Video
Intriguing Benefits of Tangerines You Wish Someone Told You EarlierCitrus aurantium for respiratory support -
Exercise was perceived as being less strenuous after consumption of the product. Due to the poly-alkaloidal and protoalkaloidal nature of this product, the factor or factors responsible for the effects on blood glucose and diastolic blood pressure cannot be determined.
Seifert et al. The product contained 13 mg p -synephrine as Advantra Z ® , mg caffeine as guarana , and The study involved 14 females and 9 males in a placebo-controlled, crossover design. Subjects ingested one capsule with each of three meals on day one of treatment, and one more capsule on the morning of the second day.
Data were collected 60 min after the last administration of the product. No differences were observed in heart rate or blood pressure following treatment.
This was an acute study which did not provide information on long-term effects, but did demonstrate an increase in energy expenditure. Stohs et al. The study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind design with the vehicle for the p -synephrine being one ounce of tomato juice. The amount of p -synephrine in the product was verified by independent analysis.
Measurements were taken at baseline prior to consuming the product and at 75 min. At this time point, a 6. No significant effects were observed with respect to blood pressure or heart rate, nor were there any significant differences in responses to a 10 item self-report questionnaire which addressed such issues as nervousness, tension, anxiety, hunger, energy, headache, general discomfort, and sleepiness.
Longer term safety and efficacy studies involving p -synephrine alone are warranted. The amount of p- synephrine in the capsules was determined by high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis. Electrocardiograms, blood pressures, heart rates, blood chemistries and blood cell counts with differentials were determined at baseline, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours and 8 hours, as well as after 5, 10 and 15 days.
Blood samples were drawn after 2 hours after the first dose as well as at 5, 10 and 15 days to measure p -synephrine levels to ensure compliance.
p -Synephrine had no significant effect on heart rate, blood pressure, blood chemistries, or blood cell counts, and caused no cardiovascular abnormalities. Bloomer et al. Methyl-synephrine is purported to occur in nature, does not occur in bitter orange extract, and is of synthetic origin in this product and other products that have been marketed.
For the sake of completeness, the results of these studies will be summarized, but these results will not be incorporated into the general discussion of bitter orange extract and p -synephrine provided below. Both studies examined the effects of the product on metabolic rate, and plasma free fatty acids, glycerol, norepinephrine and epinephrine levels.
The initial study [ 38 ] measured changes over a 90 min time frame in 10 healthy male subjects. The second study [ 39 ] measured the same parameters over a six hour time frame in 10 healthy male and 10 healthy female subjects.
Increases in each of the parameters were observed, with a It is also important to note that significant increases in heart rate as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure occurred in both studies in response to the consumption of the product.
The authors note that the product may be useful in healthy, normotensive, closely monitored individuals. However, it is not a product that should be recommended to the general public.
In a study similar to those reported by Bloomer et al. Over a three hour time period following ingestion of the product significant increases in resting oxygen uptake and caloric expenditure were occurred.
However, increases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, tension and confusion were also observed, confirming the highly undesirable properties of this synthetic product. Stohs [ 41 ] has reviewed and assessed the 22 FDA adverse event reports AERs from April through October associated with bitter orange C.
aurantium -containing products, as well as 10 clinical case reports published during this time interval regarding the possible involvement of bitter orange-containing weight management products with cardiovascular incidents and other adverse events.
In all reported AERs and case cases, the products involved were poly-herbal, poly-alkaloidal and poly-protoalkaloidal. Adverse events that have been purported in conjunction with the published clinical case reports included: acute lateral-wall myocardial infarction, exercise-induced syncope associated with QT prolongation, ischemic stroke, ischemic colitis, vasospasm and stroke, variant angina, coronary vasospasm and thrombosis, exercise induced rhabdomyolysis, ST segment myocardial infarction, and ventricular fibrillation [ 41 ].
In one case report it was suggested that a bitter orange-containing dietary supplement may have masked bradycardia and hypotension while exacerbating weight loss in an individual with anorexia nervosa, although no evidence was provided that an adverse event had actually occurred.
Although the products consumed were all multi-ingredient, in each case reference was specifically made to C. aurantium, bitter orange or p -synephrine as the most likely causative agent. A more probable culprit for at least some of these effects may have been the high caffeine intake associated with the products in question.
Another factor to be considered is the occurrence of up to mg p -synephrine per quarter liter of various Citrus juices [ 42 , 43 ] which are widely consumed without the report of adverse events.
Millions of individuals ingest p -synephrine and bitter orange-containing food products as orange juices and marmalades as well as dietary supplements on a daily basis. Therefore, although these case reports should raise the level of awareness with regard to the use of complex weight management products, it is not possible to extrapolate the cause of these adverse effects to the p -synephrine which may have been present in the products.
No evidence showing a direct link between bitter orange extract and the adverse events is provided [ 41 ]. A total of 23 published and unpublished studies involving a total of approximately total human subjects were reviewed.
The authors located information regarding the unpublished studies through presentations at scientific meetings and availability of research reports on the internet, as well as information from the investigators involved in the studies. Seven of the studies were not published in peer reviewed journals [ 17 - 20 , 25 , 33 , 37 ] Table 2.
However, six of these studies were presented at national meetings [ 18 - 20 , 25 , 33 , 37 ], and one of these six studies is in the process of being submitted for consideration for publication [ 37 ].
As noted in the references, information including presentations and final reports are available on the internet regarding these unpublished studies.
The results associated with these unpublished studies Table 2 in general are consistent with the results of the published studies Table 1. Five published studies [ 6 , 24 , 27 , 31 , 36 ] and two unpublished studies [ 33 , 37 ] reported no cardiovascular effects when using p -synephrine bitter orange only containing products.
The published studies involved a total of subjects with a total of 31 subjects in the two unpublished studies. However, in one of these studies [ 24 ] consisting of 12 subjects it is not clear that effects on heart rate and blood pressure were specifically examined, with the authors simply reporting that no adverse effects were observed.
Five published studies [ 15 , 21 , 22 , 26 , 30 , 35 ] using p -synephrine in combination with other ingredients reported no cardiovascular effects. A total of 88 subjects were involved in these studies.
Small cardiovascular effects were reported by Bui et al. Small cardiovascular effects were reported for three studies that involved subjects consuming p -synephrine plus caffeine [ 28 , 32 , 34 ]. reported an increase in heart rate [ 28 ] and diastolic blood pressure [ 34 ] 10 subjects.
Upon careful review, the study of Haller et al. p -Synephrine Advantra Z ® alone had no effect on systolic or diastolic blood pressure. The authors reported an increase in heart rate six hours after treatment. The half-life of p -synephrine is two to three hours [ 28 , 34 , 45 ].
As a consequence, an increase in heart rate after two to three half-lives when the p- synephrine blood levels will have dropped to one-fourth to one-eighth the peak blood levels would not be expected. Furthermore, a major complicating factor is that all subjects consumed a meal three hours after ingesting the p -synephrine The cardiovascular and thermic effects of food are well known [ 31 ], and an increase in heart rate in the control group was also observed.
Thus, it is not plausible to attribute the increase in heart rate to p -synephrine, or an increase in heart rate and blood pressure to a product that contained very little p -synephrine 5.
This study did show that the commercial product Xenadrine EFX® which contained only 5. This product was reported to also contain 5. aurantium extracts are either devoid of octopamine or contain only trace amounts [ 3 ], thus the product being used [ 28 ] appears to have been adulterated.
Hansen et al. These doses represent over 13 times the usual daily dose for p -synephrine and the equivalent of the caffeine in about three cups of coffee given together as a single bolus dose to these animals. When caffeine was added, increases in heart rate and blood pressure were observed [ 46 ].
These studies indicate that in rats at very high doses of p -synephrine the combination with caffeine may result in cardiovascular effects.
However, due to the highly inequivalent dosing between this study in rats and typical dosing in humans, the results of this study in rats cannot be directly extrapolated to humans. A dose of 3. Various studies indicate that the lipolytic activity of p -synephrine is due to binding to β-3 adrenergic receptors in adipose tissues [ 10 ].
These same β-3 adrenergic receptors are also associated with cardiovascular tissues, and their activation results in a down-regulation of cardiovascular stimulation [ 48 , 49 ].
Thus, p -synephrine stimulation of β-3 adrenoreceptors in the cardiovascular system does not result in an increase in blood pressure or heart rate but may exhibit a modulating rather than a stimulatory effect.
This cardiovascular receptor response may explain why an increase in heart rate or blood pressure is not seen in most cases when p -synephrine is used alone or in combination with caffeine in dietary supplements, in spite of the fact that caffeine alone may produce modest increases in these parameters under some conditions [ 50 , 51 ].
Approximately half of the clinical studies involved the use of commercial products. In only one case [ 28 ] was the actual amount of p -synephrine and other protoalkaloids determined, while in the remaining studies involving commercial products the reported amounts of p -synephrine and caffeine were simply based on label claim.
The amount of p -synephrine was independently determined in two studies in which bitter orange extract was used as a single ingredient product [ 36 , 37 ].
Various studies have shown that there are not always good correlations between the label claim of marketed products or the product data sheet and the amount of p -synephrine shown to be present by independent analysis [ 52 - 56 ]. Therefore, the actual amount of p -synephrine consumed in the majority of the studies was not verified.
Finally, nine studies involving the administration of bitter orange extract alone or in combination with other constituents have demonstrated an increase in metabolic rate without an increase in heart rate or blood pressure [ 18 - 20 , 26 , 30 - 32 , 35 , 36 ].
These results suggest that bitter orange extract and p -synephrine may be beneficial in weight management. The results involving both published and unpublished clinical studies indicate that p -synephrine alone or in combination with caffeine does not appear to produce significant adverse cardiovascular effects or pose a risk to human health at doses commonly ingested orally.
No adverse effects have been directly attributable to bitter orange extract or p- synephrine. The results indicate that bitter orange extract and p -synephrine increase metabolism and energy expenditure.
The data accumulated to date do not support hypothesized concerns regarding potential adverse effects of p -synephrine particularly with respect to the cardiovascular system due to a paucity of binding to α-, β-1 and β-2 adrenergic receptors while exhibiting modest binding to β-3 adrenergic receptors.
All authors have served as consultants for Nutratech, Inc. Nutratech Inc. provided some of the unpublished research reports. Chen JK, Chen TT. Zhi Shi Fructus Aurantii Immaturus. Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology.
City of Industry, CA USA: Art of Medicine Press. Stohs SJ, Shara M. A review of the safety and efficacy of Citrus aurantium in weight management. In: ed. Bagchi D, Preuss HG. Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
Pellati F, Benvenuti S. Chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for the analysis of phenethylamine alkaloids in Citrus aurantium. J Chromatog A.
Sander LC, Putzbach K, Nelson BC. et al. Certification of standard reference materials containing bitter orange. Analyt Bioanalyt Chem. Evans RL, Pho AN, Roman MC, Betz JM. Penzak SR, Jann MW, Cold JA. Seville sour orange juice: synephrine content and cardiovascular effects in normotensive adults.
J Clin Pharmacol. Bent S, Padula A, Neuhaus J. Safety and efficacy of Citrus aurantium for weight loss. Amer J Cardiol. Nasir JM, Durning SJ.
Exercise-induced syncope associated with QT prolongation and ephedra-free Xenadrine. Mayo Clinic Proceed. Stephensen TA, Sarlay JrR. Ventricular fibrillation associated with use of a synephrine containing dietary supplement.
Military Med. Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M. A review of the receptor-binding properties of p -synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects. Oxid Med Cell Long.
Stohs SJ, Preuss HG. Stereochemical and pharmacological differences between naturally occurring p -synephrine and synthetic p -synephrine. J Funct Foods. McGuffin M. Media spins numbers on bitter orange AERs based on erroneous information from FDA.
The Safety of bitter orange Citrus aurantium and its primary protoalkaloid p -synephrine. The safety of Citrus aurantium bitter orange and its primary protoalkaloid p -synephrine.
Phytother Res. Colker CM, Kalman DS, Torina GC, Perlis T, Street C. Effects of Citrus aurantium extract, caffeine, and St. John's wort on body fat loss, lipid levels, and mood states in overweight healthy adults. Curr Therap Res. Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D.
Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Amer J ClinNutr. Kendall-Reed P.
Study on the effectiveness of Ultra Slim Down ® for the reduction of body weight. Unpublished report. Kalman DS, Oxford S, Schwartz HI, Krieger DR.
Tokyo, Japan ; prednisone from Hubei HolleyPharm Co. Hubei, China ; hydroxyproline test kits from the Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute Nanjing, China ; transforming growth factor TGF -β 1 from Strept Avidin-Biotin Complex SABC ; immunohistochemical test kit from Roche Diagnostics Indianapolis, IN, USA ; penicillin and streptomycin from Wuhan Boster Biological Technology, Ltd.
Wuhan, China ; DMEM from HyClone Logan, UT, USA ; fetal bovine serum FBS from Hangzhou Ever Green Organism Engineering Materials Co. Hangzhou, China. The alkaline extract of C. reticulata was prepared according to our previously reported procedure A portion of the alkaline extract 10 g was added to a silica gel g column, and eluted with CHCl 3 -triethylamine-MeOH Fr-3 was further chromatographed on a medium-pressure column with CHCl 3 -triethylamine-MeOH Fr-4 was applied to the same medium-pressure column with CHCl 3 -triethylamine-MeOH Repeated medium-pressure column chromatography of fr-5 with CHCl 3 -triethylamine-MeOH The structures of the isolated amines 4-methoxy-phenethylamine, synephrine, para -tyramine, N -methyltyramine and N -methylmethoxyphenethylamine were determined based on detailed comparisons of proton NMR 1 H-NMR spectra and MS data with those of commercially available samples.
For the animal experiments, the commercially available amine Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan was used. Subsequently, the solution was completely evaporated under reduced pressure to provide each amine hydrochloride for bioassays. The hELFs used in the present study were obtained from the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China.
The procedure for cell culture followed our previously reported method The logarithmically growing cells were detached with 0. Each amine salt was dissolved in the medium and then diluted to the desired concentrations.
The amine and hELF cell solutions each μ l were added to well culture plates and incubated for 48 h. Subsequently, an MTT assay was used to evaluate cell viability.
To evaluate the cytotoxicity of the amine hydrochlorides, an LDH release assay was performed using an LDH cytotoxicity detection kit from Nanjing Keygen Biotech Co. Nanjing, China. hELF cell culture was conducted according to the same protocol as described above, except that the culture period was 24 h.
Following culture, the LDH concentration was measured following the manufacturer's instructions. The rats used in the present study were purchased from the Laboratory Animal Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing, China. Pathogen-free mature male Sprague-Dawley SD rats weighing — g were used in our experiments.
The rats were allowed to acclimatize for 7 days prior to their use in our experiments. All of the procedures involving animals and their care were approved by the Jiangsu Animal Care and Use Committee and followed the national and institutional rules regarding animal experiments.
The rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis was established following our previously reported method The animals in the normal group received an intratracheal injection of an equal volume of the PBS instead of bleomycin. The animals in the normal group 5 and control group 6 groups received an equal volume of distilled water only.
The experimental period lasted for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized by pentobarbital administration, and the serum and lung tissues were collected for bioassays. The lung vasculature was perfused to free the blood.
The hydroxyproline content was determined as an index of the collagen content in the serum and left lung tissues as previously described Briefly, 0. Hydroxyproline was then measured using the test kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. The absorbance of colored products was measured at nm.
The semi-quantification of the TGF-β 1 protein levels in the right lungs of rats was assessed with an SABC immunohistochemical test kit following the manufacturer's instructions as previously described Briefly, paraffin-embedded lung sections were dewaxed with xylene and dehydrated with a series of ethanol.
Non-specific binding was blocked with normal goat serum for 20 min. The sections were then incubated with primary antibody rabbit anti-TGF-β1 for 2 h at 37°C, and successively with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody for 20 min at 25°C, followed by SABC for 20 min at 25°C.
Immunoreactivity was detected by the addition of diaminobenzidine DAB. The sections were counterstained with hematoxylin, dehydrated and mounted with permont. As the negative controls, each primary antibody was substituted with PBS.
The protein expression of TGF-β1 was assessed using a quantitative image analysis system. Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation SD.
Statistical analysis was undertaken by analysis of variance ANOVA followed by appropriate post hoc tests, including multiple comparison tests LSD and t-test. The alveolitis and fibrosis scores of lung tissues were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney test.
The SPSS reticulata 10 g was first subjected to normal- and medium-pressure silica gel column chromatographies repeatedly, and subsequently 5 amines, 4-methoxyphenethylamine, synephrine, para -tyramine, N -methyltyramine and N -methylmethoxyphenethylamine were isolated.
The structures of the isolated amines were then determined, based on detailed comparisons of 1 H-NMR spectra and MS data with those of commercially available samples data not shown. Chemical structures of amine hydrochlorides 1 4-methoxyphenethylamine hydrochloride , 2 synephrine hydrochloride , 3 para-tyramine hydrochloride , 4 N-methyltyramine hydrochloride and 5 N-methylmethoxyphenethylamine hydrochloride.
To screen the inhibitory activity of the amine hydrochlorides, hELFs were used. All amine hydrochlorides were dissolved in medium, and their inhibitory activity on the proliferation of hELFs was firstly assayed at 10 μ M. As shown in Fig. Amine hydrochloride 3 exerted no inhibitory effect, whereas amine hydrochlorides 2 and 4 exerted a weak inhibitory effect.
Due to the fact that compound 1 displayed the most potent effect, further detailed tests on its minimal half inhibitory concentration IC 50 were performed, and the IC 50 of compound 1 was noted as Effect of amine hydrochlorides on the proliferation of human embryonic lung fibroblasts hELFs. The data of the control group Con were pegged as control group.
The cytotoxicity of amine hydrochlorides 1 and 5 on hELF viability was evaluated by an LDH release assay. The results of the assay revealed that at concentrations up to 20 μ M, amine hydrochlorides 1 and 5 did not cause cytotoxicity to the cells data not shown.
Even though the rats in the control group gained weight slightly throughout the experimental period, their weight was lower than the rats in the normal group. Prednisone, a clinically available drug used to treat IPF was used as a positive control, did not have much of a positive impact on weight loss.
The effects of amine hydrochloride 1 on collagen deposition in the rats with IPF were first evaluated by light microscopy using lung tissue sections stained with Masson's trichrome staining.
In the lungs of the bleomycin-treated rats, we noted an extended web of collagen-positive stained areas in an irregular pattern control group. Effect of 4-methoxyphenethylamine hydrochloride amine hydrochloride 1 on collagen accumulation induced by bleomycin. Masson's trichrome staining was performed on the lung tissues collected on day 28 after the administration of bleomycin.
All photomicrographs were taken at × magnification using a microscope. Collagen deposition was stained in blue. Normal Nor and control Con groups received distilled water as treatment.
Subsequently, the hydroxyproline content in the lungs and serum was determined. The rats treated with bleomycin alone the control group showed a significant increase in hydroxyproline content, by 1.
Treatment with amine hydrochloride 1 at all doses significantly decreased the hydroxyproline contents in both the lung and serum compared with the control group. These results clearly indicated that amine hydrochloride 1 inhibited collagen deposition.
Effect of 4-methoxyphenethylamine hydrochloride amine hydrochloride 1 on the hydroxyproline content in A lung tissues and B serum. Lung fibrosis was further scored by histopathological observations of the lung sections on the 28th day.
The administration of bleomycin caused increased thickness of the alveolar wall, alveolar and vascular congestion, and severe infiltration of inflammatory cells in the alveolar septa and interstitium in lung tissues were observed Fig. The prednisone group displayed only slightly thickened alveolar walls with some inflammatory cells.
Treatment with amine hydrochloride 1 significantly reduced bleomycin-induced inflammatory cell infiltration, ameliorated the thickening of the interalveolar septum with edema and restored the alveolar architecture Fig. Effect of 4-methoxyphenethylamine hydrochloride amine hydrochloride 1 on alveolitis and fibrosis.
All photo-micrographs were taken at × magnification using a microscope. Rats in the normal Nor and control Con groups were treated with distilled water. Both the alveolitis and fibrosis scores were significantly decreased in the prednisone-treated groups.
Since TGF-β 1 appears to be closely associated with fibroblast-to-myofibroblast activation and drives pulmonary fibrosis in the current rat model 21 , TGF-β 1 protein expression was assessed using immunohistochemical staining.
The results of the protein expression of TGF-β 1 in the lungs is shown in Table II. As expected, the administration of bleomycin markedly induced TGF-β 1 protein expression, while the positive control, prednisone, significantly suppressed its expression.
TGF-β 1 , transforming growth factor-β 1. As described in a previous study of ours, the alkaline extract from the pericarp of C.
reticulata exerted inhibitory effects on pulmonary fibrosis in vitro and in vivo Caffeine ingestion and muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.
Article CAS Google Scholar. Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M. The safety of Citrus aurantium bitter orange and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Phytother Res. A review of the receptor-binding properties of p-synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar.
A review of the human clinical studies involving Citrus aurantium bitter orange extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Int J Med Sci. Bui LT, Nguyen DT, Ambrose PJ. Blood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orange.
Ann Pharmacother. Min B, Cios D, Kluger J, White CM. Absence of QTc-interval-prolonging or hemodynamic effects of a single dose of bitter-orange extract in healthy subjects. Stanley J, Peake JM, Buchheit M. Cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following exercise: implications for training prescription.
Sports Med. Borresen J, Lambert MI. Autonomic control of heart rate during and after exercise : measurements and implications for monitoring training status. Eijsvogels TM, George KP, Thompson PD. Cardiovascular benefits and risks across the physical activity continuum.
Curr Opin Cardiol. Fry AC, Kraemer WJ, Van Borselen F, Lynch JM, Triplett NT, Koziris LP, Fleck SJ. Catecholamine responses to short-term high-intensity resistance exercise overtraining. J Appl Physiol MacIntosh BR, Rishaug P, Svedahl K.
Assessment of peak power and short-term work capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol. Dill DB, Costill DL. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration.
J Appl Physiol. Camm AJ, Malik M, Bigger J, Breithardt G, Cerutti S, Cohen RJ, Coumel P, Fallen EL, Kennedy HL, Kleiger RE.
Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Nakamura FY, Pereira LA, Cal Abad CC, Cruz IF, Flatt AA, Esco MR, Loturco I.
Adequacy of the ultra-short-term HRV to assess adaptive processes in youth female basketball players. J Hum Kinet. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Tarvainen MP, Niskanen JP, Lipponen JA, Ranta-Aho PO, Karjalainen PA. Kubios HRV--heart rate variability analysis software.
Comput Methods Prog Biomed. Heathers JA. Everything hertz: methodological issues in short-term frequency-domain HRV. Front Physiol. Goldberger JJ, Le FK, Lahiri M, Kannankeril PJ, Ng J, Kadish AH. Assessment of parasympathetic reactivation after exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.
Otzenberger H, Gronfier C, Simon C, Charloux A, Ehrhart J, Piquard F, Brandenberger G. Dynamic heart rate variability: a tool for exploring sympathovagal balance continuously during sleep in men.
Am J Phys. CAS Google Scholar. Reyes del Paso GA, Langewitz W, Mulder LJ, van Roon A, Duschek S. The utility of low frequency heart rate variability as an index of sympathetic cardiac tone: a review with emphasis on a reanalysis of previous studies.
Sztajzel J. Heart rate variability: a noninvasive electrocardiographic method to measure the autonomic nervous system. Swiss Med Wkly. PubMed Google Scholar. Quintana DS. Statistical considerations for reporting and planning heart rate variability case-control studies.
Sondermeijer HP, van Marle AG, Kamen P, Krum H. Acute effects of caffeine on heart rate variability. Am J Cardiol. Zimmermann-Viehoff F, Thayer J, Koenig J, Herrmann C, Weber CS, Deter H-C. Short-term effects of espresso coffee on heart rate variability and blood pressure in habitual and non-habitual coffee consumers—a randomized crossover study.
Nutr Neurosci. Gurley BJ, Steelman SC, Thomas SL. Multi-ingredient, caffeine-containing dietary supplements: history, safety, and efficacy.
Clin Ther. Koenig J, Jarczok MN, Kuhn W, Morsch K, Schäfer A, Hillecke TK, Thayer JF. Impact of caffeine on heart rate variability: a systematic review. J Caffeine Res. Rauh R, Burkert M, Siepmann M, Mueck-Weymann M.
Acute effects of caffeine on heart rate variability in habitual caffeine consumers. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. Yoshinaga Costa JB, Gomes Anunciação P, Ruiz RJ, Casonatto J, Doederlein Polito M.
Effect of caffeine intake on blood pressure and heart rate variability after a single bout of aerobic exercise. Int J Sports Med J. Graham T, Spriet L. Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine. Greer F, McLean C, Graham T.
Caffeine, performance, and metabolism during repeated Wingate exercise tests. Crowe MJ, Leicht AS, Spinks WL. Physiological and cognitive responses to caffeine during repeated, high-intensity exercise.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Xhyheri B, Manfrini O, Mazzolini M, Pizzi C, Bugiardini R. Heart rate variability today. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. Haller CA, Duan M, Jacob P, Benowitz N. Human pharmacology of a performance-enhancing dietary supplement under resting and exercise conditions.
Br J Clin Pharmacol. Kliszczewicz BM, Esco MR, Quindry JC, Blessing DL, Oliver GD, Taylor KJ, Price BM. Autonomic responses to an acute bout of high-intensity body weight resistance exercise vs.
treadmill running. Reimann M, Rudiger H, Weiss N, Ziemssen T. Acute hyperlipidemia but not hyperhomocysteinemia impairs reflex regulation of the cardiovascular system. Atherosclerosis Supp. Download references.
The data sets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
BK contributed to study design, data collection HRV and Biomarker , data analysis, major contribution to the writing of the manuscript. EB contributed to data collection, performed HRV analysis and interpretation, blood assay analysis, conducted literature review, and major contribution to the writing of the manuscript.
CW contributed with data collection, assisted with data analysis Biomarker , and moderate contributions to the editing of the manuscript.
PB contributed to study design, data collection, moderate editing of the manuscript. WH significant contribution to data collection, moderate editing of the manuscript.
JM contributed to study design, data statistical analysis, and moderate editing of manuscript. CM contributed to the study design, data collection, moderate editing of manuscript, and procurement of funds.
Bitter Orange has a suppoft, slightly sweet aroma. Raw energy bars antiseptic and strong support for the digestive and respiratory Smart insulin pump, it respiratody has a respiratorry, regenerative effect on the Ctrus, and in fact is good for all skin types. It has an uplifting effect on the psyche, and promotes mental clarity. Blend this lovely oil with Clove or Cinnamon in a diffuser to create a warm, spicy, wintery atmosphere. This is a certified organic pure therapeutic-quality aromatherapy essential oil from Egypt, and is expressed from the peel.
Respjratory There aufantium still Joint health regeneration studies of the cardiovascular safety of the rwspiratory use of Citrus aurantium in aerobic submaximal exercise. Smart insulin pump To evaluate the effect of C. aurantium supplementation despiratory the recovery of cardiorespiratory and Citrus aurantium for respiratory support parameters following a session of submaximal aerobic exercise. Methods: Twelve healthy male adults achieved a crossover, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial. We evaluated systolic blood pressure SBPdiastolic blood pressure DBPpulse pressure PPmean arterial pressure MAPheart rate HR and, HR variability indexes at Rest and during 60 min of recovery from exercise. No unfavorable cardiovascular effects were achieved for HR, DBP, PP, and MAP parameters.
0 thoughts on “Citrus aurantium for respiratory support”