Citrus aurantium for mental performance -
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Acute effects of caffeine on heart rate variability in habitual caffeine consumers. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. Yoshinaga Costa JB, Gomes Anunciação P, Ruiz RJ, Casonatto J, Doederlein Polito M. Effect of caffeine intake on blood pressure and heart rate variability after a single bout of aerobic exercise.
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Xhyheri B, Manfrini O, Mazzolini M, Pizzi C, Bugiardini R. Heart rate variability today. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. Haller CA, Duan M, Jacob P, Benowitz N.
Human pharmacology of a performance-enhancing dietary supplement under resting and exercise conditions. Br J Clin Pharmacol. Kliszczewicz BM, Esco MR, Quindry JC, Blessing DL, Oliver GD, Taylor KJ, Price BM.
Autonomic responses to an acute bout of high-intensity body weight resistance exercise vs. treadmill running. Reimann M, Rudiger H, Weiss N, Ziemssen T. Acute hyperlipidemia but not hyperhomocysteinemia impairs reflex regulation of the cardiovascular system.
Atherosclerosis Supp. Download references. The data sets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. BK contributed to study design, data collection HRV and Biomarker , data analysis, major contribution to the writing of the manuscript.
EB contributed to data collection, performed HRV analysis and interpretation, blood assay analysis, conducted literature review, and major contribution to the writing of the manuscript. CW contributed with data collection, assisted with data analysis Biomarker , and moderate contributions to the editing of the manuscript.
PB contributed to study design, data collection, moderate editing of the manuscript. WH significant contribution to data collection, moderate editing of the manuscript.
JM contributed to study design, data statistical analysis, and moderate editing of manuscript. CM contributed to the study design, data collection, moderate editing of manuscript, and procurement of funds.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Brian Kliszczewicz. The Institutional Review Board approved all testing procedures and protocols prior to beginning data collection 17— Participants read and sign an informed consent prior too participating in this study.
These authors declare that they have no competing interest and have no relation too the supplement or associated companies. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.
Reprints and permissions. Kliszczewicz, B. et al. The influence of citrus aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on the cardiac autonomic response: a double blind crossover design.
J Int Soc Sports Nutr 15 , 34 Download citation. Received : 01 February Accepted : 16 July Published : 24 July Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.
Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Download ePub. Research article Open access Published: 24 July The influence of citrus aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on the cardiac autonomic response: a double blind crossover design Brian Kliszczewicz ORCID: orcid.
Methods Ten physically active males Background The cultivation of commercially available supplements has substantially increased throughout recent years, making the use of pharmacologic ergogenic aids more prevalent and readily available to the general population and athletic community.
Methods Participants Fourteen apparently healthy males who habitually consume caffeine 95— mg serving per day, at least 4 days a week were recruited for this study.
Experimental design The study was performed in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover fashion in which only one investigator knew the contents of the supplementation; this investigator was not involved in the collection or analysis of the study outcome measures. Study Design. Full size image.
Results Four participants were removed from the study due to adverse reactions to the phlebotomy procedure i. Table 2 Markers of ANS activity during the Ingestion A and Recovery Periods B Full size table.
Recovery period Following the exhaustive protocols, HR was significantly elevated in both trials and recovered in a similar time-dependent fashion Table 2A and B. References Colker CM, Kaiman DS, Torina GC, Perlis T, Street C.
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Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Greer F, McLean C, Graham T. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Crowe MJ, Leicht AS, Spinks WL. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Xhyheri B, Manfrini O, Mazzolini M, Pizzi C, Bugiardini R. Article PubMed Google Scholar Haller CA, Duan M, Jacob P, Benowitz N.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Kliszczewicz BM, Esco MR, Quindry JC, Blessing DL, Oliver GD, Taylor KJ, Price BM. Article PubMed Google Scholar Reimann M, Rudiger H, Weiss N, Ziemssen T. aurantium combination have no extra effects on exercise fat utilization 5.
These substances appear to exhibit the opposite cardiovascular effects and, thus, caffeine seems to overlap the beneficial effects of the isolated use of C. aurantium on cardiovascular health. In this study, C. aurantium supplementation alone optimized the recovery of SBP and HRV indices after exercise.
The nutritional characteristics demonstrated in the flavonoids e. aurantium perform antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which are partly answerable for accelerating the return of parasympathetic control of heart rate seen by vagal indices of HRV. Such properties can hasten the removal of metabolites produced by physical exercise, restoring baroreflex sensitivity and decreasing metaboreflex activation more quickly at the end of physical exercise While C.
aurantium exhibited cardioprotective effects, it is essential to be careful with its usage. Bui et al. Yet, in other studies that enforced doses beneath mg in an acute 5 , 30 , 31 and chronic for 15 days 32 form, no changes were achieved for the HR, SBP, and DBP values, nor electrocardiographic disturbances.
Likewise, our results do not support the findings of Bui et al. The results from the study of Ratamess et al. In your results, the p-synephrine supplementation mg did not evoke changes in HR before, during, and following resistance exercise unless mg of caffeine was added to the formulation.
The same occur in the rest situation, in another study by Ratamess et al. The study of Bui et al. Although it is a randomized and crossover study, there is a lack of information about allocation order in the study. aurantium, and provoked adjustments in blood pressure, because of higher sweet and fat content e.
Furthermore, the authors did not report guarantees that snack was equal on the others evaluation days. Bitter orange caused cardiovascular effect was only observed based on statistical adjustments. A difference was seen compared to placebo but not when compared to baseline.
All these factors raise questions about the validity of their conclusions. The results recognized in our analyses will advance health professionals' conduct who work with the prescription of nutritional supplements. Consequently, it may be an alternative way to replace other compounds that demonstrate similar contributions regarding fat utilization during exercise but that promote unwanted cardiovascular effects e.
Our study highlights important points about the study population, given that it is restricted to healthy and physically active males. Notwithstanding the number of participants having exceeded the sample size calculation, the final sample is considered small.
With the desire to improve body composition. In spite of this, these facts do not allow these results to be extrapolated to other populations and, therefore, further research with obese individuals is needed to confirm the safety of using C. aurantium in combination with exercise.
For the time being, we prefer to use a healthy population free from metabolic disorders to prevent possible adverse events from C. aurantium supplementation. Nevertheless, we encourage further studies to be established with C.
aurantium as an intervention with these preliminary data. Studies with females and other health conditions should also be performed to increase the external validity of these data and expand the application of C. aurantium promoted the resumption of parasympathetic control and output of sympathetic flow of cardiac rhythm after physical exercise and decreased SBP.
Based on these and previous findings, we assume that C. aurantium is a safe nutritional compound with submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy males when used appropriately, moreover, your combination with a good diet there could be improved fat oxidation in exercise without the cardiovascular risk.
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by University Center of the Juazeiro do Norte Process: CJRB supervised the study, performed experiments, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the introduction, methods, discussion, and results in sections.
FJ, ER, and MS collected data and performed conduction of experiments. AP performed the statistical analysis, improved interpretation analysis, and wrote the results in sections. DG drafted the manuscript, improved interpretation analysis, and reviewed English grammar and spelling.
VV and CRBJ supervised the study, reviewed the manuscript content, and gave final approval for the version submitted for publication. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. We thank the graduate research scholarships providing from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior — Brasil CAPES, Finance Code and undergraduate research scholarships providing from University Center of the Juazeiro do Norte UniJuazeiro.
McLester CN, Bailey P, Bechke EE, Williamson CM, McLester JR, Kliszczewicz B. The effects of caffeine and citrus aurantium on performance during repeated maximal anaerobic exercise bouts in habitual caffeine users.
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An overview on citrus aurantium L. Oxid Med Cell Longev. Kliszczewicz B, Bechke E, Williamson C, Green Z, Bailey P, McLester J, et al. Citrus Aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on biomarkers of metabolism: a double blind crossover design.
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In: IFMBE Proceedings. Also, the mean score of quality of life in intervention group 1 AMD: 2. Cognitive—behavioral counseling reduced anxiety and improved quality of life.
However, further trials are required to reach a definitive conclusion. Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT : IRCTN Soheila Khatibi, Morteza Kazemi, … Roghieh Kharaghani.
Somayeh Mahdavikian, Mansour Rezaei, … Alireza Khatony. Sleep is a physiological state due to relative unconsciousness and inactivity of voluntary muscles [ 1 ]. Sleep in adults has two stages including Rapid Eye Movement REM and Non-Rapid Eye Movement NREM [ 2 ].
Sleep quality refers to the mental indicators of each person the way of experiencing sleep for example, feeling rested when waking up, and sleeps satisfaction [ 3 ]. Sleep disturbances are one of the most common problems during pregnancy [ 4 ]. The quality and the quantity of sleep vary in different periods of pregnancy.
It is associated with negative maternal, fetal, and pregnancy outcomes [ 6 ]. The most common sleep disturbances during pregnancy are obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and gastroesophageal reflux disorder.
The etiology of these disorders is multifactorial; it might be associated with physical hyperemesis, nocturia, heartburn, joint and back pain, nasal congestion, contractions, thermoregulatory issues, fetal movements, uncomfortable or unusual sleeping positions, dreams, and nightmares , and mental primarily depression and anxiety causes.
Sleep disturbances may be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as anxiety, preeclampsia, miscarriage, preterm delivery, and longer first and second stage of labor [ 8 ].
Dritsa et al. reported that pregnant women with sleep disturbances have poor physical function [ 9 ] and social health, and physical pain and limitations of daily activity increase in these individuals [ 10 ]. Anxiety is a natural and adaptive reaction to the experience of unsafe or threatened feeling.
It is common during pregnancy; the risk factors are a history of high anxiety or depression, perfectionism, history of miscarriage s , high-risk pregnancy, and major life stressors [ 11 ].
Anxiety during pregnancy may adversely affect fetal development [ 12 ]. At current, a group of antidepressants and sedatives and antipsychotics is at the first line of pharmacological treatment of sleep disturbances during pregnancy, which is limited information on the safe use of these medications in pregnancy [ 13 ].
Cognitive—behavioral therapy CBT is a combination of cognitive and behavioral approaches. CBT reduces cognitive, physical, and behavioral symptoms through the use of specific methods including relaxation, regular desensitization, cognitive reconstruction, response prevention, problem-solving, activity listing, and training of interpersonal skills [ 14 ].
The content of therapy includes identifying thoughts and beliefs, reviewing evidence, and examining cognitions and thoughts that are related to mood and behavior [ 15 ].
Cognitive—behavioral therapy for insomnia CBT-I is a structured program to identify and replace thoughts and behaviors that cause or worsen sleep disturbances with practices that promote proper sleep. The five main components of CBT-I are cognitive restructuring, sleep consolidation, stimulus control, sleep hygiene, and relaxation techniques [ 16 ].
Herbal medicines have been used widely since old days in ancient civilizations [ 17 ]. Aromatherapy is one of the treatments that have grown increasingly in recent years compared to complementary medicine treatments [ 18 ]. According to a recent systematic review, various essential oils, such as lavender, bergamot, and chamomile, have improved sleep quality and reduced stress, pain, anxiety, depression, and fatigue [ 19 ].
These oils help individuals to relax their bodies and minds, leading to better sleep quality. Also, some aromas may increase slow-wave sleep SWS and subjective sleep quality [ 20 ]. One of the essential oils used in aromatherapy is Citrus aurantium.
This essential oil is an amber-colored liquid that turns red in the presence of light. Its smell is strong, very fragrant and its taste is bitter [ 21 ]. Citrus aurantium has central nervous system stimulating and mood-enhancing effects, as well as sedative, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-flatulence, digestive, antihypertensive and diuretic effects [ 22 ].
Based on the literature review, limited studies have been found about the effect of Citrus aurantium on sleep quality, anxiety, and quality of life of pregnant women. In a recent study, this essential oil was effective in reducing the anxiety of women at risk of preterm labor [ 24 ]; it was also effective in reducing anxiety during labor in another study [ 25 ].
No study has been conducted with the integration of CBT and aromatherapy. Considering that poor sleep quality has detrimental effects on mood, psychological function and overall well-being [ 26 ] and given the various studies have reported the sedative and anxiolytic effects of Citrus aurantium [ 22 ], and also CBT helps the patient to recognize and change distorted thought patterns and dysfunctional behaviors [ 14 ].
Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of cognitive—behavioral counseling with and without Citrus aurantium on sleep quality primary outcome , anxiety and quality of life secondary outcomes in pregnant women.
This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 75 pregnant women referring to health centers in Tabriz, Iran from July to February The inclusion criteria included pregnant women with a gestational age of 20—24 weeks, women with poor sleep quality based on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index PSQI score above 5 , having a minimum degree of secondary school, living in Tabriz, having a medical record in the health center integrated health system , lack of olfactory problems and allergy to herbal medicines by examination by the researcher, obtaining a depression score of 12 and lower according to the Edinburgh Pregnancy Depression Scale EPDS.
The exclusion criteria included pregnant women with mental illness and a history of hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital or the use of any psychiatric medication, addiction to drugs and smoking, high-risk pregnancies including diabetes, hypertension, chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular, lung, etc.
The sample size in this study was calculated using G-Power software. According to the results of the study conducted by Effati et al. Sampling began after obtaining the code of ethics from the ethics committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences code: IR.
Sampling was performed in 6 health centers of Tabriz, Iran. The researcher referred to health centers in Tabriz, and then briefly explained the goals and methods of the research to women with 20—24 gestational ages.
If women were willing to participate in the study, they were examined in terms of inclusion and exclusion criteria and eligible individuals were selected. Then, the PSQI and the EPDS were completed through interview with participants by the researcher and participants who scored sleep quality score higher than 5 and a depression score 12 and less, and met other inclusion criteria were included in the study after obtaining informed written consent and then the socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire, Pregnancy-Specific Anxiety Scale PSAS and Pregnancy-Specific Quality of life Questionnaire QOL-GRAV were completed through interview with participants by the researcher.
Participants were randomly allocated to three groups including the first intervention group receiving cognitive—behavioral counseling with aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium essential oil , the second intervention group receiving cognitive—behavioral counseling and placebo , and control group using the block randomization method with the block sizes of 6 and 9 and an allocation ratio of The type of intervention was written on paper and placed in opaque and sealed envelopes that numbered sequentially to conceal the allocation sequence.
The envelopes were opened in the order in which the participants entered the study and the type of group of individuals was determined. Envelopes were prepared by a person not involved in sampling, data collection and analysis. Similar glasses of Citrus aurantium essential oil or placebo were prepared and coded with letters of A and B.
The Citrus aurantium essential oil and placebo had exactly the same appearance smell, color, and shape. The intervention groups received a glass of drug or placebo in addition to counseling. The researcher and participants of intervention groups were blinded to the type of drug received.
The first and second intervention groups received 8 sessions of cognitive—behavioral counseling held in the health center in groups of 5—7 people. The mean duration of counseling sessions was 60—90 min. Cognitive—behavioral counseling sessions were by the first author Master of Counseling in Midwifery under the supervision of the project clinical psychologist in health centers held as 2 sessions per week and lasted for 4 weeks.
The content of the counseling included explaining the goals of training and acquaintance with the members, conducting a pre-test, explaining the importance of treatment, assessing the insomnia, perception of sleep and insomnia, evaluating thoughts, training relaxation, sleep health and new sleep schedules, restriction of sleep, prevention of daily naps, problem-solving skills, summarizing thoughts, reality of sleep, introducing the cycle of thought and feeling and behavior, and training thought blocking.
Due to COVID disease, the last two sessions were held online in the Zoom program due to unwillingness of pregnant women to attend the health center. The content of the counseling sessions was as follows:.
Session 1: Explaining the goals of training and acquaintance with members, conducting a pre-test, teaching how to monitor the baseline of sleep with a sleep report table, reminding the importance of treatment tasks, a complete assessment of the nature of insomnia.
Session 2: Presenting the principles and logic of treatment, teaching the mechanism of sleep and its stages, sleep—wake cycles and underlying factors, maintenance and continuation of insomnia, relaxation training.
Session 3: Reviewing the previous session of treatment, reviewing the findings of the sleep report form, sleep hygiene training, and review the relaxation and new sleep schedule. Session 4: Restricting sleep, preventing daily naps, evaluating thoughts and teaching how to record thoughts related to insomnia and reviewing the assignments of previous sessions sleep report form and homework schedule.
Session 5: Summarizing thoughts, problem-solving skills, reviewing the sleep report form and homework and troubleshooting.
Session 6: Introducing the cycle of thinking, feeling and behavior, reviewing relaxation and training not to try fall asleep and apply all the instructions of the previous sessions and reviewing the homework of the previous sessions sleep report form and homework table.
Session 7: Training thought blocking, mental imaging, troubleshooting cognitive-behavioral therapy plan, reviewing patient homework. Session 8: Reviewing and troubleshooting the cognitive—behavioral treatment plan, noting the progress of treatment according to the sleep calendar to the patients.
The participants in the first intervention group, in addition to cognitive—behavioral counseling sessions, received aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium essential oil, so that they placed 2 drops of Citrus aurantium aromatic distillate on a tissue and inhaled it through normal breathing for 15—20 min before bedtime.
The Citrus aurantium essential oil required for the study was purchased from Bu Ali Sina Medical Company of Iran and after determining the concentration by gravimetric method was used by the Faculty of Pharmacy of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.
The safe dosage was 8 mg of Citrus aurantium essential oil in ml of distilled water. Based on the evaluations made by the pharmacist, the minimum number of drops was considered for pregnant women.
The second intervention group received a placebo with the same prescription. The content of the placebo were distilled water. A kind of aroma was used to make the placebo smell similar to Citrus aurantium essential oil when opening the lid of container; however, it didn't have the potential to stimulate the nervous system.
The control group received only routine prenatal care. Data collection tools included the socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics questionnaire, PSAS, PSQI, and QOL-GRAV, which were completed before and after the intervention through interview with participants.
The PSQI is a self-report tool scored from 0 to 21 and developed by Buysse et al. This questionnaire has seven components that include subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, and sleep disturbances, the use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction.
A score above 5 indicates insomnia and poor sleep quality [ 29 ]. In a study conducted on pregnant women in Tabriz, Iran, the reliability of this tool was reported 0. A modified PSAS was used to measure pregnancy anxiety.
Its short version contains 11 questions. The answer to each question varies from not at all score 1 to very relevant score 5. Higher scores indicate a higher level of anxiety and there is no cut-off point.
In a study conducted in Tabriz, Iran, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained at 0. The QOL-GRAV has 9 questions to assess the level of personal experiences of quality of life during pregnancy. Each item is scored based on the Likert scale ranging from not at all score zero and completely score five.
In this questionnaire, the first six questions are scored in reverse. Persian version of QOL-GRAV has good validity and reliability, so this tool can be used to assess the quality of life of pregnant women [ 31 ].
Data were analyzed by SPSS software. The Kolmogorov—Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of quantitative data and all variables had normal distribution. Chi-square, Chi-square for trend, and Fisher's exact and independent t tests were used to evaluate the homogeneity of groups in terms of sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics.
One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the mean scores of quality of life and anxiety among the intervention groups before the intervention and ANCOVA test was used after the intervention by adjusting the baseline score and the age variable.
Figure 1 shows the study flow diagram. The socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups in terms of all socio-demographic characteristics except age variable, the effect of which was controlled by ANCOVA test.
After the intervention, the quality of life score in the intervention group 1 AMD: 2. The results of this study showed that cognitive—behavioral counseling reduced anxiety and improved quality of life but had no effect on sleep quality.
The results of studies conducted by Edinger and Sampson [ 32 ] on patients at Durham Medical Center showed that cognitive—behavioral therapies improve sleep quality. Also, the results of a study conducted by Reybarczyk [ 33 ] on older adults show that CBT is effective in reducing sleep onset time and improving sleep quality.
In another study by Querstret et al. Thus, the results are controversial. Cognitive—behavioral counseling with or without Citrus aurantium essential oil did not have an effect on quality sleep, which is probably due to differences in participants, the virtual holding of some sessions due to COVID disease, as well as the lack of regular and correct exercise at home.
Along with primary insomnia and physical conditions, pregnancy-specific sleep problems may impede treatment. It seems that CBT may not be sufficient for women with high PSQI scores.
Also, observing sleep restrictions and scheduling might be difficult during pregnancy. There is a need to perform high-quality trials for sleep-related interventions during pregnancy and implement effective programs in standard prenatal care [ 35 ]. Citrus aurantium essential oil did not have an effect on sleep quality in our study.
Based on the literature review, the effect of Citrus aurantium on sleep quality has been less studied than other essential oils, such as lavender, bergamot, and chamomile [ 36 ]. In comparison with the previous studies, the results may be due to the pregnancy-specific conditions and socio-demographic differences of the participants [ 37 , 38 ].
It is recommended that future studies focus more on the above-mentioned items. The results showed that cognitive—behavioral counseling had a positive effect on pregnancy anxiety. Many studies confirm the role of psychological therapies as a way to reduce anxiety and choose natural childbirth in pregnant women.
For example, the results of a study showed that CBT methods reduce anxiety in nulliparous women [ 39 ]. Firouzbakht et al. Another study revealed that psychological education in nulliparous women with severe fear of childbirth reduces the choice of cesarean section and increases satisfaction with the experience of childbirth [ 42 ].
Cognitive reconstruction, also known as rational empiricism, helps people identify the flow of anxious thoughts using logical reasoning for practical testing the content of their anxious thoughts against the reality of their life experiences. In other words, they test the probability of occurring that something that will happen in reality [ 43 ].
Thus, cognitive assessment of events affects the response to those events and will pave the way for changing cognitive activity [ 44 ]. The results of this study showed that cognitive—behavioral counseling has a positive effect on quality of life. In explaining these results, it can be stated that pregnancy is associated with stress, which can affect the quality of life of pregnant women.
Thus, cognitive—behavioral counseling helps pregnant women manage stress, identify stressful situations, and then teach strategies to cope with these situations. CBT equips participants with a variety of integrated techniques that they can use to reduce stress and improve quality of life [ 45 ].
Through training muscle relaxation and diaphragmatic breathing, people are taught to control their daily stress, and through negative thinking and thinking power, people are taught to recognize and control their negative cognitive symptoms [ 46 ].
The effect of cognitive—behavioral counseling with aromatherapy on sleep quality in pregnant women was examined for the first time. In this regard, standard and valid questionnaires were used to assess the consequences and the native language of pregnant women was used during counseling sessions to communicate more with women and these cases can be considered as the study strengths.
All women participating in this study were literate, so this can affect the generalizability of results in illiterate women. Also, we only included pregnant women with a gestational age of 20—24 weeks.
The future studies should be conducted on women in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy.
Dementia is a wakefulness and mental clarity disorder in which learning foe memory are compromised Citrus aurantium for mental performance various complex factors 1. Alzheimer's mentall ADthe most common form mentzl dementia, is a typical age-related degenerative brain disease characterized by performancee Citrus aurantium for mental performance neurons in the hippocampus and Weight management plans 2 — perflrmance. According to a previous study, approximately Citrus aurantium for mental performance million people suffer from AD, among them more than 5 million were diagnosed with AD patients 5. In the current aging society, neurodegenerative diseases such as AD have become critical medical issue worldwide 6. The pathogenesis of AD involves amyloid plaque accumulation, tau protein aggregation, and cholinergic dysfunction that induces neurotoxicity, accompanied by the impairment of cognition, behavior, and emotion 357. Amyloid beta Aβ is generated from the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein APP by the combination of enzymes, β-secretase, and γ-secretase. Aβ 1—42 protein is a fragment of the full-length Aβ that can cause inflammation and synaptic toxicity by initiating different biochemical cascades 89.
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