Chemistry Department, Ans of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Personalized weight control,Egypt. Results showed increase blood glucose level with an irregular Detox diet foods surface in the diabetic group, while both blood glucose level annd Flaxseeds for reducing blood pressure uQercetin surface returned to normal in quercetin-treated group. Int J Appl Pharm 11 5 — Inhibition of Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm formation by coral-associated actinomycetes. In vitro tests were also conducted by taking rat ovarian granulosa cell-cultured treated with µM of H 2 O 2 alone and 5, 20 and 50 µM doses of H 2 O 2 plus quercetin. aeruginosa is already known [ 10 — 12 ].

Quercetin and anti-bacterial effects -

Quercetin aglycone appeared most strong antioxidant property, but the derivatization of its hydroxyl bunches altogether diminished the antioxidant movement of its subsidiaries. It was concluded that antioxidant potential was straightforwardly corresponding to the number of free hydroxyl bunches in test samples [ 20 ].

Yan-Zhen Zheng et al. also confirmed the role of hydroxyl groups of quercetin for producing an antioxidant profile. They conducted a theoretical study on propolis in which flavonoids contribute greatly among the multiple components.

Density functional theory DFT calculation was used with different mechanisms namely, sequential proton loss transfer SET-PT , hydrogen atom transfer HAT and sequential proton loss transfer SPLET done in their study to assess antioxidant properties of quercetin and its glucosides in gas and fluid stage ethanol, water.

It was affirmed that OH groups in B-ring and C-ring contribute primarily to the antioxidative exercises of quercetin and glucosides compared with A-ring [ 21 ]. Table 2 gives a summary of antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin reported in this review.

Vikas Pahal et al. reported an antibacterial profile of quercetin extracted from C. In vitro studies were performed against S. aureus using different organic extracts, and an in silico study was done on four important bacterial enzymes.

namely peptide deformylase, gama hemolysins, DNA primases and undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase using AutoDock Vina 1. In silico results revealed that quercetin was found to be the as it were auxiliary metabolite that hindered three proteins of S.

aureus DNA primases, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase and peptide deformylase [ 22 ]. Sergio Dias da Costa Junior et al. reported antibiofilm and antibacterial properties of quercetin against resistant S. aureus and S. Microdilution method was used for determining MIC values.

It was concluded that quercetin showed antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus VRSA and S. saprophyticus biofilm at Thus, it was confirmed that quercetin acts as a great antibacterial agent naturally [ 23 ]. Artur Adamczak et al. reported the antibacterial profile of 13 flavonoids, namely apigenin, chrysin, flavones, isoorientin, isovitexin, kaempferol, luteolin, naringin, orientin, quercetin, rutin, vitexin and vitexin 2-o-rhamnoside along with 6 organic acids namely rosmarinic acid, quinic, malic, citric chlorogenic and salicylic acid.

MIC values of all the test compounds were determined by microdilution method using four clinical isolates, i.

faecalis and S. aureus , and Gram-negative bacteria: E. coli and P. It was concluded that all tried compounds gave antimicrobial properties to a greater extent against Gram-negative bacteria as compared to Gram-positive bacteria.

The study also confirmed the presence of hydroxyl groups in phenyl rings did not have any influence on their activity level.

However, a significant increase in activity of the hydroxy derivatives of flavone was observed against S. aureus [ 24 ]. Feng Lia et al. reported a novel complex consisting of chitosan-based nanoparticles consisting of catechin and quercetin.

Ionic gelation method was used to synthesize his complex by reacting chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate using genipin. The objective was to enhance the antibacterial and antioxidant profile of catechin and quercetin. The average particle size obtained was In in vitro, drug release showed sustained release of drug from the nanoparticles.

Higher scavenging property of the nanoparticles was reported on ABTS, DPPH, OH and O 2 radicals. Antibacterial assay minimum inhibitory concentration and zone of inhibition of pure compounds and blank and drug-loaded nanoparticles was done on three bacterial strains, i. aureus, B. subtilis and E. The results confirmed the enhanced antibacterial profile of nanoparticles made of chitosan G-C-Q NPs , loaded with quercetin and catechin.

Thus polymeric particles are a good choice as drug delivery system for bacterial infections [ 25 ]. Sarangapani Sreelatha and Jayachitra conducted a very interesting study in India and used a fungal Strain of Aspergillus niger for the conversion of rutin to quercetin with enhanced production rate and minimum toxic wastes.

The produced quercetin was evaluated for various effects including antibacterial effects against S. aureus, E. The release of ROS from quercetin at the surface of biofilms of the three bacterial strains results in biofilm disruption and cell death of microbes.

A greater zone of inhibition of quercetin was observed against S. Thus, this study gave new insights into the biotransformation of rutin into quercetin to achieve a rich dietary supplement for better antimicrobial effects [ 26 ]. Mei Gao et al. in a study reported the management of vulvovaginal candidiasis VVC with quercetin QCT -assisted fluconazole FCZ.

Fifteen clinical isolates of C. Albicans were isolated from patients suffering from VVC. Another study was conducted by Marcos Fabio Gadelha Rocha et al. in which MIC of kaempferol and quercetin was assessed against C. orthopsilosis, C. metapsilosis and C.

parapsilosis strains. It was analyzed that kaempferol and quercetin decreased the metabolic activity and biomass of all the fungal strains. The MIC of quercetin ranged from 0. Thus these compounds can be used as antifungals [ 28 ].

In India, a study was conducted by Sonia Shishodia et al. which reported the survival techniques of Aspergillus flavus during germination process. The study was aimed to observe quercetin effect on signaling pathways of Aspergillus flavus during germination using SEM.

At 4- and 7-h intervals, a significant rise in heat shock proteins and calcium signaling pathways were observed by real-time quantitative PCR in response to quercetin. Higher levels of calcium kinase, cAMP, Rhogdp, Plc and Pkc encoding genes were observed in groups treated with quercetin.

Thus, the data suggested the antifungal potential of quercetin [ 29 ]. Amphotericin B is the choice of drug in most of systemic fungal infections, particularly cryptococcosis. But due to its side effects, its use is limited. MIC value of amohotericin B was significantly reduced when used with quercetin and rutin on C.

neoformans both on clinical isolates and on ATCC strain. The study concluded less use of amphotericin B to prevent its cytotoxic effects and to enhance antifungal activity when used with quercetin and rutin [ 30 ]. Felipe Guzansky Milanezi et al.

reported quercetin capped gold nanoparticles AuNPsQct having antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. They were prepared by using trichlorogold-hydrochloric acid, quercetin and aqueous sodium citrate solution.

Confirmation of nanoparticles was done by FTIR, Uv and TEM analysis. AuNPsQct nanoparticles were evaluated for antifungal activity along with antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

Results of antifungal activity revealed strong antifungal activity with concentrations from 0. Dengue virus infection DENV is still a problem in countries like Indonesia, due to no specific antiviral medicine available for its management.

Quercetin, a plant-derived flavonoid, was investigated for its antiviral activity, against DENV. The study was designed in human cell line Huh 7 it-1 infected with DENV strain-2 New guinea C. MTT assay was performed, and IC50 and CC50 for quercetin were found to be The results confirmed quercetin as an effective antiviral agent against DENV-2 [ 32 ].

Anti-hepatitis C HCV virus activity of quercetin was investigated by Angela Rojas et al. in Spain. At different steps of the HCV life cycle in Huh Interestingly quercetin also prevented the up-regulation of diacylglycerol acyltransferase DGAT and localization of the HCV center protein to the surface of lipid beads.

A quercetin derivative containing a glucoside molecule was tested for its in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against Zeka viral strains. In vitro test of quercetinβ-O-D-glucoside Q3G was performed on Vero cells with PLCal-ZV strain.

Serial dilutions ranging from 0. EC50 and EC90 results revealed cytopathic effects of Q3G at 1. The in vivo assay was performed on immunocompromised mice lacking the receptor for type I interferon treated with PRVABC59 strain.

The results revealed better survival rates and less weight loss in animals given Q3G [ 34 ]. Based on the antiviral potential of quercetin, a new pharmaceutical dosage form consisting of quercetin and lecithin quercetin phytosome QP was made in Italy and tested on SARS-CoV-2 patients.

An open-labeled randomized controlled clinical study was conducted for two weeks. Results after one week showed a complete negative profile in 16 patients in the QP group, with 12 patients showing all diminished symptoms.

In the SC group, 17 patients took more than two weeks to give a negative test of COVID, one tested negative at 3rd week and one patient was positive till expired at day Hence, it was concluded that QP abbreviates the time of test change from positive to negative at the side diminishment in indications and seriousness of COVID [ 35 ].

Regular pandemics and scourges with tall mortality and dismalness were caused by flu A infections IAVs. During infection, glycoprotein hemagglutinin plays a vital role, making it a potential target for anti-influenza drugs.

IC50 values of quercetin against these viral strains were 7. The study revealed the interaction of quercetin with hemagglutinin subunit and inhibited viral cell fusion. Thus a natural source with favorable benefits can be used as an antiviral agent [ 36 ]. Figure 2 depicts the role of quercetin as an anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.

Diabetes mellitus DM has emerged as a major health problem in Saudi Arabia due to change in lifestyle of the population. Saudi Arabia ranked seventh in the world and second in the Middle East in the occurrence of DM according to the World Health Organization.

For controlling diabetes, quercetin was selected and a self-emulsifying drug delivery system SEDDS was prepared. The streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model was used for studying the antidiabetic effect of quercetin as compared to reference drug glibenclamide.

Results confirmed the blood sugar level lowering capacity of quercetin which was due to insulin release from beta cells [ 37 ]. A plant named Prunus persica was evaluated for its antidiabetic activity in India along with antioxidant and anti-adipogenic effects.

The extract also showed an antioxidant profile confirming the role of quercetin in the management of blood glucose and lipid levels in diabetes mellitus [ 10 ]. Oxidative stress due to hyperglycemia is a common complication associated with diabetes.

Mina Hemmati et al. investigated two enzymes expression in glucose metabolism, namely glucokinase and glucosephosphatase. At the end of the 21 day treatment period, a significant reduction in blood glucose and malondialdehyde levels were shown by quercetin. These findings are beneficial to health care professionals for using quercetin as a nutritional supplement [ 38 ].

Therapeutic applications of quercetin are hampered by its low solubility in gastrointestinal fluids. To enhance its solubility profile for the assessment of antidiabetic effects, Juhi Singh et al. used the co-solvent evaporation method to formulate quercetin-loaded Soluplus micelles.

The micelles formed were characterized and assessed for in vivo and in vitro studies. In vitro results showed a In vivo results revealed significantly lower blood glucose levels in the group treated with quercetin-loaded Soluplus micelles. Thus, it was concluded that by making micelles of quercetin, enhanced antidiabetic effects were reported due to the increased bioavailability of quercetin [ 39 ].

The sixth classical complication of diabetes mellitus is diabetic osteopenia, caused by high blood glucose which triggers oxidative stress. Abu Ayana et al. Streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes.

All the rats were killed after 12 weeks; mandibles were dissected and prepared for scanning electron microscopy SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis.

Results showed increase blood glucose level with an irregular bone surface in the diabetic group, while both blood glucose level and alveolar bone surface returned to normal in quercetin-treated group.

This confirms the protective effect of quercetin in restoring bone architecture induced due to diabetes [ 40 ]. Several studies confirmed the ability of quercetin to potentiate the efficacy of anticancer drugs. A study was conducted in Taiwan, to study the synergistic effect of quercetin, irinotecan and its metabolite SN in the gastric cancer cell line of humans both in vitro and in vivo.

Results for in vitro analysis revealed that low-dose SN combined with quercetin showed comparable therapeutic effects as that of high-dose SN β -catenin protein expression level increased in the group managed with high-dose SN, while it was less in quercetin alone and as well in combined low doses of SN with quercetin.

In vivo results showed high levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and several markers of epithelial-mesenchymal such as Twist1 and ITGβ6 in rat models treated with irinotecan, while their levels were low in group treated with quercetin combined with a low dose of irinotecan.

Several studies showed anticancer effects of quercetin by apoptosis and suppress cell proliferation of breast, lung, oral and prostate cancer.

Toru Hisaka et al. for the first time examined antitumor effects of quercetin on thirteen liver cancer cell lines 13 HCC in vitro. Quercetin alone and in combination with 5-fluorouracil 5-FU was given, and cell viability was performed by MTT assay.

The results showed synergistic activity of quercetin and 5-FU by cycle arrest via induction of apoptosis [ 11 ]. EMT6 a breast cancer cell line was used to induce tumor in mice and was subcutaneously injected. These findings suggest synergistic activity of quercetin and cisplatin on breast cancer cell lines along with decreased side effects of cisplatin in animal models [ 42 ].

Among the most prevalent cancers in females, ovarian cancer ranks seventh worldwide. It is a serious malignancy affecting the reproductive system in females. Guangya Xu et al. enhanced the effect of quercetin as an anticancer agent but improving its solubility profile.

For this, a quercetin-loaded thermo-sensitive injectable hydrogel system Qu-M-hydrogel was made based on nanotechnology. Quercetin was encapsulated using MPEG-PCL and later added into a thermosensitive hydrogel.

The formulated hydrogel system showed a slower release of quercetin in vivo. Qu-M—hydrogel composites showed enhanced apoptosis and inhibition of cell growth effects on the ovarian cancer mouse model SKOV-3 [ 43 ]. Investigating the role of quercetin as an anticancer agent against lung cancer, researchers in China conducted a study in which nanoparticles were made comprised of gefitinib and quercetin.

Antitumor activity was conducted both in vitro and in vivo. Nanoparticles formed showed good entrapment and release of both drugs up to 12 h. Results for both in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the enhanced antitumor effect of gefitinib and quercetin [ 44 ].

Deantari karliana et al. formulated nanoparticles gel consisting of lecithin-quercetin injected into chitosan-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate TPGS to study the effects on osteoarthritis. White male Sprague—Dawley rats 2—3 month-old weighed — g were used for this study and divided into five groups.

The amount of quercetin administered through nanoparticle gel was 0. Significant reduction in inflammation and edema was observed at dose 3. A study reported in Korea gave the anti-inflammatory mechanism of two flavanols, namely galangin and quercetin in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW Atopic dermatitis induced by a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene mouse model was used.

Both the compounds were given alone and also in combination with study the synergistic effect. Results of the study revealed that both these compounds reduce nitric oxide production, interleukin-6 and nuclear factor NF-kB.

From histological and ear thickness measurement, it was concluded that reduction in inflammation and IgE levels were greatly reduced when these flavonoids were used in combinations.

Thus, quercetin and galangin combination provided new ways for the prevention of AD [ 46 ]. Ex vivo COX-1 and lipoxygenase LOX assays using human platelets were applied for assessing anti-inflammatory potential.

The method was based on the inhibitory potential of compounds like eicosanoids and prostaglandins catalyzed by inflammatory enzymes response, COX-1 and LOX. Severe inflammation and inflammatory pneumonia is the risk factor associated with SARS-Cov Cytokine storm is responsible for death in infected patients mainly due to acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes.

The study revealed that NLRP3 is an inflammasome responsible for the activation of several inflammatory mediators like NRF2, SIRT1 and TXNIP.

Quercetin by affecting this inflammasome successfully suppressed NLRP3 and thus acts as a potential treatment for severe inflammation and in life-threatening conditions like COVID [ 47 ]. Endothelial cell function is affected by cytokines and pro-inflammatory stimuli such as high blood glucose levels.

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Packiavathy, I. Inhibition of biofilm development of uropathogens by curcumin—An anti-quorum sensing agent from Curcuma longa. Download references. The authors strongly acknowledge the Vinayaka Mission Research Foundation deemed to be university and Vinayaka Mission Medical College, Karaikal, for the facilities provided.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. and Dr. performed the experiments. wrote the manuscript and framed the experiments.

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Reprints and permissions. New insights into the antibacterial mode of action of quercetin against uropathogen Serratia marcescens in-vivo and in-vitro. Sci Rep 12 , Download citation. Received : 25 September Accepted : 11 May Published : 19 December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

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nature scientific reports articles article. Download PDF. Subjects Antimicrobials Applied microbiology Pathogens. Abstract In the course of a quest for therapeutic agents inhibiting uropathogens, the rise and universal blowout of antibiotic-resistant organisms is a wide problem.

Introduction Serratia marcescens SM is a recently emerged nosocomial pathogen that causes a wide range of ailments, such as surgical wound infections, UTIs and septicemia.

Materials and methods Medium and culture conditions The strain S. Determination of MIC of quercetin MIC was calculated using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute procedure CLSI with the broth microFdilution assay.

Inhibition of extra polymeric substances EPS was quantified with a total polysaccharide quantification assay Effect of quercetin on the biofilm formation of SM SM cells were harvested during the stationary phase and suspended in PBS, and the OD was adjusted to 0.

Quantification of metabolically active cells by MTT reduction The effect of quercetin on SM cell viability and metabolic activity was calculated using 3- 4,5-dimethylthiazolyl -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide MTT reduction. Effect of quercetin on biofilm formation In addition to growth inhibition, quercetin has also been assayed for antibiofilm activity against both early and mature biofilms in a dose-dependent manner.

Figure 1. Full size image. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Downregulation of S. marcescens virulence genes. Figure 7. Figure 8.

Figure 9. Figure Discussion The present study demonstrated the antimicrobial and anti-infective potential of quercetin, a flavonoid derived from fruits and vegetables, against SM, which is a well-recognized opportunistic pathogen that rouses healthcare associated infections.

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van Trijp, M. Buysman, et al. Download references. The authors appreciate the assistance of Dr. Baher El-Nogoumy, microbiology lecturer Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt for his help in identification of clinical isolates in this study.

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, , Egypt. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, , Egypt.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Heba A. Mice were handled according to the experimental practice and standards approved by the institutional ethical committee IEC of Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt.

The authors represented a new University and did not get an approval number yet. There were no experiments on human subjects. Reprints and permissions. Sahyon, H. Synergistic Effect of Quercetin in Combination with Sulfamethoxazole as New Antibacterial Agent: In Vitro and In Vivo Study.

Pharm Chem J 53 , — Download citation. Received : 17 June Published : 05 December Issue Date : December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

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Funding The authors declare that there has been no funding. Author information Authors and Affiliations Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, , Egypt Heba A.

The present study was aimed at creating effechs combination Personalized weight control effetcs dose of sulfamethoxazole S Flaxseeds for reducing blood pressure efvects broad-spectrum synthetic fefects and Quercetinn Qa anti-bavterial polyphenol to Flaxseeds for reducing blood pressure the antibiotic side effects and Optimal meal timing its antioxidant activity. Staphylococcus aureus infected animal model was studied both in vitro and in vivo in comparison to doxycycline Dox as standard antibiotic. The in vitro test results indicated that Q exhibited activity alone and in combination with S against tested bacterial strains, while S in low concentration was inactive. aureus colonies as compared to the infected mice. In conclusion, the in vivo treatment of S. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology Personalized weight control 17 Qeurcetin, Flaxseeds for reducing blood pressure Carbohydrate Fermentation 39 Cite this article. Metrics details. Staphylococcus epidermidis is Body composition scale of the effcets multiple resistances to antibacterial in the anti-bacrerial years. Qurcetin, practically-prescribed antibiotics in the treatment of these strains are not effective. Plant-derived antibacterial is one of the most interesting sources of new therapeutics. The present study was to investigate antibacterial, synergy and modes of action of quercetin and amoxicillin against amoxicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis ARSE. The MICs, checkerboard assay, viability curves, cytoplasmic membrane CM permeability, enzyme assay, transmission electron microscopy, confocal microscopy and FT-IR microspectroscopy measurement was performed.