Mitochondrial hyperpolarization and ATP auotimmune in patients with systemic autoimmuns erythematosus. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm ; 2: e Faubert B, Endurance nutrition guide Energy metabolism and autoimmune diseases, Diseaess RJ. Top bar navigation. In contrast, provision of energy-rich fuels to the entire body in the form of glucose, protein, and fatty acids is mainly supported by mediator substances of the sympathetic nervous system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-hormonal axes cortisol and growth hormoneand the pancreas glucagon. Gut microbiota Energy metabolism and autoimmune diseases T Enegy Energy metabolism and autoimmune diseases by providing a series of Soothing natural extracts and metabolites. In this dseases, we describe the distinct metabolic programs in different T cell subsets, provide jetabolism of T cell metwbolism regulated by Enfrgy microbiota, explore idseases T cell metabolic abnormalities in autoimmune disorders, and discuss the rationale behind T cell metabolism-related approaches to treat autoimmune disorders. Glycolysis is the process that breaks glucose into pyruvate by a series of enzymes in the cytoplasm. Subsequently, glucose-derived pyruvate can be either metabolized to lactate, which is excreted from the cell or converted to acetyl coenzyme A acetyl-CoAand enters the tricarboxylic acid TCA cycle to generate reducing equivalents NADH and FADH 2 for OXPHOS by delivering electrons to the electron transport chain in mitochondria. Therefore, glucose provides energy to cells through both glycolysis and OXPHOS.