Sports nutrition supplementation guide -
It illustrates a model to deliver best practice around supplements and sports foods to support their safe, effective, and permissible uses by athletes. The fortification of foods with additional protein is an increasing trend within food industry across a wide range of foods, from breakfast cereals and bars to flavoured milks.
The doping risk profile associated with these foods is confusing for both athletes and performance nutrition practitioners. As such, we commissioned an investigation by a group of sports dietitians to better understand this risk.
This report summarises the learnings from this detailed investigation. The classification of supplements and sports foods is made via consideration of the AIS Sports Supplement Framework Committee and evolves according to new knowledge plus the informed direction of our key stakeholders.
Applications can be made by relevant members including consultants, where appropriate of Performance Support teams within the National Institute Network NIN or National Sporting Organisations NSO within Australia. To submit an application for consideration of the addition or reclassification of a substance use the Supplement Reclassification Form.
Supplement Reclassification Form. The consensus statement on supplements and the high-performance athlete by the International Olympic Committee IOC provides a summary of the challenges faced by the high performance athletes, coaches and support staff when considering the use of supplements.
Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, Larson-Meyer DE, Peeling P, Phillips SM, Rawson ES, Walsh NP, Garthe I, Geyer H, Meeusen R, van Loon LJC, Shirreffs SM, Spriet LL, Stuart M, Vernec A, Currell K, Ali VM, Budgett RG, Ljungqvist A, Mountjoy M, Pitsiladis YP, Soligard T, Erdener U, Engebretsen L.
Br J Sports Med. doi: Nutrition usually makes a small but potentially valuable contribution to successful performance in elite athletes, and dietary supplements can make a minor contribution to this nutrition programme.
Nonetheless, supplement use is widespread at all levels of sport. Products described as supplements target different issues, including 1 the management of micronutrient deficiencies, 2 supply of convenient forms of energy and macronutrients, and 3 provision of direct benefits to performance or 4 indirect benefits such as supporting intense training regimens.
A complete nutritional assessment should be undertaken before decisions regarding supplement use are made. Supplements claiming to directly or indirectly enhance performance are typically the largest group of products marketed to athletes, but only a few including caffeine, creatine, specific buffering agents and nitrate have good evidence of benefits.
However, responses are affected by the scenario of use and may vary widely between individuals because of factors that include genetics, the microbiome and habitual diet.
Supplements intended to enhance performance should be thoroughly trialled in training or simulated competition before being used in competition.
Inadvertent ingestion of substances prohibited under the anti-doping codes that govern elite sport is a known risk of taking some supplements. Protection of the athlete's health and awareness of the potential for harm must be paramount; expert professional opinion and assistance is strongly advised before an athlete embarks on supplement use.
Nutrition Supplements. Benefits and risks of using supplements and sports foods. Previous - visual effect only Overview Group A Group B Group C Group D Athlete Resources. Search for:. Home Nutrition News What Should I Eat? What happens to the body during physical activity?
When we exercise, our bodies use three main sources of fuel: carbohydrates , fat , and protein. Carbohydrates, which are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of glycogen, provide the most efficient source of energy during exercise.
Glycogen can be easily metabolized into glucose, which provides immediate energy to fuel the brain, nervous system, and muscles during exercise. As glycogen stores are depleted, the body begins to break down fat to burn for fuel, especially during low- to moderate-intensity activity. In the latest stages of prolonged exercise when glycogen stores are at their lowest, the body begins to break down skeletal muscle protein for glucose production.
Physical activity can also induce muscle growth, also known as hypertrophy. Weight lifting and other resistance training exercises are commonly used to increase skeletal muscle mass, but cardiovascular exercise like running can also spur muscle growth. Physical activity causes structural damage to muscle fibers, especially when muscles are challenged with multiple repetitions of heavy weights.
A variety of factors influence how rapidly muscles grow with exercise, including the amount of weight lifted and the number of repetitions. Spotlight on protein powder Powdered protein can come from a variety of sources, including eggs , milk e. Protein powders are dietary supplements and are not reviewed by the FDA for safety or effectiveness.
They can often contain non-protein ingredients, including vitamins and minerals , thickeners, added sugars , non-caloric sweeteners , and artificial flavoring. Casein and whey contain all essential amino acids and are easily absorbed by the body, but their speed of absorption differs.
Casein, on the other hand, is not soluble in water and is digested more slowly than whey—when ingested, it forms a clotted gel in the stomach that provides a sustained slow release of amino acids into the bloodstream over several hours.
However, multiple studies have found no clear evidence that casein is more effective than any other protein source for satiety or weight loss. It is a common alternative to milk protein for vegans or people with dairy sensitivities or allergies.
Soy protein is absorbed fairly rapidly by the body, although it is not as bioavailable as animal-based proteins. One study found that soy protein promoted muscle protein synthesis significantly more than casein protein when consumed by healthy young men at rest and after leg resistance exercise, but that soy protein was inferior to whey protein in increasing muscle protein synthesis.
Pea protein is rich in eight of the nine essential amino acids; it is low in methionine, which can be obtained from other sources including rice and animal proteins. There is limited research on the effects of pea protein. One double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study found that men aged 18 to 35 years who ingested 50 grams of pea protein daily in combination with a resistance training program over 12 weeks experienced similar increases in muscle thickness compared to those who ingested the same amount of whey protein daily.
Hemp protein powder is derived from the seeds of the hemp plant. Although there is little research on the use of hemp protein powder as a workout supplement, it contains omega-3 fatty acids and a number of essential amino acids.
However, it is not a complete protein, as it has relatively low levels of lysine and leucine. References Council for Responsible Nutrition.
Economic Impact of the Dietary Supplement Industry. Accessed October, Grand View Research. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: nutrition and athletic performance.
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Wilborn CD, Sale C, Kreider RB, Jäger R, Earnest CP, Bannock L, Campbell B.
International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. Hobson RM, Saunders B, Ball G, Harris RC, Sale C. Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis. Amino acids. Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, Larson-Meyer DE, Peeling P, Phillips SM, Rawson ES, Walsh NP, Garthe I, Geyer H, Meeusen R.
IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. Ganio MS, Klau JF, Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. Effect of caffeine on sport-specific endurance performance: a systematic review.
Spriet, L. Caffeine and exercise performance. Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine.
Burke LM. Caffeine and sports performance. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism. Carpenter, M. Caffeine Powder Poses Deadly Risks. The New York Times. Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, Ziegenfuss TN, Wildman R, Collins R, Candow DG, Kleiner SM, Almada AL, Lopez HL.
International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. Volek JS, Rawson ES. Scientific basis and practical aspects of creatine supplementation for athletes. Rawson ES, Persky AM. Mechanisms of muscular adaptations to creatine supplementation.
International SportMed Journal. Kreider, R. Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations. Francaux M, Poortmans JR. Effects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body mass.
European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. Jagim AR, Stecker RA, Harty PS, Erickson JL, Kerksick CM. Safety of creatine supplementation in active adolescents and youth: A brief review.
Frontiers in nutrition. Buford TW, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Greenwood M, Campbell B, Spano M, Ziegenfuss T, Lopez H, Landis J, Antonio J.
International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise. Kreider RB, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Campbell B, Almada AL, Collins R, Cooke M, Earnest CP, Greenwood M, Kalman DS, Kerksick CM. Journal of the international society of sports nutrition.
Rodriguez NR, DiMarco NM, Langley S. Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association. American college of sports medicine joint position statement. nutrition and athletic performance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. Burke LM, van Loon LJ, Hawley JA.
Postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. Murray B, Rosenbloom C. Fundamentals of glycogen metabolism for coaches and athletes. Nutrition reviews. National Academies of Medicine.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids Macronutrients. Jäger R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, Cribb PJ, Wells SD, Skwiat TM, Purpura M, Ziegenfuss TN, Ferrando AA, Arent SM, Smith-Ryan AE.
International society of sports nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. Hoffman JR, Falvo MJ. Protein—which is best?. Haug A, Høstmark AT, Harstad OM. Bovine milk in human nutrition—a review. Lipids in health and disease.
Wilson J, Wilson GJ. Contemporary issues in protein requirements and consumption for resistance trained athletes. Dangin M, Boirie Y, Guillet C, Beaufrère B. Influence of the protein digestion rate on protein turnover in young and elderly subjects. The Journal of nutrition. Boirie Y, Dangin M, Gachon P, Vasson MP, Maubois JL, Beaufrère B.
Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences.
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