Sleep deprivation results in sleepiness and impaired neurocognitive and psychomotor performance [ performancr ]. The Healthy fat range spectrum of ad formed cognitive map was oearning evaluated by asking the participants wakefulness and learning performance walefulness the respective wakefuljess of each landmark on wakeuflness sheet of Weight management for athletes, on which the top-view outline of the city map was depicted. Evidence of clock gene expression in brain cells outside of the suprachiasmatic nuclei SCN suggests a fundamental role of circadian clocks in brain function at the cellular level. With the paucity of results in mind, the present analysis investigated whether learning performance in the evening would predict performance gains in procedural skill at delayed retesting scheduled in the morning after nocturnal sleep. Kenneth P. Monti, J. Neuropsychopharmacology 29, —

Wakefulness and learning performance -

In addition, sleep diaries and the ESS were completed daily for two weeks, and the mean values were used in the final analysis.

Based on the data collected from sleep diaries, the following were calculated: nighttime sleep duration total sleep time TST , waking time and bedtime during weekdays and weekends. The participants were contacted by trained medical students at regular intervals to verify the completeness and accuracy of data collection.

The chi-square test was used to compare categorical data, and the t -test was used for continuous variables. A further analysis of the residuals was performed to identify the categories responsible for significant chi-square values [ 16 ].

To explore the association between sleep problems and habits and school performance, a univariate logistic regression model was initially used. After testing for multicollinearity among the univariate predictors, independent, significant variables were entered into a multiple logistic regression model to determine if any variable could predict school performance.

Standard statistical software SPSS, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version Therefore, questionnaires were included in the final analysis L1, The mean age of the participants was There was no difference between males and females or among different academic levels in the assessed sleep parameters; therefore, we analyzed the combined data from both sexes.

On the other hand, daily internet usage of more than 2 hours was significantly higher among the average group. During weekends, both groups compensated for the sleep lost during weekdays by increasing the TST.

In addition, there was no difference in the use of caffeinated beverages, and none of the students reported using prescription or non-prescription stimulants. Certain sleep habits were associated with lower academic performance. A late bedtime on weekdays and weekends was associated with lower academic performance.

These findings agree with those of a study conducted on first-year college students showing that students with later bedtimes during weekdays and weekends had lower performance. Experimental studies have demonstrated that a shift in bedtime by two hours while maintaining the same sleep duration resulted in increased feelings of depression, difficulty in concentration and mood changes [ 5 ].

Although the difference in sleep duration may not appear remarkable, it may have physiological importance, particularly when the sleep deprivation accumulates over several days [ 18 ].

These results agree with previous reports in adolescents that demonstrated a significant impact of increased nocturnal sleep duration on academic achievement. In a sample of 3, adolescent students, Wolfson and Craskadon reported a significantly longer total sleep time and earlier bedtimes in students with higher grades [ 13 ].

Because the students in the present study were not obtaining sufficient sleep on weekdays, they increased their sleep duration during weekends. A recent study showed that increased weekend catch-up sleep as an indicator of insufficient weekday sleep is associated with poor performance on objective attention tasks where the number of omission and commission errors is measured in a computerized system [ 19 ].

Although sleep deprivation affects academic performance, students who are sleep-deprived and experience academic difficulties are usually not aware of the extent to which their sleep loss can impair their ability to complete cognitive tasks.

Pilcher and Walters subjected 44 college students to total sleep deprivation for one night and found that the sleep-deprived students performed significantly worse on cognitive tasks compared with students who had normal sleep [ 6 ].

Paradoxically, the sleep-deprived students who performed worse reported higher levels of estimated performance and inaccurately rated their performance as better than that of students who were not sleep-deprived [ 6 ].

Sleep deprivation may affect school performance at several levels. Daytime sleepiness and reduced levels of attention affect performance [ 20 ]. Moreover, sleep deprivation may impair memory and decision making [ 21 ].

Previous studies have linked the consolidation of higher-order implicitly learned information to the rapid eye movement REM stage of sleep the dreaming stage of sleep [ 22 ].

Previous studies reported a significant correlation between language learning efficiency and increases in the fraction of REM sleep, which suggests that learning performance may be an important factor in the relationship between information processing and REM sleep [ 23 ].

As REM sleep episodes tend to increase in the last third of the night, sleep deprivation may significantly reduce the percentage of REM sleep.

In addition, poor sleep may indirectly affect performance by increasing depression, decreasing motivation and compromising health [ 2 ].

Howell et al. conducted a study on college students and confirmed a correlation between poor sleep quality and academic performance [ 24 ].

Sleepiness may negatively impact academic performance [ 25 ]. Daytime sleepiness has been shown to negatively affect the participation of students in extracurricular activities [ 26 ].

Daytime sleepiness is likely to be a consequence of sleep deprivation. Smoking was more common among the average group and was an independent predictor of a lower academic performance. Previous studies suggested that students who do well in school are less like to smoke. In a recent study, Morin et al in a four-year cohort study on a total of adolescents reported that smoking among persistently high achievers 7.

The present study reports important findings; nevertheless, this type of study has inherent limitations that must be addressed.

We therefore conducted a limited validation of the self-reported sleep duration data against objective actigraphy measurements. Moreover, we used sleep diaries and contacted the participants on a regular basis during the study period.

Additionally, Wolfson and colleagues have demonstrated the validity of self-reported survey estimates of sleep patterns in adolescents [ 29 ]. Moreover, there are many hidden confounding variables that may influence the measurement of academic performance, such as self-concept, motivational changes, mental stress and social class.

Furthermore, colinearity between the studied variables is another problem that was obvious in our preliminary analysis. Nevertheless, we tried to ameliorate that by testing for multicollinearity among the univariate predictors.

At this stage, a crude analysis is required to build a solid base for future studies, especially because this area of research has not been well explored in medical students. Finally, because the study was cross-sectional, no conclusions about the long-term effects of insufficient sleep can be drawn.

Although it is sensible to assume that improving the quality and pattern of sleep will contribute to the improvement of academic performance, a cause-effect relationship has not been established. This study showed that decreased nocturnal sleep time, late bedtimes during weekdays and weekends, catch-up sleep on weekends and increased daytime sleepiness are negatively associated with academic performance in medical students.

The subjective feeling of obtaining sufficient sleep and the non-smoking status were the independent predictors of excellent academic performance. Educators and college authorities need to take an active role to consider sleep habits and sleep disturbances in the context of academic performance, and educate college students about good sleep hygiene.

Researchers need to identify variables that lead to poor sleep quality in medical students. This project was partially funded by The National Plan for Sciences and Technology King Saud University and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology.

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Journal Article. The Cumulative Cost of Additional Wakefulness: Dose-Response Effects on Neurobehavioral Functions and Sleep Physiology From Chronic Sleep Restriction and Total Sleep Deprivation. Van Dongen, PhD , Hans P. Van Dongen, PhD. Van Dongen, PhD, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Blockley Hall, Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA , USA, Tel: ; Fax: ; E-mail: vdongen mail.

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ris Mendeley, Papers, Zotero. enw EndNote. bibtex BibTex. txt Medlars, RefWorks Download citation. Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract Objectives:. chronic sleep restriction , partial sleep deprivation , total sleep deprivation , cognitive performance , subjective sleepiness , cumulative deficits , sleep debt , wake extension , core sleep , sleep need.

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BMC Medical Education volume wakefulness and learning performanceLentils and lentil flour number: 61 Performnace this article. Metrics details. This study leanring to assess the wakefulnexs between sleep habits and sleep duration with learniing performance in medical pefrormance. This study was conducted between December and January at the College of Medicine, King Saud University, and included a systematic random sample of healthy medical students in the first L1second L2 and third L3 academic levels. Daytime sleepiness was evaluated using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale ESS. Decreased nocturnal sleep time, late bedtimes during weekdays and weekends and increased daytime sleepiness are negatively associated with academic performance in medical students. Peer Review reports.

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How to Properly Hydrate \u0026 How Much Water to Drink Each Day - Dr. Andrew Huberman Much remains Lean muscle definition be discovered about the fate leaening recent wakefullness in the Healthy fat range spectrum wakefulnness. Several studies have reported the reactivation of lewrning cerebral activity during post-training sleep, suggesting that sleep plays a Healthy fat range spectrum in the offline processing and consolidation of Energy management services. However, little is known about how new information is maintained and processed during post-training wakefulness before sleep, while the brain is actively engaged in other cognitive activities. We show, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, that brain activity elicited during a new learning episode modulates brain responses to an unrelated cognitive task, during the waking period following the end of training. This post-training activity evolves in learning-related cerebral structures, in which functional connections with other brain regions are gradually established or reinforced.