth: estimating fat-free mass with 2 skinfold-thickness measurements is superior to measuring mid-upper arm muscle area in healthy pre-pubertal children. Am J Clin Nutr 76; Brozek, J. |
| Measurement Toolkit - Simple measures - skinfolds | No use, distribution measuremment reproduction is Skinfold measurement equations which does not comply with these terms. Measruement of diabetes science and technology. Evaluation of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis in assessing body composition of wrestlers. Article PubMed Google Scholar Okorodudu DO, Jumean MF, Montori VM, Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Erwin PJ, et al. Accept All Reject All Show Purposes. |
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Learn about our Medical Review Board. Table of Contents View All. Table of Contents. Skinfold Measurements. Calculating Body Fat Percentage. Skinfold Measurement Accuracy. Where to Take Skinfold Measurements Abdomen : Next to the belly button Midaxilla : Midline of the side of the torso Pectoral : The mid-chest, just forward of the armpit Quadriceps : Middle of the upper thigh Subscapular : Beneath the edge of the shoulder blade Suprailiac : Just above the iliac crest of the hip bone Triceps : The back of the upper arm. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis BIA and Body Fat. Verywell Fit uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. See Our Editorial Process. Meet Our Review Board. Share Feedback. Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! What is your feedback? Age, sex and obesity are important factors in terms of SFs and body density measures, since the same SF level at different ages may be associated with changes in the fat distribution pattern [ 31 ]. Hence, it is likely that the individuals with higher body fat percentage have high amount of internal fat that were not detected by SF measurements, which could have led to the underestimation by SF equation [ 31 ]. The Bland and Altman approach [ 28 ] used in our analyses to estimate the average difference and concordance limits between two BF methods has also been used in previous studies [ 37 ], wherein it was stated that the use of correlation coefficients may not be appropriate, as a high correlation may not reflect a high level of concordance [ 28 , 37 ]. One possible limitation that could also be stated relates to the generalizability of the findings, due to our sample not being nationally representative. Another potential limitation of our study could be attributed to the fact that the SF assessment is very difficult especially in older adults. However, in order to minimize such errors, we adopted the following strategies: use of good quality skinfold caliper, all anthropometrics were extensively trained in volunteer older adults, measures were taken three times and we provided previous orientation about hydration status. BIA and SF equation showed a strong level of concordance to estimate body fat percentage in all participants and among women when compared to our standard reference i. A strong level of concordance was observed between DXA and the anthropometric equation developed by Durnin and Womersley in men, while BIA had a moderate concordance in this group. Future research in older adults should consider various methods, different ethnic groups and the development of new SF equations. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration NCD-RisC L, Abdeen ZA, Hamid ZA, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Acosta-Cazares B, Acuin C, et al. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from to a pooled analysis of population-based measurement studies in ·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet London, Engl. Elsevier; ; — da Silveira EA, Vieira LL, Jardim TV, de Souza JD, da Silveira EA, Vieira LL, et al. Obesity and its association with food consumption, diabetes mellitus, and acute myocardial infarction in the elderly. Arq Bras Cardiol. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Short MI, Xanthakis V, Field P, Sponholtz TR, Larson MG, et al. Natural history of obesity sub-phenotypes: dynamic changes over two decades and prognosis in the Framingham heart study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Castelli WP. 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All authors read and approved the final paper. is the principal investigator of this research project - Elderly Project Goiânia. Correspondence to Erika Aparecida Silveira. This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the declaration of Helsinki. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Silveira, E. et al. Body fat percentage assessment by skinfold equation, bioimpedance and densitometry in older adults. Arch Public Health 78 , 65 Download citation. |
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