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Some benefits of exercise include a stronger more efficient heart, reduced risk of heart disease and diabetes, stronger muscles and thicker bones, reduced cholesterol levels, and improved mental health. However, some individuals believe that just two to three workouts a week will magically shed unwanted pounds from their bodies.
Unfortunately these same individuals then become frustrated when it does not happen. Although exercise is vital to our overall quality of life, it is important to understand how exercise impacts weight loss, especially for those just starting a weight loss program.
The table presented below provides information on the calories burned through several different types of exercise programs in comparison to the total number of calories we eat each week 1, 2. We need to burn 2, calories each week through physical activity in order to lose weight 3.
Consequently, many of us turn to diets as our solution, but it is important to consider the following facts before making such a decision:. A strong motivator of human behavior is the right to choose. Deprivation frequently results in failure to adhere to diet programs for sustained periods of time 4.
Also, an easy way to lose weight is to eat foods that facilitate weight loss. Check out this blog on foods for weight loss for more information. As we age we lose muscle tissue which reduces our ability to function independently.
In turn, this loss generally compromises our quality of life, progressively preventing us from doing the things we enjoy or need to do as we get older.
This skinny fat approach is certainly not a healthy solution. However, including some form of resistance training weights, machines, yoga, etc. Furthermore, by preserving or even adding a few pounds of muscle tissue, you can maintain or even elevate your metabolism which helps you burn additional calories through the day.
This number could amount to calories each day, the equivalent to approximately 10 pounds over the period of one year. See also: Use it or Lose it: Understanding Muscle Atrophy Combating Age-Related Muscle Loss.
Fabio Comana, M. An international presenter at multiple health and fitness events, he is also a spokesperson featured in multiple media outlets and an accomplished chapter and book author.
org Fitness CPT Nutrition CES Sports Performance Workout Plans Wellness. Weight Loss Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis: A NEAT Approach to Weight Loss. No, we don't!
That's where Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis or NEAT comes into play. Table of Contents What is NEAT? For example: A lb. Exercise is Often Not Enough for Weight Loss Exercise alone is generally inadequate unless one finds more time in an already busy schedule, what other options are available?
Five Ways to Use NEAT for Weight Loss Create a list of your general daily activities e. Are you aware of how many hours you spend sitting each day? Perhaps add here — compare your ratio of time spent doing seated versus standing activities e. Compile a list, the contents may just startle you.
Identify problematic areas where you notice time spent in seated positions and think creatively of ways to accomplish these same activities while standing e. Challenge yourself to try one to three ideas just once, starting with challenges you feel confident in accomplishing.
If you enjoyed the experience and feel confident you can do it again. Attempt that same challenge every day for the next week finite challenge. If not, select new challenges to try.
As little as calories each day translates to approximately 10 ½ lbs. lost in a year; calories equals the loss of 21 lbs.
Try these practical steps for neat: Stand more. Start by attempting to stand or move about for 5 to minute increments while you complete various daily activities. Wash your car by hand.
Pace the sidelines at your kids' athletic games. Carry your groceries instead of pushing a cart. Walk briskly through the mall. Walking is an excellent strategy for weight loss!
Take the long way to the water cooler or bathroom at the office. Walk to a co-worker's desk instead of emailing or calling them. Pace while talking on the phone. Read also: How to Lose Weight Fast Using Exercise and NEAT together Exercise and improving overall fitness is vitally important to your health and wellness, as well as your ability to engage in normal activities of daily living ADLs.
Dieting and NEAT: They Still go Hand-in-Hand Consequently, many of us turn to diets as our solution, but it is important to consider the following facts before making such a decision: A strong motivator of human behavior is the right to choose.
Counteract Muscle Loss As we age we lose muscle tissue which reduces our ability to function independently. This number could amount to calories each day, the equivalent to approximately 10 pounds over the period of one year See also: Use it or Lose it: Understanding Muscle Atrophy Combating Age-Related Muscle Loss References: NHANES, Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients in adults from through NCHS Data Brief.
Number 49, November Ainsworth, BE, Haskell, WL, Herrmann, SD, Meckes, N, Bassett, DR, Tudor-Locke, C, Greer, JL, Vezina, J, Whitt-Glover, MC, and Leon, AS, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise43 3 American College of Sports Medicine Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
Wansink, B, Mindless Eating — Why we eat more than we think. New York, NY: Bantam-Dell Books. Stiegler, P, and Cunliffe, A, The role of diet and exercise for the maintenance of fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate during weight loss. Sports Medicine36 3 : — The Author.
Fabio Comana Fabio Comana, M.
: Thermogenesis and calorie expenditure| What Is the Process of Thermogenesis in Weight Loss? | Methods and results using a respiratory chamber. Article Google Scholar Miles-Chan JL, Dulloo AG, Schutz Y. Advanced Search Help. pp Sugita, J. Read also: How to Lose Weight Fast Using Exercise and NEAT together Exercise and improving overall fitness is vitally important to your health and wellness, as well as your ability to engage in normal activities of daily living ADLs. Author Information. |
| Diet induced thermogenesis | Nutrition & Metabolism | Full Text | Dalorie, K. This process, known as Thermogenesis and calorie expenditure activity thermogenesis NEATcan account for a significant portion of your daily calorie burn and wellness. Tanycytes and the control of thyrotropin-releasing hormone flux into portal capillaries. American Journal of Preventative Medicine. Download references. |
| Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis: A NEAT Approach to Weight Loss | However, the data showed that body temperature increase and sympathetic output were reflected through heart rate, while the cold challenge was blocked with the perfusion of tetrodotoxin into the VMH This translates to greater calorie burn throughout the day, which in theory, should help you lose weight faster. Ready to take the first step? Brown and beige adipose tissues have been defined and characterized extensively in both humans 16 and rodents 17 as thermogenic organs. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Rodriguez, E. |
Thermogenesis and calorie expenditure -
When you are very cold your Hypothalamus or more accurately the primary motor centre that is found within the Hypothalamus can cause your muscles to shiver. This can increase your metabolism five-fold and will raise your body temperature.
This will lower your body temperature. Both of these are examples of thermoregulation. The purpose of thermoregulation is to keep your body temperature at the perfect balance, this is known as Homeostasis. Thermoregulation is one control for Homeostasis but it is not the only one, the body also regulates blood glucose, calcium levels, the partial pressure of o2 and Co2, blood pressure etc The Thermic Effect of Food protein is best for weight loss.
The Snickers bar is calories 11g fat, 3g protein, 28g carbohydrates. The 11g of fat equals 99 calories fat is 9 calories per gram , the 3g of protein is 12 calories protein is 4 calories per gram , and the 28g of carbohydrates are calories carbs are also 4 calories per gram.
This comes to Remember, this is the low end of the scale. But even if you consider yourself sedentary, you are still underestimating how many calories you are burning.
This is thanks to Of course exercising will burn a lot more calories than sitting at a desk typing an email, but the act of typing will still burn calories!
In other words you could probably manage 1. This form of activity is known as Non Exercise Activity Thermogenesis NEAT and it covers all forms of movement that are not exercise: walking, climbing stairs, doing the washing up, cooking, cleaning, even fidgeting whilst watching a movie.
The calories burned per activity are barely significant when looked at individually, but they add up to a lot of calories burned during the day. Some supplements are designed to have a thermic effect on the body, causing your resting RMR to increase.
This is literally additional calories being burned without the additional work, and can go a long way in burning that unwanted belly fat.
Yes, it is a real thing, but no it won't make you shed weight without effort. Thermogenic supplements are designed for people looking for an extra edge. To push their bodies to the next level of esthetic achievement.
To help them burn extra calories and get in even better shape. Thermogenic supplements are NOT designed for overweight individuals who have no intention of exercising or eating healthy.
Our Transparent Labs PhysiqueSeries Fat Burner utilizes clinically tested ingredients at the dosages used in the clinical studies. Ingredients like caffeine, green tea extract, cayenne pepper, and salicin all have hundreds of studies showing efficacy in weight loss claims.
Read on to find out everything you need to know about NEAT and how to make the most of it. When it comes to burning calories and losing weight, most people focus on exercise.
You may not realize it, but your body burns calories, even when not actively exercising. This process, known as non-exercise activity thermogenesis NEAT , can account for a significant portion of your daily calorie burn and wellness. Brown adipose tissue BAT is found in all mammals and is responsible for producing heat to maintain body temperature.
Researchers once believed that only infants and hibernating animals had significant BAT, but recent studies have shown that adults also have small amounts of this tissue. Unlike white adipose tissue, which stores energy as triglycerides, BAT burns calories to generate heat.
NEAT refers to the energy expended during activities not explicitly designed for exercise. While the individual calorie burn from NEAT may seem small, it can add up over time. Studies have shown that increasing NEAT can lead to significant weight loss. James A. Levine , a researcher at the Mayo Clinic, has been studying the effects of inactivity on health for many years.
In particular, he has been interested in the role of what he calls "non-exercise activity thermogenesis" NEAT in weight control.
Levine's research has shown that people with high NEAT levels tend to be thinner than those with low NEAT levels. In addition, his research has shown that increasing NEAT can help people lose weight and keep it off.
As a result of his work, Dr. Levine has become one of the world's leading experts on the importance of physical activity in weight loss and preventive health. We now know that Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis NEAT is the total daily energy expenditure expended for all activities that are not sleeping, eating, or exercising.
It includes more spontaneous physical activities like walking the dog, playing with your kids, doing yard work, and even fidgeting. However, studies have shown that more active people tend to have higher NEAT levels than less active ones.
NEAT is an essential factor in your total daily energy expenditure TDEE , according to the Mayo Clinic. You may be familiar with the concept of calories, but not everyone knows how they relate to daily energy expenditure. Calories are a unit of measurement that quantifies the amount of energy that food provides.
Every calorie equals 4. When your body stores too much fat, your body mass index or BMI will rise above healthy levels.
To lose weight, you need to create a calorie deficit by either eating fewer calories or burning more energy through physical activity. BMI is the most common way to diagnose conditions like obesity.
But remember, it is not always the most accurate as it does not consider any increases in muscle mass. Another term that may be helpful to know about is the thermic effect of food TEF.
TEF is the energy your body requires to digest, absorb and process the nutrients in food. TEF accounts for a small part of daily energy expenditure and is highly variable depending on the type of food consumed. However, increasing both NEAT and TEF can help to boost your metabolism. Since people with higher NEAT levels tend to be more physically active overall, they also typically have better cardiovascular health.
The research on NEAT can help you understand more about how it impacts everything from obesity levels to blood glucose. NEAT includes any movement that isn't part of structured exercises, like walking to the kitchen or doing chores around the house. While it may not seem like much, NEAT can actually have a significant impact on weight management and may even contribute in some small part to the recommended physical activity guidelines for adults.
Studies have shown that people who are more active throughout the day tend to be leaner than those who are less active. Try these practical steps for neat: Stand more.
Start by attempting to stand or move about for 5 to minute increments while you complete various daily activities.
Wash your car by hand. Pace the sidelines at your kids' athletic games. Carry your groceries instead of pushing a cart. Walk briskly through the mall. Walking is an excellent strategy for weight loss!
Take the long way to the water cooler or bathroom at the office. Walk to a co-worker's desk instead of emailing or calling them. Pace while talking on the phone.
Read also: How to Lose Weight Fast Using Exercise and NEAT together Exercise and improving overall fitness is vitally important to your health and wellness, as well as your ability to engage in normal activities of daily living ADLs.
Dieting and NEAT: They Still go Hand-in-Hand Consequently, many of us turn to diets as our solution, but it is important to consider the following facts before making such a decision: A strong motivator of human behavior is the right to choose.
Counteract Muscle Loss As we age we lose muscle tissue which reduces our ability to function independently. This number could amount to calories each day, the equivalent to approximately 10 pounds over the period of one year See also: Use it or Lose it: Understanding Muscle Atrophy Combating Age-Related Muscle Loss References: NHANES, Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients in adults from through NCHS Data Brief.
Number 49, November Ainsworth, BE, Haskell, WL, Herrmann, SD, Meckes, N, Bassett, DR, Tudor-Locke, C, Greer, JL, Vezina, J, Whitt-Glover, MC, and Leon, AS, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 43 3 American College of Sports Medicine Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
Wansink, B, Mindless Eating — Why we eat more than we think. New York, NY: Bantam-Dell Books. Stiegler, P, and Cunliffe, A, The role of diet and exercise for the maintenance of fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate during weight loss.
Sports Medicine , 36 3 : — The Author. Fabio Comana Fabio Comana, M. Related Posts. Weight Loss Considering Medication for Obesity?
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Popular Recent. Protein and Weight Loss: How Much Protein Do You Need to Eat Per Day? By Brad Dieter. Resting Metabolic Rate: How to Calculate and Improve Yours By Fabio Comana. Fast-Twitch Vs.
Thank you for ajd nature. You are using Herbal remedies for anxiety browser version with Exppenditure support for CSS. To obtain the best Peppermint candy cane, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Energy expenditure and energy intake need to be balanced to maintain proper energy homeostasis.Video
NEAT: The EASIEST way to lose fat (No exercise!) - Stanford NeuroscientistThermogenesis and calorie expenditure -
Sitting time, fidgeting, and all-cause mortality in the UK Women's Cohort Study. American Journal of Preventative Medicine.
von Loeffelholz C, Birkenfeld A, Feingold KR, et al. The role of non-exercise activity thermogenesis in human obesity. In: Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth MA : MDText. com, Inc. Villablanca PA, Alegria JR, Mookadam F, Holmes DR, Wright RS, Levine LA.
Nonexercise activity thermogenesis in obesity management. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Akin JD, Crawford CK, Burton HM, Wolfe AS, Vardarli E, Coyle EF. Inactivity induces resistance to the metabolic benefits following acute exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology.
Akins JD, Crawford CK, Burton HM, Wolfe AS, Vardarli E, Coyle EF. J Appl Physiol. Am J Prev Med. Villablanca PA, Alegria JR, Mookadam F, Holmes DR, Wright RS, Levine JA. Mayo Clin Proc. Von Loeffelholz C and Birkenfeld A. The Role of Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis in Human Obesity.
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National Academy of Sports Medicine. Obesity needs a positive energy balance to develop, a situation that is mimicked in overfeeding experiments.
Our selection of human overfeeding studies is summarized in Table 1. To investigate the importance of adaptive thermogenesis, the component or components of energy expenditure involved need to be defined and reflected in the study design. The most reliable studies with regard to overfeeding are studies conducted with subjects living in the research institute during the entire study period.
Then, however, a disadvantage is the induction of different lifestyles even when physical activity is not limited. In other experiments, subjects are studied as outpatients, who consume one or more meals per day at the research institute, but otherwise stay in their own environments.
In both conditions, the gold standard for measuring EE over longer periods is the doubly labeled water DLW method. In combination with sleeping or basal metabolic rate SMR or BMR , activity-induced energy expenditure AEE can be determined without restricting the subjects.
In addition, physical activity PA can be objectively measured with accelerometers, which measure body movements in terms of frequency, duration and intensity [ 9 ]. Respiration chambers allow measurements of total energy expenditure TEE and its components SMR, BMR, diet-induced thermogenesis DIT and AEE.
Though PA is limited due to the confined area, there is still considerable variation between subjects while intra-individual variation is low [ 2 ]. The duration of the overfeeding mainly determines the reliability of changes in body weight as a reflection of energy storage.
The overfeeding period should be long enough to expect an increase in body weight in excess of changes due to bowel contents and edema i. excessive storage of body fluids that is not the result of an increased lean body mass. When digested foods enter the bloodstream there is an oxidative hierarchy.
The macronutrient that is most easily stored fat is oxidized last, while macronutrients that can not be stored at all alcohol , or that can only be stored under certain circumstances protein or in limited amounts carbohydrate are oxidized first [ 10 ]. Alcohol ingestion directly increases alcohol oxidation, which is maintained until all alcohol is cleared.
Protein and carbohydrate oxidation closely follow intake. In contrast, fat intake does not stimulate fat oxidation.
Moreover, fat oxidation is inhibited by high intakes of the other macronutrients [ 10 — 12 ]. The intake of any macronutrient in excess of energy needs will lead to fat storage, but a reduced capacity for fat oxidation could particularly predispose to obesity.
Diaz et al. These results were confirmed by Horton et al. During both overfeeding periods, obese subjects had a higher average RQ and oxidized proportionally more carbohydrate than lean subjects.
However, EE increased proportionally with the increased body size and tissue gain leaving no evidence for adaptive thermogenesis. The capacity for fat oxidation, therefore, does not seem to relate to the capacity for adaptive thermogenesis.
DIT is increased on a high-protein, high-carbohydrate diet compared to a high-fat diet [ 11 ]. In contrast, low-protein diets result in increased DIT as well.
This apparent contradiction is attributed to a mechanism for enriching nutrient-deficient diets while dissipating the excess energy on low-protein diets, whereas high-protein diets result in increased thermogenesis due to the high cost of metabolizing protein [ 15 , 16 ].
In this context it is important to note that the term DIT is not only used for the increase in EE above BMR during the first hours after a meal, but also includes adaptive changes in BMR in response to the diet.
They concluded that the capacity for adaptive thermogenesis is individually determined, as the energy costs of weight gain on normal- and low-protein overfeeding were positively related. Therefore, Stock [ 15 ] and Dulloo and Jacquet [ 16 ] suggested low-protein overfeeding as a tool to discriminate between metabolically efficient and metabolically inefficient persons by maximizing differences in thermogenesis.
The limited storage capacity for carbohydrates forces an increase in carbohydrate oxidation with carbohydrate overfeeding, which together with a decrease in fat oxidation results in a positive fat balance [ 14 ]. However, the influence of the carbohydrate content of the overfeeding diet on metabolic efficiency is less clear.
Though not always intentionally, overfeeding diets are generally high in carbohydrates. The effects of carbohydrates are thus only comparable between diets supplying the energy excess entirely as fat or protein or as carbohydrates, or respectively relatively low- and high-carbohydrate diets Table 1 ; refs: [ 14 , 20 , 21 ].
Calculated from the mean overfeeding of high-CHO and MJ high-F and the mean weight gains of 1. While the first study suggests that costs of weight gain are increased with high-carbohydrate overfeeding which might be caused by de novo lipogenesis, the last two studies suggest that costs of weight gain are rather increased when the carbohydrate content is relatively low which could be explained by increased gluconeogenesis.
However, it should be noted that comparison between studies is difficult as macronutrient composition and measurement techniques differed substantial. The component of daily energy expenditure most affected by changes in body weight is the BMR [ 1 ], any adaptive changes in total energy expenditure are therefore likely to appear in this component.
Several studies reported an increased BMR after overfeeding [ 4 , 19 , 22 — 29 ]. This increase is due to the energy cost of fat and fat-free mass gains as well as the costs of maintaining a larger body weight [ 1 ].
Another component, DIT, will increase due to the increased amount of food that has to be digested and absorbed. Yet, several studies did not find a significant increase in DIT, independent of dietary composition and duration of the experiment [ 22 , 28 — 30 ].
Others could explain significant increases in DIT solely by the increased amount of EI, as reflected by the percentage of the EI found in the DIT component being similar before and after overfeeding [ 27 ] or the response to a fixed meal being unaltered [ 25 ].
Pasquet et al. The last component, AEE, is the most variable component of TEE between persons [ 31 ], and thus is most likely the main contributor to variation in weight gain during overfeeding. Indeed, several overfeeding experiments show that those subjects with the largest increase or decrease in AEE have respectively the lowest and highest weight gains [ 4 , 25 ].
But relatively large changes in AEE as percentage of TEE above increased costs of performing physical activity due to an increased body weight, might reflect behavioral changes rather than adaptive thermogenesis. It should be noted that the division of energy expenditure into its components may induce over- or underestimations of the separate components.
AEE is particularly hard to determine, as measurement errors in TEE, BMR and DIT are accumulated in AEE [ 2 ]. SMR might be confounded by DIT; the influence of a large evening meal has been shown to continue well into the night [ 32 ], which might confound measurement of BMR in the morning as well [ 4 , 19 ].
In addition, there is an interaction between DIT and physical activity both at high and low levels of activity [ 33 , 34 ], which will not only affect DIT but will also influence determination of the energy costs of physical activity [ 4 ].
Energy cannot get lost; energy that is not expended will be stored. As the digestibility of foods is not affected by intake level or subject [ 4 , 35 ], energy storage during overfeeding can be calculated as the difference between energy intake and energy expenditure.
The macronutrient composition of the diet can influence energy storage. Lammert et al. Overfeeding mixed diets resulted in a large variation in energy storage.
The composition of the overfeeding-induced body weight gain is fairly constant over different studies. The high storage capacity of the adipose tissue, together with the low costs of fat gain 6. In addition, there are other ways to store excess energy as fat. The storage of body fat from dietary fat is the most energy efficient ~0.
Though several overfeeding studies showed the presence of de novo lipogenesis during carbohydrate overfeeding [ 20 , 37 — 39 ], the storage of carbohydrate as fat through de novo lipogenesis is considered a quantitavely negligible process under normal conditions in humans.
Overfeeding studies that have not found evidence for adaptive thermogenesis mainly base their conclusions on the observation that there is no elevation in metabolic rate above obligatory costs, i. EE associated with an increased body size and tissue gain [ 4 , 14 , 22 , 30 , 36 ], an increased DIT due to the increased amount of food eaten [ 4 , 27 ], increased costs for the same body movements due to an increased body weight [ 4 , 27 ] and a body weight gain proportional to the total amount of excess energy consumed [ 23 , 24 , 28 ].
All studies show a large inter-individual variation in weight gain, but comparing metabolically efficient and inefficient subjects showed no differences in EE changes [ 19 ]. Although these overfeeding experiments fail to show adaptive changes in energy expenditure, this does not mean there is no adaptive thermogenesis.
In most studies there is still a considerable proportion of excess energy intake that was not accounted for [ 22 , 30 , 36 ], which is probably due to errors in the methods and assumptions used. In addition, the study period might have been too short, while adaptive thermogenesis is involved in long-term energy balance regulation [ 40 ].
Other studies conclude that adaptive thermogenesis must be present during overfeeding, because weight gain is smaller than expected [ 21 ] and the theoretical cost of storing dietary fat is exceeded [ 41 ].
They show that thermogenesis did increase above obligatory costs [ 21 , 25 , 26 ], either in DIT [ 26 ] or in the EE associated with PA like fidgeting, sitting and standing, which is called non-exercise activity thermogenesis NEAT [ 25 ].
If adaptive thermogenesis is present and contributes to the etiology of obesity then it is likely that obesity-prone persons have a reduced capacity for adaptive thermogenesis compared to obesity-resistant persons.
As the predisposition to obesity in humans is hard to define, if possible at all, one usually compares lean and overweight or obese subjects. Results suggest that the thermogenic response to fat is flexible in lean subjects but that subjects with familial obesity have a reduced response [ 29 ].
Although fat oxidation differs between lean and obese subjects on overfeeding [ 4 , 14 ], the thermogenic response of lean and obese subjects was not different [ 4 , 14 , 21 , 40 ], but, as overfeeding experiments are designed to result in weight gain, the number of overweight and obese subjects willing to participate is for obvious reasons often limited.
In humans, evidence for adaptive thermogenesis as a mechanism to explain interindividual differences in weight gain on the same overfeeding regimen is still inconsistent. Though most studies did find increases in EE during overfeeding, these were mainly explained by the theoretical energy costs of weight gain and the maintenance of a larger body weight.
Changes in EE above these obligatory costs are considered adaptive thermogenesis, but the magnitude is generally no more than a few percent and includes measurement errors, errors in assumptions made and small day-to-day differences in physical activity.
In addition, results from different overfeeding studies are hard to pool as there are marked differences in macronutrient composition, measurement techniques and availability of data within the papers. The latter causes comparison between studies using one measure i. the costs of weight gain, Table 1 to be rather crude as often assumptions regarding absolute excess energy intake had to be made.
Moreover, individual variation is lost using the mean values. This makes the existence of adaptive thermogenesis hard to prove. However, there are large differences in thermogenesis and weight gain between subjects, independent of body weight.
In search for evidence for adaptive thermogenesis, it would therefore be interesting to define obesity-prone and obesity-resistant persons based on their response to overfeeding and in general it seems desirable to report individual data as well as group statistics. Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J: Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight.
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ob die Analoga existieren?