Resistance training is the endudance standard exercise Resveratrol benefits for accrual of lean muscle mass, but the isolated Supplements for strength training of resistance Microorganism-resistant treatments on body fat is unknown.
This reduce visceral adipose tissue review and meta-analysis evaluated resistance training for body composition outcomes endurajce healthy adults.
Our primary composiiton was body fat percentage; secondary outcomes were body fat mass and visceral enduramce. We included randomised trials that compared full-body trainong Body composition and endurance training Bovy at least 4 weeks to no-exercise Body composition and endurance training in Performance enhancing supplements adults.
We assessed ane quality with the TESTEX tool and conducted a random-effects meta-analysis, Fat-burning workouts a subgroup analysis based on measurement type scan Causes of obesity non-scan and sex male or femaleand a traiining for cokposition of resistance Bory and training components.
From 11, Performance enhancing supplements, records, we included 58 studies in the review, with 54 providing data for a meta-analysis. Measurement type was a significant moderator in body fat percentage and body fat mass, but sex was not.
Training volume and training components Performance enhancing supplements not associated Maca root for mental clarity effect size. Resistance Bldy reduces body fat percentage, body composution mass and visceral trainin in healthy adults.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in traihing an institution to check access. Rent compositiob article via Enurance. Institutional subscriptions. Nelson ME, Fiatarone MA, Morganti CM, et al. Effects of high-intensity strength training on ccomposition risk factors for endruance fractures: a Boy controlled trial.
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Cochrane; Croymans DM, Krell SL, Oh CS, et al. Effects of resistance training on central blood pressure in obese young ahd.
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Influence of resistance exercise on lumbar strength in older, overweight adults. Anr Phys Ttraining Rehabil. Smart NA, Waldron M, Ismail H, et al. Validation of a new tool for the assessment of study quality and reporting in exercise training studies: TESTEX. Int J Evid Based Healthc.
: Body composition and endurance training| Introduction | She can increase the length of time that she stays on the cardio equipment to burn more calories, but she is already doing 45 minutes every day of the week. She might be able to increase the intensity of the exercise raise the level or difficulty , but she won't be able to sustain the exercise session for as long. At some point she needs to do something that will cost her body calories without having to starve herself or risk joint injury from overtraining. Enter strength training, which will affect her body composition in two ways. First, she is adding another training modality that will cost energy calories. Second, and most importantly, she is adding lean body weight in the form of muscle. Muscle is metabolically active--it burns energy. You can see how these effects could be a double whammy for her body fat. In addition, lean muscular tissue gives the sculpted look that people who train for body composition desire. Body composition training and strength training are not enemies, especially not in the long term. But even in the short term, strength training makes sense; otherwise, the body reaches a plateau all too soon. Why wait until the muscles have decreased in size because of the cardiovascular endurance training and until the metabolic cost of living has gone down because of the weight loss? If you pair strength training with the traditional cardiovascular endurance exercise in a planned program, you can create an effective symbiotic relationship. Previous Next. It's also key to track your progress , so you know when to make adjustments to keep on track toward your body composition goals. To put together an effective workout plan to improve your body composition, begin with a minimum of two weekly strength training sessions for each major muscle group. If you have the time, splitting your workouts into 3 to 4 strength training sessions per week will likely be best. Gradually add sets and reps over time to help build muscle mass. If you enjoy cardio, adding two or more cardio sessions per week will support fat loss, but it will not increase lean mass. Include any cardiovascular activity you prefer. Increasing your overall daily activity through natural movements like walking, climbing stairs, pacing, and taking movement breaks from work will also help you burn more calories if that is your goal. Changing your body composition is a common goal that can have benefits for your overall health. Focusing on your protein consumption, a balanced exercise routine, and keeping stress levels low all contribute to this change. If you have questions or concerns about your body composition or changing it, it's best to seek advice from a healthcare professional. Muth ND. What are the guidelines for percentage of body fat loss? American Council on Exercise. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Health risks of being overweight. 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Short and sweet: Associations between self-reported sleep duration and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among adults in the United States. Sleep Health. Duraccio KM, Whitacre C, Krietsch KN, et al. Losing sleep by staying up late leads adolescents to consume more carbohydrates and a higher glycemic load. Published online December 17, zsab O'Donnell S, Beaven CM, Driller MW. From pillow to podium: a review on understanding sleep for elite athletes. Nat Sci Sleep. Chang CS, Liu IT, Liang FW, et al. Effects of age and gender on body composition indices as predictors of mortality in middle-aged and old people. Sci Rep. Barber TM, Hanson P, Weickert MO, Franks S. Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome: implications for pathogenesis and novel management strategies. Clin Med Insights Reprod Health. Cardoos N. Overtraining syndrome. Curr Sports Med Reports. National Academy of Sports Medicine. Exploring the science of muscle recovery. Bellicha A, Baak MA, Battista F, et al. Effect of exercise training on weight loss, body composition changes, and weight maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: An overview of 12 systematic reviews and studies. Obesity Reviews. Slater GJ, Dieter BP, Marsh DJ, Helms ER, Shaw G, Iraki J. Straub RH. The complex role of estrogens in inflammation. Endocrine Rev 28 5 — CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Messier V, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Barbat-Artigas S, Elisha B, Karelis AD, Aubertin-Leheudre M. Menopause and sarcopenia: a potential role for sex hormones. Maturitas 68 4 —6. Biglia N, Cagnacci A, Gambacciani M, Lello S, Maffei S, Nappi R. Vasomotor symptoms in menopause: a biomarker of cardiovascular disease risk and other chronic diseases? Climacteric 20 4 — Pfeilschifter J, Köditz R, Pfohl M, Schatz H. Changes in proinflammatory cytokine activity after menopause. Endocrine Rev 23 1 — Auro K, Joensuu A, Fischer K, Kettunen J, Salo P, Mattsson H, et al. A metabolic view on menopause and ageing. Nat Commun 5 1 :1— Polotsky HN, Polotsky AJ. Metabolic implications of menopause. In: Seminars in reproductive medicine. Thieme Medical Publishers Google Scholar. Khalafi M, Sakhaei MH, Maleki AH, Rosenkranz SK, Pourvaghar MJ, Fang Y, et al. Influence of exercise type and duration on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength in post-menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med Poehlman ET, Toth MJ, Gardner AW. Changes in energy balance and body composition at menopause: a controlled longitudinal study. Ann Internal Med 9 —5. Abildgaard J, Ploug T, Al-Saoudi E, Wagner T, Thomsen C, Ewertsen C, et al. Changes in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue phenotype following menopause is associated with increased visceral fat mass. Sci Rep 11 1 :1— Abildgaard J, Danielsen ER, Dorph E, Thomsen C, Juul A, Ewertsen C, et al. Ectopic lipid deposition is associated with insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 9 — Kozakowski J, Gietka-Czernel M, Leszczyńska D, Majos A. Obesity in menopause - our negligence or an unfortunate inevitability? Prz Menopauzalny 16 2 —5. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, Jama 3 — Mendoza N, De Teresa C, Cano A, Godoy D, Hita-Contreras F, Lapotka M, et al. Benefits of physical exercise in postmenopausal women. Maturitas —8. Perez KS, Garber CE. Exercise prescription for the menopausal years: promoting and enhancing well-being. ACSM's Health Fitness J 15 3 :8— Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Singh MAF, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, et al. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci sports exercise 41 7 — Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American college of sports medicine and the American heart association. Oliveira PFA, Gadelha AB, Gauche R, Paiva FML, Bottaro M, Vianna LC, et al. Resistance training improves isokinetic strength and metabolic syndrome-related phenotypes in postmenopausal women. Clin Interv Aging Suetta C, Andersen JL, Dalgas U, Berget J, Koskinen S, Aagaard P, et al. Resistance training induces qualitative changes in muscle morphology, muscle architecture, and muscle function in elderly postoperative patients. J Appl Physiol 1 —6. Hunter GR, McCarthy JP, Bamman MM. Effects of resistance training on older adults. Sports Med 34 5 — Fragala MS, Fukuda DH, Stout JR, Townsend JR, Emerson NS, Boone CH, et al. Muscle quality index improves with resistance exercise training in older adults. Exp Gerontol —6. Huang G, Gibson CA, Tran ZV, Osness WH. Controlled endurance exercise training and VO2max changes in older adults: a meta-analysis. Prev Cardiol 8 4 — Bouaziz W, Kanagaratnam L, Vogel T, Schmitt E, Dramé M, Kaltenbach G, et al. Effect of aerobic training on peak oxygen uptake among seniors aged 70 or older: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Rejuvenation Res 21 4 —9. Exercise-induced reversal of insulin resistance in obese elderly is associated with reduced visceral fat. J Appl Physiol 5 —9. Harber MP, Konopka AR, Undem MK, Hinkley JM, Minchev K, Kaminsky LA, et al. Aerobic exercise training induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and age-dependent adaptations in myofiber function in young and older men. J Appl Physiol 9 — Harber MP, Konopka AR, Douglass MD, Minchev K, Kaminsky LA, Trappe TA, et al. Aerobic exercise training improves whole muscle and single myofiber size and function in older women. Am J Physiology-Regulatory Integr Comp Physiol 5 :R—R9. Konopka AR, Douglass MD, Kaminsky LA, Jemiolo B, Trappe TA, Trappe S, et al. Molecular adaptations to aerobic exercise training in skeletal muscle of older women. Journals gerontology Ser: Biomed Sci Med Sci 65 11 —7. Peterson MD, Rhea MR, Sen A, Gordon PM. Resistance exercise for muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 9 3 — Peterson MD, Sen A, Gordon PM. Influence of resistance exercise on lean body mass in aging adults: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exercise 43 2 Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Internal Med 4 —9. Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Khalafi M, Malandish A, Rosenkranz SK. The impact of exercise training on inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Exp Gerontology Khalafi M, Symonds ME. Impact of exercise training plus caloric restriction on cardiometabolic health in menopausal women who are overweight or obese: A meta-analysis. Sci Sports 38 2 — Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, et al. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med 52 6 — Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T. BMC Med Res Methodology 14 1 Hozo SP, Djulbegovic B, Hozo I. Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample. BMC Med Res methodology 5 1 Weston M, Taylor KL, Batterham AM, Hopkins WG. Effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training HIT on fitness in adults: a meta-analysis of controlled and non-controlled trials. Sports Med — Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther 83 8 — Khalafi M, Sakhaei H, Kheradmand S, Symonds ME, Rosenkranz SK. The impact of exercise and dietary interventions on circulating leptin and adiponectin in individuals who are overweight and those with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr Bethesda Md 14 1 — Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic press Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Bmj — Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot—based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 56 2 — Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB, Nevitt M, Schwartz AV, et al. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol Ser A: Biol Sci Med Sci 61 10 — Geraci A, Calvani R, Ferri E, Marzetti E, Arosio B, Cesari M. Sarcopenia and menopause: the role of estradiol. Front Endocrinol Maltais M, Desroches J, Dionne IJ. Changes in muscle mass and strength after menopause. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 9 4 — |
| Access this article | Endhrance, M. Glowacki SP, Martin SE, Maurer A, et Bldy. Champaign: Human Kinetics; Article Performance enhancing supplements PubMed Google Scholar Maïmoun L, Manetta P, Leroux S. Changing your body composition is a common goal that can have benefits for your overall health. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Jurimae J, Purge P, Jurimae T. |
| Key Points | PLoS ONE. This means so long as your calorie burn is the same, you will get the same results whether performing HIIT or steady-state cardio, so choosing whatever you prefer and can be consistent with will work best. Recovery from training will also suffer, impeding muscle gain and fat loss results. Thieme Medical Publishers Once-weekly resistance exercise improves muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. |
Body composition and endurance training -
doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Straub RH. The complex role of estrogens in inflammation. Endocrine Rev 28 5 — CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Messier V, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Barbat-Artigas S, Elisha B, Karelis AD, Aubertin-Leheudre M. Menopause and sarcopenia: a potential role for sex hormones.
Maturitas 68 4 —6. Biglia N, Cagnacci A, Gambacciani M, Lello S, Maffei S, Nappi R. Vasomotor symptoms in menopause: a biomarker of cardiovascular disease risk and other chronic diseases?
Climacteric 20 4 — Pfeilschifter J, Köditz R, Pfohl M, Schatz H. Changes in proinflammatory cytokine activity after menopause.
Endocrine Rev 23 1 — Auro K, Joensuu A, Fischer K, Kettunen J, Salo P, Mattsson H, et al. A metabolic view on menopause and ageing.
Nat Commun 5 1 :1— Polotsky HN, Polotsky AJ. Metabolic implications of menopause. In: Seminars in reproductive medicine. Thieme Medical Publishers Google Scholar. Khalafi M, Sakhaei MH, Maleki AH, Rosenkranz SK, Pourvaghar MJ, Fang Y, et al.
Influence of exercise type and duration on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength in post-menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med Poehlman ET, Toth MJ, Gardner AW.
Changes in energy balance and body composition at menopause: a controlled longitudinal study. Ann Internal Med 9 —5. Abildgaard J, Ploug T, Al-Saoudi E, Wagner T, Thomsen C, Ewertsen C, et al.
Changes in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue phenotype following menopause is associated with increased visceral fat mass. Sci Rep 11 1 :1— Abildgaard J, Danielsen ER, Dorph E, Thomsen C, Juul A, Ewertsen C, et al.
Ectopic lipid deposition is associated with insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 9 — Kozakowski J, Gietka-Czernel M, Leszczyńska D, Majos A. Obesity in menopause - our negligence or an unfortunate inevitability? Prz Menopauzalny 16 2 —5. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR.
Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, Jama 3 — Mendoza N, De Teresa C, Cano A, Godoy D, Hita-Contreras F, Lapotka M, et al. Benefits of physical exercise in postmenopausal women.
Maturitas —8. Perez KS, Garber CE. Exercise prescription for the menopausal years: promoting and enhancing well-being. ACSM's Health Fitness J 15 3 :8— Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Singh MAF, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, et al. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci sports exercise 41 7 — Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, et al.
Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American college of sports medicine and the American heart association.
Oliveira PFA, Gadelha AB, Gauche R, Paiva FML, Bottaro M, Vianna LC, et al. Resistance training improves isokinetic strength and metabolic syndrome-related phenotypes in postmenopausal women. Clin Interv Aging Suetta C, Andersen JL, Dalgas U, Berget J, Koskinen S, Aagaard P, et al.
Resistance training induces qualitative changes in muscle morphology, muscle architecture, and muscle function in elderly postoperative patients. J Appl Physiol 1 —6. Hunter GR, McCarthy JP, Bamman MM.
Effects of resistance training on older adults. Sports Med 34 5 — Fragala MS, Fukuda DH, Stout JR, Townsend JR, Emerson NS, Boone CH, et al. Muscle quality index improves with resistance exercise training in older adults.
Exp Gerontol —6. Huang G, Gibson CA, Tran ZV, Osness WH. Controlled endurance exercise training and VO2max changes in older adults: a meta-analysis. Prev Cardiol 8 4 — Bouaziz W, Kanagaratnam L, Vogel T, Schmitt E, Dramé M, Kaltenbach G, et al. Effect of aerobic training on peak oxygen uptake among seniors aged 70 or older: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Rejuvenation Res 21 4 —9. Exercise-induced reversal of insulin resistance in obese elderly is associated with reduced visceral fat. J Appl Physiol 5 —9. Harber MP, Konopka AR, Undem MK, Hinkley JM, Minchev K, Kaminsky LA, et al. Aerobic exercise training induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and age-dependent adaptations in myofiber function in young and older men.
J Appl Physiol 9 — Harber MP, Konopka AR, Douglass MD, Minchev K, Kaminsky LA, Trappe TA, et al. Aerobic exercise training improves whole muscle and single myofiber size and function in older women. Am J Physiology-Regulatory Integr Comp Physiol 5 :R—R9.
Konopka AR, Douglass MD, Kaminsky LA, Jemiolo B, Trappe TA, Trappe S, et al. Molecular adaptations to aerobic exercise training in skeletal muscle of older women.
Journals gerontology Ser: Biomed Sci Med Sci 65 11 —7. Peterson MD, Rhea MR, Sen A, Gordon PM. Resistance exercise for muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis.
Ageing Res Rev 9 3 — Peterson MD, Sen A, Gordon PM. Influence of resistance exercise on lean body mass in aging adults: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exercise 43 2 Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Internal Med 4 —9. Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al.
Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Khalafi M, Malandish A, Rosenkranz SK. The impact of exercise training on inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women: a systemic review and meta-analysis.
Exp Gerontology Khalafi M, Symonds ME. Impact of exercise training plus caloric restriction on cardiometabolic health in menopausal women who are overweight or obese: A meta-analysis.
Sci Sports 38 2 — Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, et al. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults.
Br J Sports Med 52 6 — Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T. BMC Med Res Methodology 14 1 Hozo SP, Djulbegovic B, Hozo I. Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample. BMC Med Res methodology 5 1 Weston M, Taylor KL, Batterham AM, Hopkins WG. Effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training HIT on fitness in adults: a meta-analysis of controlled and non-controlled trials.
Sports Med — Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther 83 8 — Khalafi M, Sakhaei H, Kheradmand S, Symonds ME, Rosenkranz SK.
The impact of exercise and dietary interventions on circulating leptin and adiponectin in individuals who are overweight and those with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Adv Nutr Bethesda Md 14 1 — Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic press Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses.
Bmj — Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot—based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 56 2 — Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB, Nevitt M, Schwartz AV, et al.
The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol Ser A: Biol Sci Med Sci 61 10 — Geraci A, Calvani R, Ferri E, Marzetti E, Arosio B, Cesari M. Sarcopenia and menopause: the role of estradiol.
Front Endocrinol Maltais M, Desroches J, Dionne IJ. Izquierdo M, Ibanez J, Häkkinen K, Kraemer WJ, Larrion JL, Gorostiaga EM Once weekly combined resistance and cardiovascular training in healthy older men. Izquierdo M, Häkkinen K, Ibanez J, Kraemer WJ, Gorostiaga EM Effects of combined resistance and cardiovascular training on strength, power, muscle cross-sectional area, and endurance markers in middle-aged men.
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Download references. This study was partly supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Finland and the Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä Finland.
Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P. Box 35 VIV , , Jyväskylä, Finland. Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland. Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
However, it should be highlighted that the meta-analyses did not precise if both training programmes had a similar or different volume 26 , Here, we observed no effect of the intervention on the lipid profile and detected no differences between study groups, suggesting that exercise did not meet the intensity needed to improve lipid profiles.
However, in our previous pilot study, we applied the same volume, duration and intensity of training and showed increase TC levels in both groups, reduce LDL-C levels in the combined training group and increase HDL-C levels in the endurance training group with no significant differences between the programmes Several factors could potentially explain the differences observed between results reported in this study and previous findings reported in our and other studies, for example, previously documented seasonal variation in cholesterol levels might affect the obtained results Dietary habits, particularly the intake of saturated fatty acids and dietary cholesterol, could also affect the lipid profile Besides, women might be more resistant to change in lipid profile when compared with men.
Indeed, Ghahramanloo et al. There is also some evidence that improvements in blood lipids might depend on body weight reduction ox-LDL might play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis.
It has been shown to contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression through several mechanisms, including the induction of endothelial cell activation and dysfunction, macrophage foam cell formation, and smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation Several studies also suggest that regular training may reduce ox-LDL levels.
Schjerve et al. Similarly, Tiainen et al. In another study conducted by the same authors, no differences in ox-LDL levels were found between the endurance training group and the control group after six months of intervention, but ox-LDL concentrations were correlated positively with body weight and negatively with VO 2 max These results suggest that the effect of training on ox-LDL concentrations depends on body weight reduction, improvement of physical capacity and intensity of training rather than the type of exercise.
Nevertheless, non-differences between groups were noted. The effect of exercises on apolipoproteins levels remains unclear. Kokkinos et al. On the other hand, Said et al. Similarly, Laaksonen et al. Our study, however, showed no effects of endurance or endurance-strength training on ApoA1 or ApoB levels.
PON is an HDL-associated esterase that inhibits LDL oxidative modification and suppresses the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, which is the first stage in the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, PON prevents the accumulation of ox-LDL, and low PON activity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease Tas et al.
On the other hand, Mahdirejei et al. It is suggested that the effect of physical activity on PON activity is associated with the PON gene polymorphism Myoglobin is a marker used to monitor the effectiveness of workload on muscle tissue in exercise It has been shown that myoglobin levels may increase within 30 min of training 68 and might remain increase even for around five days Moreover, higher levels of myoglobin after training are observed in previously untrained subjects.
Besides, an increase in myoglobin serum levels correlates with exercise intensity Our study showed that not only intensity but also type of training may affect myoglobin levels.
We observed that week endurance training but not endurance-strength training significantly decreased myoglobin levels with significant differences noted between groups. These results might indicate a better adaptation of muscle tissue on endurance training.
It seems that exercises might be effective for the prevention and treatment of hypertension Indeed, our results showed that both types of training significantly decrease BP, with endurance training being more effective than endurance-strength training in the reduction of DBP.
Previously, in our pilot study, we also observed a decrease in SBP and DBP after the endurance and endurance-strength intervention but no differences between the groups Several other studies also reported that both endurance 74 , 75 and endurance-strength training 76 , 77 significantly decrease BP, whereas Swift et al.
Similarly, Schjerve et al. The present study has several strengths and limitations. Important strengths of this study included the randomised study design and direct verification of the type, amount and intensity of training.
Additionally, this study included a large number of subjects providing excellent statistical power to detect differences between training programmes. Finally, we used very strict inclusion and exclusion criteria which eliminated the impact of disrupting factors and included objective and reliable study methods e.
The main novelty of the study is comparing the effect of endurance and endurance-strength training both applied at the same volume, duration and intensity in abdominally obese postmenopausal women without serious comorbidities.
Moreover, this is one of the first studies, which assessed the effect of both training programmes on ox-LDL, ApoA1, ApoB and PON levels in abdominally obese postmenopausal women without severe comorbidities.
Besides, the narrow age range 50—60 years of the study participants allowed us to obtain a more homogeneous group. However, as mentioned, this study only included women with abdominal obesity, therefore, it is unknown if the training programmes would cause similar changes in men of similar age.
Moreover, study participants were motivated volunteers who took part in training in a supervised setting, which limited the generalisability of the findings to the general population. Another limitation of this study is a lack of separate strength and control groups.
We also did not estimate total, resting and exercise energy expenditure. Other potential confounders included differences in dietary intake and physical activity performed outside the monitoring and supervision by the researchers. Therefore, we did not know how these variables may have affected the present findings.
However, all participants were instructed to maintain their normal physical activity level and eating habits. We also did not monitor the subjects after the intervention period, therefore, is unclear which type of training is more effective for the long-term reduction of the burdens of obesity.
In conclusion, both training programmes had a favourable effect on body composition in abdominally obese women but did not improve glucose and insulin homeostasis and lipid metabolism. However, we showed that only endurance training significantly decreased PON activity and reduced myoglobin levels.
Besides, this type of training seems to be more effective than endurance-strength training in the reduction of DBP. Given the increasing burden of obesity, more research is needed to better understand the effect of different types of exercises on metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity.
The study was designed as a prospective parallel randomised trial. The exclusion criteria included secondary obesity, previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, conduction disorders, implementation of pharmacological treatment of dyslipidaemia within the last three months, secondary hypertension or poorly controlled hypertension, liver, kidney, or thyroid diseases and cancer diagnosis.
Subjects with the acute or chronic inflammatory process, connective tissue disease or arthritis, history of infection during the last month, as well as subjects with any addictions, pregnant and breastfeeding women were also excluded from the study.
Study participants should not have used any dietary supplements in the three months before the study. Volunteers were recruited to the study among patients of medical clinics and medical centres in the Greater Poland Voivodeship, in consultation with their doctors and directors of the clinics.
After telephone contact, the potential subjects were screened by a physician during an inclusion visit to comply with protocol requirements. The present study was conducted according to the guidelines in the Declaration of Helsinki.
The protocol was approved by the Poznan University of Medical Sciences Bioethical Committee refs. All study participants received information about the trial, were informed that participation was voluntary and provided written informed consent. Study participants were aware that they could withdraw at any time without providing reasons.
The study design and full trial protocol have been described previously Both groups performed 36 supervised endurance or endurance-strength training, three times per week during the three-month intervention.
Subjects who completed less than 29 training were excluded from the analysis. The training programmes consisted of five minutes of warm-up at low intensity, 45 min of endurance exercises in the endurance group or 20 min of strength exercises and 25 min of endurance exercises in the endurance-strength group, five minutes of cycling without load and five minutes of closing stretching.
The intensity of both types of training was individually selected for each subject and did not change during the intervention. The goal number of repetitions per set was 16 in barbell curls and 30 in barbell squats. Between the series, short pauses were taken 10—15 s , during which subjects conducted isometric exercises.
Aside from the training, all subjects were instructed to maintain their usual physical activity level and eating habits. No deviation from the study protocol was observed.
Our previous pilot study also assessed the effect of week endurance and endurance-strength training programmes on body composition, BP and selected biochemical parameters. However, the pilot study included a small number of subjects of heterogeneous age 28—62 years 35 , Due to the negative effect of training on bone health data not published observed in our pilot trial, here we slightly modified endurance training including cycling with a load.
The primary outcomes of the study were the effect of endurance and endurance-strength training on endothelial parameters Here, we reported the effect on secondary outcomes, including body composition FM, VAT, ALMI and LMI , biochemical markers glucose and insulin homeostasis and lipid metabolism , BP SBP and DBP.
All outcomes were measured and collected at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences before and after the intervention period. Methods used to measure the outcomes were identical in both groups. After at least eight hours of overnight fasting, the following anthropometric parameters were measured body height, body weight, waist and hip circumferences.
BMI was calculated and body composition was assessed using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DEXA method with the application of the Hologic Discovery DEXA system Bedford, MA, USA. Based on the examination, FM and FFM for total body and individual parts of the body arms, trunk, legs, head , male android and female gynoid areas were measured.
VAT, ALMI and LMI were also assessed. During all measurements, participants were dressed in light clothing and were barefoot. BP was measured during the recruitment visit and on the last visit according to guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension The average of three measurements was used for statistical analysis.
Pre- and seven days post-intervention period fasting blood samples were collected for routine analysis of glucose and insulin homeostasis glucose, insulin, HbA1c and IGF-1 levels and lipid metabolism TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG , ox-LDL, apolipoproteins ApoA1, ApoB , and PON levels.
Besides, myoglobin levels were assessed. All parameters were measured by standard methods as described previously Glucose levels were assessed by the enzymatic method with hexokinase, insulin levels were analysed using the electrochemiluminescence method and HbA1c levels were measured by the turbidimetric immunoinhibitory method in hemolysate prepared from the blood.
TC, HDL-C and TG concentrations were assessed using the enzymatic colorimetric method, while LDL-C levels were calculated from the Friedewald formula.
The following parameters were measured using the immunoenzymatic method: IGF-1 IGF-1 ELISA kit, DRG Instruments GmbH, Germany , ox-LDL Human ox-LDL ELISA kit, SunRed, China and myoglobin Myoglobin ELISA kit, DRG Instruments GmbH, Germany. Finally, the nephelometric method was used to analysed ApoA1 and ApoB levels.
Randomisation was performed via computer software Random Allocation Software, Isfahan, Iran by an independent researcher. Stratified randomisation was used and a computer-generated randomisation list was generated. The subjects were stratified according to age, body weight, BMI and waist circumference.
The allocation sequence was concealed until subjects were enrolled to interventions. After randomisation, study participants, health professionals and other research staff involved in the trial were not blinded. However, study team members who assessed the outcomes, prepared the database and performed the statistical analysis were not aware of allocation.
The minimum sample size was calculated based on the changes in eNOS levels endothelial function marker which was the primary outcome of the study reported previously in our pilot study Moreover, we also performed the calculations based on changes in LDL-C levels secondary outcome reported previously by Rossi et al.
According to the calculations, at least 41 subjects should be included in each group. We used the Shapiro—Wilk test to assess the normal distribution of data. Results were also expressed as changes between pre- and post-intervention values Δ value at third month.
Comparisons between groups were conducted using the Mann—Whitney test and the Wilcoxon test was used to analyse the differences between pre- and post-intervention values. The effectiveness of exercise programmes was examined by comparing the mean difference of changes in each variable using the ANCOVA test, adjusted for the baseline measures as a covariate.
Data with non-normal distribution was normalised before the analysis. For ease of interpretation, data was back-transformed. World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation.
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Thank Performance enhancing supplements endufance visiting nature. You are using a browser version composktion limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, compositlon recommend you Performance enhancing supplements a Bory up to Cholesterol-lowering snacks browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Studies comparing the effect of endurance and endurance-strength training on cardiometabolic markers provided inconsistent results. Therefore, the study aimed to compare the effect of endurance and endurance-strength training on body composition and cardiometabolic parameters in abdominally obese women.
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