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Health conditions Overweight, obesity and weight loss Energy balance and weight. Health professional. Enlarge Text A A. Energy intake and expenditure. Key points Energy is needed by the body to stay alive, grow, keep warm and move around.
Energy is provided by food and drink. It comes from the fat, carbohydrate, protein and alcohol the diet contains. Energy requirements vary from one individual to the next, depending on factors such as age, sex, body composition and physical activity level. Energy expenditure is the sum of the basal metabolic rate the amount of energy expended while at complete rest , the thermic effect of food TEF, the energy required to digest and absorb food and the energy expended in physical activity.
To maintain bodyweight, it is necessary to balance the energy derived from food with that expended in physical activity. To lose weight, energy expenditure must exceed intake, and to gain weight, energy intake must exceed expenditure.
Energy intake and expenditure A regular supply of dietary energy is essential for life and is required to fuel many different body processes. What determines how much energy a person needs? Basal metabolic rate The basal metabolic rate BMR is the rate at which a person uses energy to maintain the basic functions of the body — breathing, keeping warm, and keeping the heart beating — when at complete rest.
Physical activity level In addition to their BMR, people also use energy for movement of all types. Physical activity Physical activity should be an important component of our daily energy expenditure. How much energy do children and adults need?
Intake versus expenditure In order for people to maintain their bodyweight, their energy intake must equal their energy expenditure. Last reviewed July Revised October Help us improve We'd love to hear your thoughts about this page below. Why did you visit the page?
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Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents I. Etiology of Obesity: An Energy Balance Perspective. Weight Management: The Future. Journal Article. Understanding and Addressing the Epidemic of Obesity: An Energy Balance Perspective.
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Close Navbar Search Filter Endocrine Reviews This issue Endocrine Society Journals Clinical Medicine Endocrinology and Diabetes Medicine and Health Books Journals Oxford Academic Enter search term Search. Open in new tab Download slide. Illustration of the concept of the energy gap for weight loss maintenance.
TABLE 1. Average steps per day in three surveys. of Men. of Women. Colorado Open in new tab. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys;. National Weight Control Registry;.
The nature and individuality of within-subject variation in energy intake. Google Scholar PubMed. OpenURL Placeholder Text. Effect of exercise and food restriction on body composition and metabolic rate in obese women.
Metabolic response to experimental overfeeding in lean and overweight healthy volunteers. Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Skeletal muscle composition in dietary obese-susceptible and dietary obesity-resistant rats.
Time course of adaptation to a high-fat diet in obesity-resistant and obesity-prone rats. Skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats.
Time course of adaptation to a high fat diet in obesity-resistant and obesity-prone rats. Contribution of energy intake and tissue enzymatic profile to body weight gain in high-fat-fed rats. Enhanced metabolic efficiency contributes to weight regain after weight loss in obesity-prone rats.
Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text. Metabolic adjustments with the development, treatment, and recurrence of obesity in obesity-prone rats. Peripheral metabolic responses to prolonged weight reduction that promote rapid, efficient regain in obesity-prone rats. Arcuate NPY neurons and energy homeostasis in diet-induced obese and resistant rats.
Reduced norepinephrine turnover in organs and brains of obesity-prone rats. Relation between caloric intake, body weight and physical work: studies in an industrial male population in West Bengal.
High energy flux mediates the tonically augmented β-adrenergic support of resting metabolic rate in habitually exercising older adults. Energy density, palatability, and satiety: implications for weight control. Total energy intake of the US population: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, — Prevalence of no leisure-time physical activity: 35 states and the District of Columbia, — The economics of physical activity: societal trends and rationales for interventions.
The effects of low carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss in severely obese adults: one year follow-up of a randomized trail. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The role of dietary fat in body fatness: evidence from a preliminary meta-analysis of ad libitum low-fat dietary intervention studies.
Nutrient balance and energy expenditure during ad libitum feeding of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets in humans. Fat and carbohydrate overfeeding in humans: different effects on energy storage.
Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. Covert manipulation of the ratio of dietary fat to carbohydrate and energy density: effect on food intake and energy balance in free-living men eating ad libitum.
Covert manipulation of dietary fat and energy density: effect on substrate flux and food intake in men eating ad libitum. Combined effects of energy density and portion size on energy intake in women. The effect of dietary fat on energy intake over a typical range of fat consumption.
Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Estimated change in physical activity levels PAL and prediction of 5-year weight change in men: the aerobics center longitudinal study.
Predictors of weight change over two years among a population of working adults: the Healthy Worker Project. A descriptive study of individuals successful at long-term maintenance of substantial weight loss. Effects of diet and exercise training on thermogenesis in adult female rats.
Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Modifying the environment to reverse obesity. Physical activity in the treatment of the adulthood overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues.
Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. Treatment of obesity by moderate and severe caloric restriction in weight loss and control: results of clinical research trials.
Overweight, obesity, and blood pressure: the effects of modest weight reduction. Long-term maintenance of weight loss: do people who lose weight through various weight loss methods use different behaviors to maintain their weight? Persons successful at long-term weight loss and maintenance continue to consume a low calorie, low fat diet.
Resting energy expenditure in reduced-obese subjects in the national weight control registry. Further support for consistent self-monitoring as a vital component of successful weight control. Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight and academic performance in children and adolescents.
How much physical activity is needed to minimize weight gain in previously obese women? Effects of intermittent exercise and use of home exercise equipment on adherence, weight loss and fitness in overweight women.
Free-living activity energy expenditure in women successful and unsuccessful at maintaining a normal body weight. Determinants of hour energy expenditure in man.
Low-dose leptin reverses skeletal muscle, autonomic, and neuroendocrine adaptations to maintenance of reduced weight. Weight gain continues in the s: year trends in weight and overweight from the CARDIA Study. Identifying the energy gap: magnitude and determinants of 5-year weight gain in midage women.
Effects of exercise on appetite control: loose coupling between energy expenditure and energy intake. A Colorado statewide survey of walking and its relation to excessive weight. Using electronic step counters to increase lifestyle physical activity: Colorado on the Move.
Proc Annual Scientific Meeting of the North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text. Issue Section:. Download all slides. Supplementary data. Views 14, More metrics information. Total Views 14, Email alerts Article activity alert.
Advance article alerts. New issue alert. Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. More on this topic Developmental Programming of Energy Balance and Its Hypothalamic Regulation. Expanding the Scales: The Multiple Roles of MCH in Regulating Energy Balance and Other Biological Functions.
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