Curcumin Supplements -
Further studies should assess the appropriate dose of curcumin to achieve the greatest benefits and determine whether curcumin can enhance the effect of standard-of-care treatment in limiting OSMF disease progression.
When injected into the carotid artery , curcumin was found to cross the blood-brain barrier in an animal model of AD 53 , though it is not known whether curcumin taken orally can reach the blood-brain barrier at sufficient concentrations and impede cognitive decline in humans. As a result of promising findings in animal models see Neuroprotective activity , a few recent clinical trials have examined the effect of oral curcumin supplementation on cognition in healthy older adults and AD patients A randomized , double-blind , placebo -controlled trial in 60 healthy older adults mean age, A significant reduction in mental fatigue and higher levels of calmness and contentedness following cognitive test sessions were observed in individuals who consumed curcumin either acutely or chronically compared to the placebo group.
Additionally, the results of cognitive ability tests suggested that curcumin treatment had limited benefits on cognitive function, as shown by better scores in measures of sustained attention and working memory compared to placebo Yet, measures of cognitive performance using the Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE] scoring scale and levels of F 2 -isoprostanes oxidative stress markers and antioxidants in blood were not found to be significantly different between curcumin- and placebo-treated subjects at the end of the intervention period.
In another six-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of subjects with mild-to-moderate AD, curcumin failed to improve cognitive test scores and to reduce blood and cerebrospinal fluid CSF concentrations of β-amyloid peptide, CSF concentrations of total and phosphorylated Tau protein, and CSF concentrations of F 2 -isoprostanes Despite the lack of encouraging results from completed trials, several randomized controlled studies are under way to determine whether supplemental curcumin has the ability to reverse or prevent cognitive deficits in both healthy and cognitively impaired individuals Major depressive disorder MDD is a neuropsychiatric disorder associated with abnormal neurotransmission; it is primarily treated with drugs that improve the bioavailability of neurotransmitters like serotonin , noradrenaline, and dopamine in the brain Characteristics of MDD also include alterations in the hypothalamus - pituitary - adrenal axis, increased neuroinflammation, defective neurogenesis , and neuronal death.
A few clinical studies have examined the effect of curcumin alone or with conventional antidepressant drugs in MDD patients. A recent meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found that supplementation with curcumin significantly reduced depression symptoms Significant improvements in the severity and frequency of specific depression-related symptoms only occurred after four weeks of treatment, suggesting that a longer treatment period might be needed to uncover the antidepressant effects of curcumin , Curcumin also induced a reduction in plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers and an increase in plasma concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor compared to placebo antidepressant drug alone Larger clinical trials are needed to address the long-term effect of curcumin in subjects with major depression.
Premenstrual syndrome PMS refers to a range of emotional e. In a recent randomized , double-blind , placebo -controlled trial in 70 women with PMS, the daily supplementation with 0. Additional trials are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of curcumin in the management of PMS.
Turmeric is the dried ground rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn It is used as a spice in Indian, Southeast Asian, and Middle Eastern cuisines. Curry powder contains turmeric along with other spices, but the amount of curcumin in curry powders is variable and often relatively low Curcumin extracts are also used as food-coloring agents Commercial curcumin is usually a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin see Figure 1 above.
Curcuminoid extracts are available as dietary supplements without a prescription in the US. Some curcumin preparations also contain piperine, which may increase the bioavailability of curcumin by inhibiting its metabolism However, piperine may also affect the metabolism of drugs see Drug interactions.
Optimal doses of curcumin for cancer chemoprevention or therapeutic uses have not been established. It is unclear whether doses less than 3. Curcuminoid-containing supplements taken on an empty stomach may cause gastritis and peptic ulcer disease In the United States, turmeric is generally recognized as safe GRAS by the FDA as a food additive An increase in gallbladder contractions was observed in 12 healthy people supplemented with single doses of 20 to 40 mg of curcumin , Yet, serious adverse effects have not been reported in humans taking high doses of curcumin.
A dose escalation trial in 24 adults found that single oral dosages up to 12 g were safe, and adverse effects, including diarrhea, headache, rash, yellow stool, were not related to dose 7. Another clinical trial in the UK found that curcumin supplementation ranging from 0. Increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were also observed in several participants, but it was not clear whether these increases were related to curcumin supplementation or cancer progression 3.
Although there is no evidence that dietary consumption of turmeric as a spice adversely affects pregnancy or lactation, the safety of curcumin supplements in pregnancy and lactation has not been established. Curcumin has been found to inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro , , suggesting a potential for curcumin supplementation to increase the risk of bleeding in people taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications, such as aspirin, clopidogrel Plavix , dalteparin Fragmin , enoxaparin Lovenox , heparin, ticlopidine Ticlid , and warfarin Coumadin.
In cultured breast cancer cells, curcumin inhibited apoptosis induced by the chemotherapeutic agents, camptothecin, mechlorethamine, and doxorubicin at concentrations of 1 to 10 μM In an animal model of breast cancer, dietary curcumin inhibited cyclophosphamide-induced tumor regression.
Yet, it is not known whether oral curcumin administration will result in breast tissue concentrations that are high enough to inhibit cancer chemotherapeutic agents in humans Curcuminoids may interfere with the activity of efflux drug transporters of the ATP -binding cassette ABC family, including P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein MRP , and breast cancer-resistant protein BCRP , which function as ATP-dependent efflux pumps that actively regulate the excretion of a number of drugs limiting their systemic bioavailability , Curcumin was also found to affect the activity of phase I biotransformation enzymes like cytochrome P CYP 3A4 CYP3A4 , which catalyzes the metabolism of about one-half of all marketed drugs in the US In healthy Japanese volunteers, curcumin 2 g was found to increase plasma sulfasalazine concentration following the administration of a therapeutic dose 2 g of the anti-rheumatic drug sulfasalazine Salazopyrin, Azulfidine Some curcumin supplements also contain piperine to increase the bioavailability of curcumin.
Piperine may also interfere with efflux drug transporters and phase I cytochrome P enzymes and increase the bioavailability and slow the elimination of a number of drugs, including phenytoin Dilantin , propranolol Inderal , theophylline, and carbamazepine Tegretol Originally written in by: Jane Higdon, Ph.
Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University. Updated in January by: Victoria J. Drake, Ph. Updated in February by: Barbara Delage, Ph. Reviewed in March by: Lynne Howells, Ph. Research Fellow Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre Lab Quality Manager University of Leicester. Gupta SC, Kismali G, Aggarwal BB.
Curcumin, a component of turmeric: from farm to pharmacy. Bandyopadhyay D. Farmer to pharmacist: curcumin as an anti-invasive and antimetastatic agent for the treatment of cancer.
Front Chem. Sharma RA, Gescher AJ, Steward WP. Curcumin: The story so far. Eur J Cancer. Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA, Aggarwal BB. Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises. Mol Pharm. Maheshwari RK, Singh AK, Gaddipati J, Srimal RC.
Multiple biological activities of curcumin: a short review. Life Sci. Baum L, Lam CW, Cheung SK, et al. Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol. Lao CD, Ruffin MTt, Normolle D, et al.
Dose escalation of a curcuminoid formulation. BMC Complement Altern Med. Cheng AL, Hsu CH, Lin JK, et al. Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions.
Anticancer Res. Sharma RA, Euden SA, Platton SL, et al. Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance. Clin Cancer Res. Garcea G, Berry DP, Jones DJ, et al. Consumption of the putative chemopreventive agent curcumin by cancer patients: assessment of curcumin levels in the colorectum and their pharmacodynamic consequences.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Garcea G, Jones DJ, Singh R, et al. Detection of curcumin and its metabolites in hepatic tissue and portal blood of patients following oral administration.
Br J Cancer. Aggarwal ML, Chacko KM, Kuruvilla BT. Systematic and comprehensive investigation of the toxicity of curcuminoidessential oil complex: A bioavailable turmeric formulation.
Mol Med Rep. Jager R, Lowery RP, Calvanese AV, Joy JM, Purpura M, Wilson JM. Comparative absorption of curcumin formulations. Nutr J. Kanai M, Imaizumi A, Otsuka Y, et al. Dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic study of nanoparticle curcumin, a potential anticancer agent with improved bioavailability, in healthy human volunteers.
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. Mendonca LM, Machado Cda S, Teixeira CC, Freitas LA, Bianchi ML, Antunes LM. Comparative study of curcumin and curcumin formulated in a solid dispersion: Evaluation of their antigenotoxic effects.
Genet Mol Biol. Shakeri A, Sahebkar A. Optimized curcumin formulations for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: A patent evaluation. J Neurosci Res. Prasad S, Tyagi AK, Aggarwal BB. Recent developments in delivery, bioavailability, absorption and metabolism of curcumin: the golden pigment from golden spice.
Cancer Res Treat. Sreejayan, Rao MN. Nitric oxide scavenging by curcuminoids. J Pharm Pharmacol. Sreejayan N, Rao MN. Free radical scavenging activity of curcuminoids. Dickinson DA, Levonen AL, Moellering DR, et al. Human glutamate cysteine ligase gene regulation through the electrophile response element.
Free Radic Biol Med. Dickinson DA, Iles KE, Zhang H, Blank V, Forman HJ. Curcumin alters EpRE and AP-1 binding complexes and elevates glutamate-cysteine ligase gene expression.
FASEB J. Scapagnini G, Vasto S, Abraham NG, Caruso C, Zella D, Fabio G. Mol Neurobiol. Zhang X, Liang D, Guo L, et al. Curcumin protects renal tubular epithelial cells from high glucose-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through Nrf2-mediated upregulation of heme oxygenase Suzuki M, Betsuyaku T, Ito Y, et al.
Curcumin attenuates elastase- and cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol.
Yao QY, Xu BL, Wang JY, Liu HC, Zhang SC, Tu CT. Inhibition by curcumin of multiple sites of the transforming growth factor-β1 signalling pathway ameliorates the progression of liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats.
Xiong ZE, Dong WG, Wang BY, Tong QY, Li ZY. Pharmacogn Mag. Xie Y, Zhao QY, Li HY, Zhou X, Liu Y, Zhang H. Curcumin ameliorates cognitive deficits heavy ion irradiation-induced learning and memory deficits through enhancing of Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathways. Pharmacol Biochem Behav.
Ghosh S, Banerjee S, Sil PC. The beneficial role of curcumin on inflammation, diabetes and neurodegenerative disease: A recent update. Food Chem Toxicol. Li CP, Li JH, He SY, Chen O, Shi L. Effect of curcumin on p38MAPK expression in DSS-induced murine ulcerative colitis.
Genet Mol Res. Yang JY, Zhong X, Yum HW, et al. Curcumin inhibits STAT3 signaling in the colon of dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice. J Cancer Prev. Moon DO, Kim MO, Choi YH, Park YM, Kim GY. Curcumin attenuates inflammatory response in IL-1β-induced human synovial fibroblasts and collagen-induced arthritis in mouse model.
Int Immunopharmacol. Shakibaei M, John T, Schulze-Tanzil G, Lehmann I, Mobasheri A. Suppression of NF-κB activation by curcumin leads to inhibition of expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human articular chondrocytes: Implications for the treatment of osteoarthritis.
Biochem Pharmacol. Zhu HT, Bian C, Yuan JC, et al. J Neuroinflammation. Baird WM, Hooven LA, Mahadevan B. Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts and mechanism of action. Environ Mol Mutagen. Sehgal A, Kumar M, Jain M, Dhawan DK. Modulatory effects of curcumin in conjunction with piperine on benzo a pyrene-mediated DNA adducts and biotransformation enzymes.
Nutr Cancer. Thapliyal R, Maru GB. Inhibition of cytochrome P isozymes by curcumins in vitro and in vivo. Volak LP, Ghirmai S, Cashman JR, Court MH. Curcuminoids inhibit multiple human cytochromes P, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and sulfotransferase enzymes, whereas piperine is a relatively selective CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Drug Metab Dispos. Das L, Vinayak M. Long term effect of curcumin in restoration of tumour suppressor p53 and phase-II antioxidant enzymes via activation of Nrf2 signalling and modulation of inflammation in prevention of cancer.
PLoS One. Iqbal M, Sharma SD, Okazaki Y, Fujisawa M, Okada S. Dietary supplementation of curcumin enhances antioxidant and phase II metabolizing enzymes in ddY male mice: possible role in protection against chemical carcinogenesis and toxicity.
Pharmacol Toxicol. Stewart ZA, Westfall MD, Pietenpol JA. Cell-cycle dysregulation and anticancer therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci. Duvoix A, Blasius R, Delhalle S, et al. Chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of curcumin. Cancer Lett. Surh YJ, Chun KS. Cancer chemopreventive effects of curcumin.
Adv Exp Med Biol. Singh S, Khar A. Biological effects of curcumin and its role in cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. Kuttan G, Kumar KB, Guruvayoorappan C, Kuttan R. Antitumor, anti-invasion, and antimetastatic effects of curcumin.
Kunnumakkara AB, Anand P, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin inhibits proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis of different cancers through interaction with multiple cell signaling proteins. Chen B, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Rao J, Jiang X, Xu Z. Curcumin inhibits proliferation of breast cancer cells through Nrf2-mediated down-regulation of Fen1 expression.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. Zhou H, Beevers CS, Huang S. The targets of curcumin. Curr Drug Targets. Han X, Xu B, Beevers CS, et al. Curcumin inhibits protein phosphatases 2A and 5, leading to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and death in tumor cells.
Huang T, Chen Z, Fang L. Curcumin inhibits LPS-induced EMT through downregulation of NF-κB-Snail signaling in breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep. Prvulovic D, Hampel H. Amyloid beta Aβ and phospho-tau p-τ as diagnostic biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Chem Lab Med. Ono K, Hasegawa K, Naiki H, Yamada M.
Curcumin has potent anti-amyloidogenic effects for Alzheimer's β-amyloid fibrils in vitro. Reinke AA, Gestwicki JE. Structure-activity relationships of amyloid β-aggregation inhibitors based on curcumin: influence of linker length and flexibility.
Chem Biol Drug Des. Yang F, Lim GP, Begum AN, et al. Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid β oligomers and fibrils, binds plaques, and reduces amyloid in vivo. J Biol Chem. Lin R, Chen X, Li W, Han Y, Liu P, Pi R. Exposure to metal ions regulates mRNA levels of APP and BACE1 in PC12 cells: blockage by curcumin.
Neurosci Lett. Zhang C, Browne A, Child D, Tanzi RE. Curcumin decreases amyloid-β peptide levels by attenuating the maturation of amyloid-β precursor protein. Shi X, Zheng Z, Li J, et al. Goozee KG, Shah TM, Sohrabi HR, et al. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
Br J Nutr. Krishnaswamy K, Goud VK, Sesikeran B, Mukundan MA, Krishna TP. Retardation of experimental tumorigenesis and reduction in DNA adducts by turmeric and curcumin. Li N, Chen X, Liao J, et al. Inhibition of 7,dimethylbenz[a]anthracene DMBA -induced oral carcinogenesis in hamsters by tea and curcumin.
Ikezaki S, Nishikawa A, Furukawa F, et al. Chemopreventive effects of curcumin on glandular stomach carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and sodium chloride in rats. Huang MT, Lou YR, Ma W, Newmark HL, Reuhl KR, Conney AH. Inhibitory effects of dietary curcumin on forestomach, duodenal, and colon carcinogenesis in mice.
Cancer Res. Chuang SE, Kuo ML, Hsu CH, et al. Curcumin-containing diet inhibits diethylnitrosamine-induced murine hepatocarcinogenesis. Pereira MA, Grubbs CJ, Barnes LH, et al. Effects of the phytochemicals, curcumin and quercetin, upon azoxymethane-induced colon cancer and 7,dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary cancer in rats.
Rao CV, Rivenson A, Simi B, Reddy BS. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by dietary curcumin, a naturally occurring plant phenolic compound. Kawamori T, Lubet R, Steele VE, et al. Mahmoud NN, Carothers AM, Grunberger D, et al.
Plant phenolics decrease intestinal tumors in an animal model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Perkins S, Verschoyle RD, Hill K, et al. Carroll RE, Benya RV, Turgeon DK, et al. Phase IIa clinical trial of curcumin for the prevention of colorectal neoplasia.
Cancer Prev Res Phila. National Institutes of Health. Clinical Trials. gov [Website]. Rivera-Mancia S, Lozada-Garcia MC, Pedraza-Chaverri J.
Experimental evidence for curcumin and its analogs for management of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. Eur J Pharmacol. Chuengsamarn S, Rattanamongkolgul S, Luechapudiporn R, Phisalaphong C, Jirawatnotai S. Curcumin extract for prevention of type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care. Usharani P, Mateen AA, Naidu MU, Raju YS, Chandra N. Effect of NCB, atorvastatin and placebo on endothelial function, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, 8-week study. Drugs R D. Chuengsamarn S, Rattanamongkolgul S, Phonrat B, Tungtrongchitr R, Jirawatnotai S.
Reduction of atherogenic risk in patients with type 2 diabetes by curcuminoid extract: a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr Biochem. Khajehdehi P, Pakfetrat M, Javidnia K, et al. Oral supplementation of turmeric attenuates proteinuria, transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-8 levels in patients with overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy: a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study.
Scand J Urol Nephrol. Schaffer M, Schaffer PM, Zidan J, Bar Sela G. Curcuma as a functional food in the control of cancer and inflammation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.
An Introduction to Clinical Trials. Mall M, Kunzelmann K. Correction of the CF defect by curcumin: hypes and disappointments. Irving GR, Howells LM, Sale S, et al. Prolonged biologically active colonic tissue levels of curcumin achieved after oral administration — a clinical pilot study including assessment of patient acceptability.
Doses ranged from 40 mg of a highly bioavailable form of curcumin to 1, mg. Other research suggests that low doses of curcumin may help restore a normal balance between T cells that cause inflammation Th17 cells and those that protect against it regulatory T cells.
An imbalance in these cells is believed to drive lupus , rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. In one small randomized controlled trial, twice daily doses of either or mg of curcumin were compared to placebo. Both doses significantly outperformed placebo on all measures.
They reduced disease activity and significantly lowered inflammation markers and rheumatoid factor RF values. Look for brands using black pepper piperine , phospholipids Meriva, BCM antioxidants CurcuWIN or nanoparticles Theracurmin for better bioavailability.
To increase absorption even more, take curcumin with a meal where you consume some fat. Experts recommend mg of high-quality curcumin twice a day for both OA and RA.
Good choices include medical grade products by Thorne or Pure Encapsulations. Be sure any curcumin supplement you take has been independently tested for authenticity and toxic metals by a third party, such as ConsumerLab. Stay in the Know. Live in the Yes.
Turmeric is a Curcumin Supplements derived from the rhizomes of the Suppkements plant Curcuma longa Linn, which is a member of Curcumin Supplements ginger Curdumin Zingiberaceae. Rhizomes Non-prescription mood lifter horizontal underground Curchmin that send out shoots, Curcumin Supplements well as roots. The bright yellow-orange color of turmeric comes mainly from fat-soluble, polyphenolic pigments known as curcuminoids. Curcumin, the principal curcuminoid found in turmeric, is generally considered its most active constituent 1. Other curcuminoids found in turmeric include demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin Figure 1. In addition to its use as a spice and pigment, turmeric has been used in India for medicinal purposes for centuries 2.Video
3 All Time Best Turmeric Supplements! (not sponsored)Curcumin Supplements -
Oxidative stress and inflammation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and related vascular complications.
In a nine-month, randomized , double-blind , placebo -controlled study in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance pre-diabetes , no progression to overt diabetes was reported with a daily ingestion of a mixture of curcuminoids 0.
In addition, curcumin supplementation was shown to reduce insulin resistance and improve measures of pancreatic β-cell function and glucose tolerance.
In an eight-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study in 67 individuals with type 2 diabetes, oral curcumin a mixture of all three major curcuminoids; 0.
Another randomized controlled trial also reported that oral curcumin supplementation 1. Finally, in a two-month randomized , double-blind , placebo -controlled study in 40 individuals with type 2 diabetic nephropathy kidney disease , daily curcumin ingestion Larger trials are needed to assess whether curcumin could be useful in the prevention or management of type 2 diabetes and vascular complications.
The ability of curcumin to regulate a variety of signaling pathways involved in cell growth, apoptosis , invasion, metastasis , and angiogenesis in preclinical studies elicited scientific interest in its potential as an anticancer agent in tumor therapy To date, most of the controlled clinical trials of curcumin supplementation in cancer patients have been phase I trials , which are aimed at determining feasibility, tolerability, safety, and providing early evidence of efficacy A phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced colorectal cancer found that doses up to 3.
When colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases took 3. In contrast, curcumin was measurable in normal and malignant colorectal tissue after patients with advanced colorectal cancer took 3. In a pilot trial in patients awaiting gastrointestinal endoscopy or colorectal cancer resection, the administration of a mixture of three major curcuminoids 2.
Combining curcumin with anticancer drugs like gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer 79, 80 , docetaxel in breast cancer 81 , and imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia 82 may be safe and well tolerated. Although curcumin has been demonstrated to have anti- inflammatory and antioxidant activities in cell culture and animal studies, few randomized controlled trials have examined the efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
A placebo -controlled trial in 40 men who had surgery to repair an inguinal hernia or hydrocele found that oral curcumin supplementation 1. A preliminary intervention trial that compared curcumin with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSAID in 18 patients with rheumatoid arthritis RA found that improvements in morning stiffness, walking time, and joint swelling after two weeks of curcumin supplementation 1.
In a more recent randomized , open-label study in 45 RA patients, supplementation with a mixture of all three major curcuminoids 0. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether oral curcumin supplementation is effective in the treatment of RA.
Radiation-induced skin inflammation occurs in most patients receiving radiation therapy for sarcoma, lung, breast, or head and neck cancer. Curcumin failed to reduce skin redness and radiation-induced pain at the site of treatment Ulcerative colitis UC is a long-term condition characterized by diffuse and superficial inflammation of the colonic mucosa.
Disease activity may fluctuate between periods of remission and periods of relapse. Preliminary evidence suggests that curcumin might be useful as an add-on therapy to control disease activity. Six-month treatment with curcumin significantly reduced measures of disease activity and severity and resulted in a lower relapse rate than with placebo in subjects on standard-of-care medication sulfasalazine or mesalamine ; yet, there was no difference in the proportion of patients who experienced relapse six months after curcumin was discontinued Larger trials are needed to ensure that curcumin can be safely used with conventional UC treatments and to further support its potential therapeutic benefits for relapsing-remitting UC.
Emerging evidence suggests that curcumin has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that could be beneficial in the treatment of certain diseases of the oral cavity. For example, the topical application of a curcumin gel was found to reduce gingival bleeding and periodontal bacteria after conventional periodontal therapy scaling and root planing A mouthwash containing curcumin was also found to be as effective as chlorhexidine in reducing inflammation in individuals who underwent periodontal therapy for gingivitis Any part of the oral cavity may be affected by oral submucous fibrosis OSMF , a currently incurable condition especially prevalent in Southeast Asia and India.
OSMF is characterized by the formation of excess fibrous tissue fibrosis that leads to stiffness of the mucosa and restricted mouth opening.
A few recent intervention studies showed that curcumin could improve some symptoms, such as burning sensations and reduced mouth opening reviewed in No differences between the two treatment groups were seen with respect to mouth opening Further studies should assess the appropriate dose of curcumin to achieve the greatest benefits and determine whether curcumin can enhance the effect of standard-of-care treatment in limiting OSMF disease progression.
When injected into the carotid artery , curcumin was found to cross the blood-brain barrier in an animal model of AD 53 , though it is not known whether curcumin taken orally can reach the blood-brain barrier at sufficient concentrations and impede cognitive decline in humans.
As a result of promising findings in animal models see Neuroprotective activity , a few recent clinical trials have examined the effect of oral curcumin supplementation on cognition in healthy older adults and AD patients A randomized , double-blind , placebo -controlled trial in 60 healthy older adults mean age, A significant reduction in mental fatigue and higher levels of calmness and contentedness following cognitive test sessions were observed in individuals who consumed curcumin either acutely or chronically compared to the placebo group.
Additionally, the results of cognitive ability tests suggested that curcumin treatment had limited benefits on cognitive function, as shown by better scores in measures of sustained attention and working memory compared to placebo Yet, measures of cognitive performance using the Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE] scoring scale and levels of F 2 -isoprostanes oxidative stress markers and antioxidants in blood were not found to be significantly different between curcumin- and placebo-treated subjects at the end of the intervention period.
In another six-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of subjects with mild-to-moderate AD, curcumin failed to improve cognitive test scores and to reduce blood and cerebrospinal fluid CSF concentrations of β-amyloid peptide, CSF concentrations of total and phosphorylated Tau protein, and CSF concentrations of F 2 -isoprostanes Despite the lack of encouraging results from completed trials, several randomized controlled studies are under way to determine whether supplemental curcumin has the ability to reverse or prevent cognitive deficits in both healthy and cognitively impaired individuals Major depressive disorder MDD is a neuropsychiatric disorder associated with abnormal neurotransmission; it is primarily treated with drugs that improve the bioavailability of neurotransmitters like serotonin , noradrenaline, and dopamine in the brain Characteristics of MDD also include alterations in the hypothalamus - pituitary - adrenal axis, increased neuroinflammation, defective neurogenesis , and neuronal death.
A few clinical studies have examined the effect of curcumin alone or with conventional antidepressant drugs in MDD patients. A recent meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found that supplementation with curcumin significantly reduced depression symptoms Significant improvements in the severity and frequency of specific depression-related symptoms only occurred after four weeks of treatment, suggesting that a longer treatment period might be needed to uncover the antidepressant effects of curcumin , Curcumin also induced a reduction in plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers and an increase in plasma concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor compared to placebo antidepressant drug alone Larger clinical trials are needed to address the long-term effect of curcumin in subjects with major depression.
Premenstrual syndrome PMS refers to a range of emotional e. In a recent randomized , double-blind , placebo -controlled trial in 70 women with PMS, the daily supplementation with 0. Additional trials are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of curcumin in the management of PMS.
Turmeric is the dried ground rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn It is used as a spice in Indian, Southeast Asian, and Middle Eastern cuisines. Curry powder contains turmeric along with other spices, but the amount of curcumin in curry powders is variable and often relatively low Curcumin extracts are also used as food-coloring agents Commercial curcumin is usually a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin see Figure 1 above.
Curcuminoid extracts are available as dietary supplements without a prescription in the US. Some curcumin preparations also contain piperine, which may increase the bioavailability of curcumin by inhibiting its metabolism However, piperine may also affect the metabolism of drugs see Drug interactions.
Optimal doses of curcumin for cancer chemoprevention or therapeutic uses have not been established. It is unclear whether doses less than 3. Curcuminoid-containing supplements taken on an empty stomach may cause gastritis and peptic ulcer disease In the United States, turmeric is generally recognized as safe GRAS by the FDA as a food additive An increase in gallbladder contractions was observed in 12 healthy people supplemented with single doses of 20 to 40 mg of curcumin , Yet, serious adverse effects have not been reported in humans taking high doses of curcumin.
A dose escalation trial in 24 adults found that single oral dosages up to 12 g were safe, and adverse effects, including diarrhea, headache, rash, yellow stool, were not related to dose 7. Another clinical trial in the UK found that curcumin supplementation ranging from 0.
Increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were also observed in several participants, but it was not clear whether these increases were related to curcumin supplementation or cancer progression 3. Although there is no evidence that dietary consumption of turmeric as a spice adversely affects pregnancy or lactation, the safety of curcumin supplements in pregnancy and lactation has not been established.
Curcumin has been found to inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro , , suggesting a potential for curcumin supplementation to increase the risk of bleeding in people taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications, such as aspirin, clopidogrel Plavix , dalteparin Fragmin , enoxaparin Lovenox , heparin, ticlopidine Ticlid , and warfarin Coumadin.
In cultured breast cancer cells, curcumin inhibited apoptosis induced by the chemotherapeutic agents, camptothecin, mechlorethamine, and doxorubicin at concentrations of 1 to 10 μM In an animal model of breast cancer, dietary curcumin inhibited cyclophosphamide-induced tumor regression.
Yet, it is not known whether oral curcumin administration will result in breast tissue concentrations that are high enough to inhibit cancer chemotherapeutic agents in humans Curcuminoids may interfere with the activity of efflux drug transporters of the ATP -binding cassette ABC family, including P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein MRP , and breast cancer-resistant protein BCRP , which function as ATP-dependent efflux pumps that actively regulate the excretion of a number of drugs limiting their systemic bioavailability , Curcumin was also found to affect the activity of phase I biotransformation enzymes like cytochrome P CYP 3A4 CYP3A4 , which catalyzes the metabolism of about one-half of all marketed drugs in the US In healthy Japanese volunteers, curcumin 2 g was found to increase plasma sulfasalazine concentration following the administration of a therapeutic dose 2 g of the anti-rheumatic drug sulfasalazine Salazopyrin, Azulfidine Some curcumin supplements also contain piperine to increase the bioavailability of curcumin.
Piperine may also interfere with efflux drug transporters and phase I cytochrome P enzymes and increase the bioavailability and slow the elimination of a number of drugs, including phenytoin Dilantin , propranolol Inderal , theophylline, and carbamazepine Tegretol Originally written in by: Jane Higdon, Ph.
Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University. Updated in January by: Victoria J. Drake, Ph. Updated in February by: Barbara Delage, Ph. Reviewed in March by: Lynne Howells, Ph.
Research Fellow Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre Lab Quality Manager University of Leicester. Gupta SC, Kismali G, Aggarwal BB.
Curcumin, a component of turmeric: from farm to pharmacy. Bandyopadhyay D. Farmer to pharmacist: curcumin as an anti-invasive and antimetastatic agent for the treatment of cancer. Front Chem. Sharma RA, Gescher AJ, Steward WP.
Curcumin: The story so far. Eur J Cancer. Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA, Aggarwal BB. Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises. Mol Pharm. Maheshwari RK, Singh AK, Gaddipati J, Srimal RC. Multiple biological activities of curcumin: a short review.
Life Sci. Baum L, Lam CW, Cheung SK, et al. Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease.
J Clin Psychopharmacol. Lao CD, Ruffin MTt, Normolle D, et al. Dose escalation of a curcuminoid formulation. BMC Complement Altern Med. Cheng AL, Hsu CH, Lin JK, et al. Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions.
Anticancer Res. Sharma RA, Euden SA, Platton SL, et al. Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance.
Clin Cancer Res. Garcea G, Berry DP, Jones DJ, et al. Consumption of the putative chemopreventive agent curcumin by cancer patients: assessment of curcumin levels in the colorectum and their pharmacodynamic consequences. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Garcea G, Jones DJ, Singh R, et al.
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Curcumin attenuates elastase- and cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. Yao QY, Xu BL, Wang JY, Liu HC, Zhang SC, Tu CT.
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An imbalance in these cells is believed to drive lupus , rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. In one small randomized controlled trial, twice daily doses of either or mg of curcumin were compared to placebo.
Both doses significantly outperformed placebo on all measures. They reduced disease activity and significantly lowered inflammation markers and rheumatoid factor RF values. Look for brands using black pepper piperine , phospholipids Meriva, BCM antioxidants CurcuWIN or nanoparticles Theracurmin for better bioavailability.
To increase absorption even more, take curcumin with a meal where you consume some fat. Experts recommend mg of high-quality curcumin twice a day for both OA and RA.
Good choices include medical grade products by Thorne or Pure Encapsulations. Be sure any curcumin supplement you take has been independently tested for authenticity and toxic metals by a third party, such as ConsumerLab.
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New Spplements shows little risk Pre-game lunch options infection from Curcumin Supplements biopsies. Discrimination at Curcjmin is linked to high blood pressure. Icy fingers and toes: Poor circulation or Raynaud's phenomenon? You might know turmeric as the golden-yellow spice used in curry powder and yellow mustard. Turmeric contains the naturally occurring chemical curcumin, which might have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Turmeric Curcumin Supplements a Curcumin Supplements Suoplements many cultures, Supplementw in eastern Asia, and Curcuimn of people believe it is beneficial Edible Mushroom Recipes joint Curcmuin and inflammation. Curcuumin plant has Curcumin Supplements used for Gluten-free meal choices of years in cooking typically Supplementts the form Supplwments a Curcumih powder, and many people Curcumin Supplements turmeric to their diets Curcumin Supplements the form of juice, tea and supplements with the goal of bolstering their immune systems and improving digestive health. The answer is actually trickier than you'd think. While it is possible that a daily turmeric supplement may help with certain things like reducing inflammation, research shows that an active ingredient found in turmeric, may be much better at achieving those health outcomes. The active component in turmeric that is most responsible for the health benefits people are looking for is called curcumin. But unfortunately, "turmeric only contains a very small percentage of curcumin," roughly two to six percent, according to Dr.
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