Iron deficiency and muscle function in athletes -
Certain plant foods contain some iron, too. He recommends that all athletes meet with a dietitian who specializes in sports nutrition. It can also be a marker for overall health and wellbeing, and it prompts us to look at ways to improve nutrition. In addition to treating injuries, sports dietitians on staff can help you navigate the nutritional demands of an active life.
Request an appointment, or learn more about Sports Medicine at Mass General Brigham and the teams we treat. Skip to cookie consent Skip to main content Skip to alerts Skip to pause carousel. About Us Newsroom Iron Deficiency in Female Athletes.
More alert details. Iron Deficiency in Female Athletes Contributor Adam Tenforde, MD. Jun 23, share on facebook. Persistent low iron stores may lead to iron deficiency anemia. The types typically seen in female athletes are: Iron deficiency anemia: This blood disorder is a common form of anemia. Iron deficiency without anemia: Blood tests may show low ferritin a protein that stores iron but normal hemoglobin to indicate this condition.
What causes iron deficiency in female athletes? You also lose iron in a number of ways, according to Dr. These include: In your feces In your sweat Through blood loss during menstruation How does iron deficiency affect athletic performance? How do you know if you have iron deficiency?
How much iron do females need? Pharmaceutics 3 , 12— Ganz, T. Systemic iron homeostasis. Ren, X. Effects of desferrioxamine on serum erythropoietin and ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia in humans.
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Arterial and venous measurement in resting forearm of metabolic indicators during rest and leg exercise. Clinical iron deficiency disturbs normal human responses to hypoxia. McLane, J. Physiological and biochemical effects of iron deficiency on rat skeletal muscle.
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Muscle Nerve 33 , — Jeneson, J. The signal transduction function for oxidative phosphorylation is at least second order in ADP. Download references. The authors would like to thank the volunteers for giving up their time to take part in this study, Dawn Goodwin at NHS Blood and Transplant for her assistance with recruiting iron-deficient blood donors, and Jane Francis at the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research for her expert assistance.
This research was funded by the National Institute for Health Research NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre BRC. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.
Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK. Matthew C. Frise, David A. Holdsworth, Yu Jin Chung, M. Kate Curtis, Pete J. Cox, Kieran Clarke, Damian J.
Tyler, Keith L. Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, National Blood Service Oxford Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ, UK. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Conceived and designed research — M. Performed experiments — M.
Analyzed data — M. Interpreted results of experiments — M. Prepared figures — M. Drafted manuscript — M. Edited and revised manuscript — M. Approved final version of manuscript — M. Correspondence to Peter A. PAR has received grant funding from Vifor Pharma for basic science studies of iron biology, including in support of work by MKC outside that presented here.
PJR was previously chair of the Research Advisory Board of GlaxoSmithKline. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
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Reprints and permissions. Abnormal whole-body energy metabolism in iron-deficient humans despite preserved skeletal muscle oxidative phosphorylation. Sci Rep 12 , Download citation. Received : 04 August Accepted : 10 December Published : 19 January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
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nature scientific reports articles article. Download PDF. Subjects Energy metabolism Mitochondria Respiration Skeletal muscle. This article has been updated.
Abstract Iron deficiency impairs skeletal muscle metabolism. Results Baseline characteristics of iron-deficient and iron-replete groups Baseline characteristics of the participants are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Participant characteristics on enrolment. Full size table. Table 2 Haematological and iron parameters over the course of the study. Figure 1. Full size image. Table 3 Parameters derived from monoexponential fitting of PCr recovery data.
Table 4 Variables measured at the point of volitional fatigue during incremental CPET. Table 5 Venous lactate kinetics during exhaustive exercise.
Figure 2. Figure 3. Table 6 Skeletal muscle mRNA expression levels at first visit. Discussion Main findings The main finding of the present study is of abnormal whole-body metabolism in ID individuals, manifest as disturbed blood lactate kinetics during exercise, in the absence of any demonstrable impairment of skeletal muscle oxidative phosphorylation.
Iron homeostasis We measured a variety of indices of iron homeostasis over the course of the study. Strengths and limitations The main strengths of the present study are four-fold. Underlying mechanisms One mechanism historically proposed for the metabolic effects of iron deficiency is impaired function of oxidative enzymes requiring iron as a cofactor, particularly cytochrome C 11 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , Clinical implications Iron deficiency is associated with worse outcomes in chronic health conditions that are extremely prevalent globally, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 58 and a number of chronic cardiovascular diseases Methods This was a prospective, case—control, clinical physiology study with subsequent double-blind randomisation.
Exercise protocol Skeletal muscle 31 P-MRS was performed using a 3 Tesla MRI scanner Siemens TIM Trio with the participant supine and a dual-tuned 31 P and 1 H 6-cm-diameter surface coil secured under the right calf. Data availability The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
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CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sim, M. Article PubMed Google Scholar Zimmermann, M. Article CAS Google Scholar Finch, C. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Davies, K. It is best to go to a doctor who regularly works with athletes, and get an iron panel done to see where your levels actually are.
Let your physician look at your bloodwork and make the final decision about intervention or lack thereof. Several groups of athletes are at higher risk of iron deficiency.
Endurance athletes, particularly elites, are one such group. Other at-risk athletes include: the rapidly growing male adolescent athlete, the female athlete with heavy periods, athletes with energy-restricted diets, athletes with GI bleeding generally runners , vegetarian athletes, athletes with hemolysis caused by foot impact and athletes with heavy sweat losses Rosenbloom.
Athletes are particularly vulnerable to iron issues for several reasons. First, many athletes do not consume sufficient dietary iron particularly when they are trying to achieve body composition goals.
Some athletes are also moving to more of a plant-based diet, which can certainly be healthy if done correctly, but can lead to iron issues without careful attention.
Other factors that contribute to iron deficiency in athletes include: heavy sweat losses iron is lost in sweat , gastrointestinal bleeding known to occur in runners , heavy menstruation in female athletes, hemolysis caused by foot impact, and training stress, which increases energy needs and can lead to myoglobinuria due to muscle stress Rosenbloom.
Maintaining proper iron levels is not a huge obstacle. Proper diet and supplements if necessary and recommended by a physician are easy to incorporate into your day. If you are an athlete who is serious about performance, you do need to be concerned with getting the correct amount of iron in your diet.
If you are an athlete that is at higher risk of iron deficiency, visit your doctor and get his or her recommendation on how many times per year you need to do bloodwork.
For all athletes, if you are feeling abnormally fatigued, it would be prudent to make an appointment with your doctor to evaluate what might be going on and if low iron is the culprit. These strategies in addition to good nutrition and a balanced, thoughtful training plan will help you to stay on the podium rather than on the sidelines.
Coates, A. Incidence of iron deficiency and iron deficient anemia in elite runners and triathletes. Clin J Sport Med.
Deficienc you for visiting deficienxy. You are using a browser version with limited support for Deiciency. To obtain Lentils soup recipe best tahletes, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. A Publisher Correction to this article was published on 01 March Iron deficiency impairs skeletal muscle metabolism. Iron is a functiom topic for athletes, particularly endurance athletes who have fatigue. But iron deficiency in women Irron not always straightforward to diagnose or treat. Tenforde, who has extensively researched iron and athletesexplains iron deficiency causes and effects. Poor oxygen transport can make you feel tired and out of breath. Tenforde says.
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