Benefits of time-restricted fasting -
Whether h post refeeding is sufficient to entirely wash out the acute effect of the h fasting period is not clear, although the washout period is in line with past studies of IF CR and standard care participants were not provided with any instruction on meal timing, and adoption of a shortened daily eating period might have lessened the differences between groups.
The extrapolation of a clinically relevant change in glucose from an oral glucose tolerance test to a mixed-meal tolerance test requires further study. Finally, although we theorized that limiting meals to the morning during iTRE was responsible for the greater health benefits that were observed versus CR, we did not include an iTRE group with a late eating window as a comparator.
In conclusion, iTRE provided modest benefit for postprandial glycemia in response to mixed-meal tolerance test compared with daily CR without timing advice in adults at elevated risk of type 2 diabetes after 6 months.
This study adds to the growing body of evidence to indicate that meal timing and fasting advice might be influential in clinical practice.
This open-label, three-arm, parallel group sequential randomized controlled trial was conducted between 26 September and 30 November and involved a 6-month intervention phase followed by a month follow-up. The primary objective for this study was to assess differences in glucose tolerance in response to a mixed-meal in iTRE versus CR at 6 months.
Because it was expected that weight loss for iTRE and CR would be similar, a standard care group was included to ensure weight losses occurred and to aid quantification of the magnitude of change in the active intervention groups.
Secondary aims were to compare iTRE versus CR versus standard care on body weight, body composition, fasting and postprandial markers of glycemia, cardiovascular health and liver health at 6 months, and with a further month follow-up in adults at elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
The detailed study protocol including inclusion and exclusion criteria was reported 49 , 50 , and the statistical analysis plan is available ClinicalTrials.
gov, NCT Ethics approval was obtained from the Central Adelaide Local Health Network Human Research Ethics Committee and participants provided written informed consent. The study was performed at the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute by researchers from The University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute.
An independent data and safety monitoring committee provided oversight. In response to the coronavirus pandemic, a lockdown was in place in South Australia from mid-March to May , which brought a halt to recruiting. The primary outcome visits continued, but the diet consults were shifted from face-to-face to telehealth.
Other than this period, the Australian border force laws in place meant the study visits remained largely unaffected, with the final follow-up visit completing around the time that Adelaide relaxed its border rules. The prescribed menu included two meal replacements at breakfast approximately hours and lunch approximately hours to aid adherence and to ensure adequate nutrient intake.
iTRE participants were instructed to consume their regular prestudy diet during each nonfasting day. The prescribed menu included one meal replacement per day to aid adherence and to ensure adequate nutrient intake.
The standard care group was given current guidelines in a booklet, with no counseling or meal replacements. All participants were instructed to maintain their usual physical activity levels throughout the trial.
At month 6, they were provided with the option to continue with the same weight loss plan or to modify to a weight maintenance plan. The secondary outcomes included changes in body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, fat mass, fat-free mass, blood pressure, blood lipids cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein LDL , high-density lipoprotein HDL , plasma triglycerides , NEFA, HbA1c, plasma glucose, plasma insulin, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein hs-CRP , ALT, AST, β-hexosaminidase activity, physical activity and dietary intake.
During each metabolic visit, body weight, and waist and hip circumference were measured in a gown after voiding. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0. Waist circumference was measured at the mid-axillary line halfway point between lowest rib and the top of iliac crest , and hip circumference was measured at the widest circumference of the buttocks.
Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms per height in meters squared. Whole-body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA Lunar Prodigy; GE Health Care and was analyzed using enCORE software v.
These were assessed in completers who lost at least 3. The mean of the two lowest blood pressure readings was used. Prescribed daily energy requirements were calculated by averaging predicted daily energy expenditure from a published equation that uses gender, age, height and weight variables Participants were asked to self-report all their dietary intake via a smartphone application Easy Diet Diary, Xyris Software before each metabolic testing at baseline, and at months 2, 6 and The energy and macronutrients intakes were calculated by using FoodWorks Professional v.
Perceptions of diet easiness and satisfaction were assessed at months 2 and 6 using visual analog scales. ActiGraph data was downloaded and analyzed by using ActiLife 6 software by the investigators upon collection of the devices.
Participants attended the research facility at baseline, month 6 and month 18 for metabolic testing. Additional fasting samples were obtained following a h fast at month 2.
Blood glucose was assayed by the hexokinase method Cobas Integra plus, Roche. Plasma insulin was measured by radioimmunoassay HIK, Millipore. Whole-blood HbA1c, plasma triglycerides, NEFA, hs-CRP, ALT and AST, were measured using commercially available enzymatic kits on an automated clinical analyzer Indiko Plus, Thermo Fisher Scientific.
AUC values were calculated using the trapezoidal rule. The Matsuda index was calculated for insulin sensitivity estimation Insulin secretion was estimated using the insulinogenic index A subset of individuals had additional fasting bloods drawn at baseline, month 2 and month 6 to assess plasma β-hexosaminidase activity as a marker of glycosphingolipid metabolism relevant to liver health.
β-Hexosaminidase activity was measured using a plasma sample as described in Leaback et al. and Whyte et al. Plasma samples were thawed on ice, vortexed and diluted in ice-cold 0.
Saline solution 0. M; 2. Fluorescence was read on a GloMax microplate reader Promega. During each clinic visit, participants were asked to report if they had experienced any health-related conditions. They were also prompted to report any physical symptoms through the use of a check box for example, fatigue, constipation, diarrhea, headache, light-headedness since the proceeding visit.
All serious adverse events were immediately reported to the study physician and data safety monitoring committee. For each assessment period baseline to month 6, and month 7 to month 18 , the number of individuals with at least one event was compared between groups when there were at least four individuals with at least one event across all groups.
The design was changed after the first interim analysis to a single additional final analysis of postprandial glucose AUC owing to slow accrual and the coronavirus pandemic. This change was agreed by the independent data safety monitoring committee 2.
We assume a pre—post intervention correlation of 0. The primary analysis of month 6 postprandial glucose AUC between iTRE and CR was assessed using baseline and stratification factor sex, AUSDRISK adjusted linear regression. Other analyses also included the standard care and where appropriate the month 2 assessment.
The latter were modeled using mixed effects linear regressions with a random intercept per individual and adjusted for assessment month 2 versus month 6 and the pairwise interaction with treatment group as fixed effects. Residual and random effect distributions were assessed to ensure that the model distributional assumptions were not violated.
Fasting triglycerides, hs-CRP, AST, ALT, Matsuda index, insulinogenic index and step counts outcomes were log-transformed. With three groups and two assessment times there are a number of potential secondary outcome comparisons.
We prespecified that pairwise comparisons of secondary analyses would be performed only if the overall effect of treatment group was significant in a likelihood ratio test with the nested submodel excluding treatment.
For these overall tests, mixed effects models did not include the month by group interaction that is, the likelihood ratio test statistic was compared against the chi-squared distribution with two degrees of freedom for all outcomes irrespective of the month 2 assessment.
Month 18 assessments were analyzed separately using linear regressions similarly to secondary outcomes without a month 2 assessment.
A post hoc analysis was performed repeating these regressions in which the iTRE group was divided into those who chose to maintain the initial iTRE weight loss plan and those who chose to modify to a weight maintenance plan.
Nonfasting weight assessments were analyzed using linear mixed effects regression assuming piecewise linear effects assumed for the interventions over two periods: months 0—6 and months 7—18, and both random intercepts and slopes for individuals. No multiple test adjustments were performed and as such secondary analyses are considered exploratory.
Statistical analysis was performed using R v. We also report post hoc calculations of the probabilities of benefit—that is, different from zero—both separately and jointly.
The analyses were in individuals with both HbA1c and postprandial glucose measures at month 6. Six individuals had HbA1c data but were missing postprandial glucose change data, and were excluded from this analysis. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article.
Anonymized data from this study are available on request from the corresponding author for 36 months from date of publication with a full research plan for academic use only. The data are not publicly available as they contain information that could compromise research participant consent.
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group et al. Lancet , — Article Google Scholar. Uusitupa, M. et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Nutrients 11 , Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Evert, A. Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report.
Diabetes Care 42 , — Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Patikorn, C. Intermittent fasting and obesity-related health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Netw.
Open 4 , e Harvie, M. The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v. daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women.
The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women.
Int J. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Di Francesco, A. A time to fast. Science , — Lawson, C. Animal models of GM2 gangliosidosis: utility and limitations. Tiribuzi, R. Alzheimers Dis. Hultberg, B. beta-Hexosaminidase isoenzymes A and B in middle-aged and elderly subjects: determinants of plasma levels and relation to vascular disease.
Kim, H. Renal tubular damage marker, urinary N -acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase, as a predictive marker of hepatic fibrosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Montgomery, M. Hexosaminidase A HEXA regulates hepatic sphingolipid and lipoprotein metabolism in mice.
FASEB J. Teong, X. Evidence gaps and potential roles of intermittent fasting in the prevention of chronic diseases. Acosta-Rodriguez, V. Pak, H. Fasting drives the metabolic, molecular and geroprotective effects of a calorie-restricted diet in mice.
Froy, O. Effect of intermittent fasting on circadian rhythms in mice depends on feeding time. Ageing Dev. Regmi, P. Time-restricted eating: benefits, mechanisms, and challenges in translation.
iScience 23 , Liu, D. Calorie restriction with or without time-restricted eating in weight loss. Thomas, E. Early time-restricted eating compared with daily caloric restriction: a randomized trial in adults with obesity.
Obesity Silver Spring 30 , — Jamshed, H. Effectiveness of early time-restricted eating for weight loss, fat loss, and cardiometabolic health in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern. Anton, S. Flipping the metabolic switch: understanding and applying the health benefits of fasting.
Obesity Silver Spring 26 , — Trepanowski, J. Effect of alternate-day fasting on weight loss, weight maintenance, and cardioprotection among metabolically healthy obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. Sundfor, T. Effect of intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss, maintenance and cardiometabolic risk: a randomized 1-year trial.
Shankar, S. Standardized mixed-meal tolerance and arginine stimulation tests provide reproducible and complementary measures of beta-cell function: results from the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Biomarkers Consortium Investigative Series.
Diabetes Care 39 , — Berry, S. Human postprandial responses to food and potential for precision nutrition. Lind, M. The association between HbA1c, fasting glucose, 1-hour glucose and 2-hour glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test and cardiovascular disease in individuals with elevated risk for diabetes.
PLoS ONE 9 , e Cavalot, F. Postprandial blood glucose is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in women: lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study.
But is it healthy and effective to restrict eating or fast on a regular basis? It can be, said Varady, who said she has run more than a dozen clinical trials on alternate-day fasting and one on time-restricted eating. In a JAMA Internal Medicine trial , Varady and her colleagues showed alternate-day fasting was just as effective as daily calorie restriction for losing weight and maintaining the loss.
And it can work with both low- and high-fat diets. Weight loss is not the only benefit. In a study, most of the study participants also saw reductions in the so-called "bad" LDL cholesterol and in blood pressure. Other studies show decreases in insulin resistance, which is associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes.
And diabetes is a risk factor for heart disease. Alternate-day fasting works, at least in part, because people wind up consuming less food overall.
But those who use time-restricted eating can lose weight without restricting caloric intake, said Dr. Satchidananda Panda, a professor and researcher at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California.
He also wrote a book about time-restricted eating. According to Panda, time-restricted eating is based on the science of circadian rhythms, which control every hormone. In a study , Panda and his team split mice into two groups.
One ate all the sugary, fatty foods they wanted during a hour period. The other group had the same sorts of foods but were only allowed to eat during an eight-hour daily window.
Both groups consumed the same number of calories, but the mice that ate round-the-clock became fat and sick while those on a time-restricted diet did not. It may also provide health benefits , including weight loss and improved heart health and blood sugar levels. There are several forms of intermittent fasting, including a common form called time-restricted eating.
This article tells you all you need to know about time-restricted eating. Intermittent fasting is a broad term that refers to multiple specific eating patterns. Each type of intermittent fasting includes fasting periods that are longer than a normal overnight fast of 8—12 hours 1.
An example of time-restricted eating is if you choose to eat all your food for the day in an 8-hour period, such as from 10 a. Switching from this style of eating to time-restricted eating may cause you to naturally eat less. In fact, some research has shown that time-restricted eating can reduce the number of calories you eat in a day 2.
Another study reported that young men ate about fewer calories per day when they limited their food intake to a 4-hour period 4. However, other studies have shown that some people do not actually eat fewer calories during time-restricted eating 2 , 5.
Diet records rely on participants to write down what and how much they eat. Unfortunately, diet records are not very accurate 6.
Whether or not it actually decreases the amount of food eaten probably varies by individual. Time-restricted eating may have several health benefits, including weight loss, better heart health and lower blood sugar levels. However, other studies in normal-weight people have reported no weight loss with eating windows of similar duration 2 , 9.
Whether or not you will experience weight loss with time-restricted eating probably depends on whether or not you manage to eat fewer calories within the eating period If this style of eating helps you eat fewer calories each day, it can produce weight loss over time.
If this is not the case for you, time-restricted eating may not be your best bet for weight loss. Several substances in your blood can affect your risk of heart disease, and one of these important substances is cholesterol. However, other research using a similar length of eating window did not show any benefits on cholesterol levels 9.
Both studies used normal-weight adults, so the inconsistent results may be due to differences in weight loss. When participants lost weight with time-restricted eating, their cholesterol improved.
When they did not lose weight, it did not improve 8 , 9. Several studies have shown that slightly longer eating windows of 10—12 hours may also improve cholesterol. Having too much sugar in your blood can lead to diabetes and damage several parts of your body.
Time-restricted eating is very simple — simply choose a certain number of hours during which you will eat all your calories each day. If you are using time-restricted eating to lose weight and improve your health, the number of hours you allow yourself to eat should be less than the number you typically allow.
For example, if you normally eat your first meal at 8 a.
Time-restricted eating is effective for tiime-restricted loss, but it Fsting also fasing mood and blood rasting. and 3 p. led to more Benefits of time-restricted fasting weight loss, blood time-restrictef control, and mood improvement in adults with obesity when compared with a Free radicals and antioxidants who ate time-reztricted Benefits of time-restricted fasting eating window greater than 12 hours. The researchers found that the impact of early time-restricted eating on participants with obesity was the equivalent of decreasing calorie intake by calories a day. The study is the latest in a growing body of research examining the impact of time-restricted eating but focuses specifically on early time-restricted eating. The study participants who were tasked with following an early time-restricted eating plan were instructed to eat calories less than their resting energy expenditure every day between the hours of 7 a. In the afternoon and evening, they were instructed to fast. Thank you Bemefits visiting nature. You are using a browser version lf limited support for If. To Fat burning pills the best Benefits of time-restricted fasting, we recommend you time-restticted a Benefits of time-restricted fasting up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Intermittent fasting appears an equivalent alternative to calorie restriction CR to improve health in humans. We developed a novel intermittent fasting plus early time-restricted eating iTRE approach.
Geben Sie wir werden zu diesem Thema reden.