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Myths, Misconceptions and Special Circumstances - Nutrition For Fat Loss- Lecture 8 Article Pag ovdrall. Tailoring Nutrient Intake to Wellnesss Goals Nutrition periodization for overall wellness Block, M. Kravitz, Ph. Introduction Techniques of exercise periodization for developing muscular fitness have been made popular by a growing body of research Fleck, Studies consistently demonstrate that periodization programs are among the most effective muscle strengthening exercise protocols that exist Fleck,Nutrition periodization for overall wellness -
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The 5 Most Common Things Keeping You Fat. In the mitochondria, PGC-1α coactivates Tfam to coordinate regulation of mitochondrial DNA and induces expression of key mitochondrial proteins of the electron transport chain, for example, COX subunits.
Similar to PGC-1α, p53 also translocates to the mitochondria to modulate Tfam activity and mitochondrial DNA expression and to the nucleus where it functions to increase expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial fission and fusion Drp-1 and Mfn-2 and electron transport chain protein proteins.
The various main approaches to manipulating CHO availability in relation to training are presented in Table 2. Essentially, it is now recognized that manipulation of both endogenous and exogenous CHO availability before Hansen et al.
These modalities may more naturally lend themselves to train-low sessions given the nonweight-bearing activity and lower eccentric loading compared with running.
Second, the CHO requirements of the typical training sessions undertaken by elite track and field athletes are not well known and practitioners must use theoretical knowledge of glycogen utilization from relevant laboratory and field-based studies to organize appropriate manipulation of training and diet.
Of particular note to track and field athletes are the negative effects of reduced CHO and energy availability on markers of bone turnover Sale et al. Although this needs to be confirmed in a longitudinal model, prolonged periods of training with reduced CHO availability may potentially increase the risk for stress fractures, in runners who are already at risk for RED-S and stress fractures Heikura et al.
Indeed, low CHO availability may mediate disturbed reproductive function in its own right Loucks, , creating another pathway to explain the increase in musculoskeletal injuries seen with low EA Rauh et al. Similarly, reduced CHO availability during training may lead to increased susceptibility to illness owing to the role of CHO in modulating postexercise immune responses Costa et al.
Indeed, Impey et al. Overview of Practical Approaches to Manipulate Endogenous and Exogenous CHO Availability Within CHO Periodization Strategies. For a summary of the terminology and rationale of different strategies of periodized fuel support for training and competition, see Burke et al. and competitive goals e.
An illustration of the implementation of periodized CHO availability in the real world was provided by a week case study of three elite marathon runners Stellingwerff, These athletes undertook a weekly average of 2.
However, during the subsequent 4-week period which focused on competition preparation, nutritional strategies shifted toward an increased frequency of practicing CHO fueling during training sessions 2.
Rather, careful day-to-day periodization is likely to maintain metabolic flexibility and still allow the completion of high-intensity and prolonged duration workloads on heavy training days.
Intuitively, train-low may be best left to those training sessions that are not as CHO dependent and where the intensity and duration is not likely to be compromised by reduced CHO availability e. As with all nutritional strategies, application of CHO periodization should only be done in conjunction with appropriately qualified nutrition professionals and be continually refined and optimized.
Although endurance-trained athletes have an enhanced capacity for fat oxidation compared with untrained, this adaptation is clearly not maximized from training alone as it can be doubled, or even tripled, by chronic adaptation to a LCHF diet Burke et al.
However, studies have shown that as little as 5 days of exposure to HFLC diets, while continuing to undertake both high volume and intensity of training, achieves a robust retooling of the muscle to increase intramuscular triglycerides stores, and enhance the mobilization, transport, uptake, and oxidation of fats for review see Burke, By itself, however, chronic adaptation to a NK-LCHF does not translate into clear improvements in endurance performance, except in specific scenarios or individuals Burke, Therefore, a microperiodization protocol which theoretically could sequentially enhance the capacity of both fat- and CHO-based fuel oxidation prior to an endurance event has been proposed; this involves a 5—6 days fat adaptation phase followed by acute restoration of CHO availability just prior to and during the endurance task Burke et al.
Investigation of this protocol showed that the muscle retooling achieved by the fat-adaptation phase is robust in continuing to promote higher rates of fat oxidation in the face of aggressive strategies to restore high CHO availability during the endurance task Burke et al.
Despite substantially reduced rates of muscle glycogen utilization during the early part of the exercise task, there was no clear enhancement of a subsequent time trial in any of these studies.
One apparent explanation for this outcome is that, rather than sparing glycogen utilization, chronic exposure to a high-fat diet causes an impairment of CHO oxidation during exercise due to a reduction on glycogenolysis and a downregulation of the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex [PDH; Stellingwerff et al.
Data from rodent models suggests that such inhibition of PDH activity may actually be due to the effects of reduced muscle glycogen availability. Indeed, commencing exercise with reduced muscle glycogen augments the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ PPAR-δ; Philp et al.
In human muscle, however, we have recently shown that the downregulation of CHO metabolism appears to be a consequence of the high-fat diet and increased fat availability rather than CHO restriction alone Leckey et al.
The consequences of reduced CHO utilization within the tricarboxylic acid cycle are likely to manifest in a reduced capacity for ATP production at high intensities. The proposed benefits of chronic adaptation to ketogenic LCHF diets has also received recent attention in both the lay Brukner, and the scientific press Noakes et al.
However, Phinney et al. already noted that this feat was achieved in the face of impairments of capacity to undertake exercise at higher intensities. A more recent investigation of 3. In this study, some of the highest rates for fat oxidation ever reported in the literature were achieved following adaptation to the K-LCHF diet, under conditions of either fasting or intake of fat during a prolonged exercise protocol.
However, this was associated with an increase in the oxygen cost i. Taken together, chronic LCHF interventions have been shown to a decrease CHO oxidation Burke et al.
This would decrease the effectiveness of CHO feeding strategies, thus increasing the risk of gut disturbances Jeukendrup, b.
It is important that coaches and athletes understand the metabolic demands and limiting factors in their events Figure 1 , and trial-specific interventions on an individual level Figure 3 , and realize that all sustained majority of track and field events are exceptionally CHO dependent.
The numerous various events in athletics, all with unique bioenergetics, biomechanical, and structural performance determinants, lend themselves to endless permutations of potential periodized nutrition interventions.
Therefore, this review took a holistic approach to develop a nutrition periodization framework to guide practitioners in the field across these nutrition periodization options, while grounding them in targeted intervention first principles Figure 1 and Table 1.
From this framework, the literature has been examined regarding macro-, meso-, and microperiodization of CHO availability, and consequently, fat periodization Table 2 and Figure 2 , with considerations and recommendations to individualize and test in the field, as required Figure 3.
However, Figure 1 highlights various other nutrition examples of periodization that are beyond the scope of this review, but we would highlight a few other papers in this series that also feature periodized nutrition examples for protein Witard et al.
With an appreciation of the complexities of training periodization, future directions in this field should include better quantification of knowledge and application of existing periodized approaches in elite athletes, as well as systematically controlled CHO periodization approaches over prolonged training blocks in larger cohorts of athletes.
In summary, the field of periodized nutrition has made considerable gains over the last decade, but is ripe for further progress. Akerstrom , T. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 3 , — PubMed ID: doi Areta , J. Skeletal muscle glycogen content at rest and during endurance exercise in humans: A meta-analysis.
Sports Medicine. Advance online publication. Bartlett , J. Reduced carbohydrate availability enhances exercise-induced p53 signaling in human skeletal muscle: Implications for mitochondrial biogenesis. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 6 , — Brukner , P.
Can elite athletes eat LCHF and win? Burke , L. Fueling strategies to optimize performance: Training high or training low? Sports Medicine, 45 Suppl. Adaptations to short-term high-fat diet persist during exercise despite high carbohydrate availability.
Commentary: Towards a universal understanding of diet-exercise strategies to manipulate fuel availability for training support and competition preparation in endurance sport.
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28 5 , — Contemporary nutrition strategies to optimize performance in distance runners and race walkers. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs exercise economy and negates the performance benefit from intensified training in elite race walkers.
The Journal of Physiology, 9 , — Carey , A. Effects of fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on prolonged endurance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 91 1 , — Costa , R. The effects of a high carbohydrate diet on cortisol and salivary immunoglobulin A s-IgA during a period of increase exercise workload amongst Olympic and Ironman triathletes.
International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26 10 , — Nutrition for ultramarathon running: Trail, track, and road. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, Gut-training: The impact of two weeks repetitive gut-challenge during exercise on gastrointestinal status, glucose availability, fuel kinetics, and running performance.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 42 5 , — Cox , G. Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling.
Journal of Applied Physiology, 1 , — Coyle , E. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. Journal of Applied Physiology, 61 1 , — De Bock , K.
Effect of training in the fasted state on metabolic responses during exercise with carbohydrate intake. Journal of Applied Physiology, 4 , — Hansen , A.
Skeletal muscle adaptation: Training twice every second day vs. training once daily. Journal of Applied Physiology, 98 1 , 93 — Havemann , L.
Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance. Hawley , J. Carbohydrate dependence during prolonged, intense endurance exercise. Hearris , M. Regulation of muscle glycogen metabolism during exercise: Implications for endurance performance and training adaptations.
Nutrients, 10 3 , E Heikura , I. Low energy availability is difficult to assess but outcomes have large impact on bone injury rates in elite distance athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28 4 , — Heydenreich , J.
Total energy expenditure, energy intake, and body composition in endurance athletes across the training season: A systematic review. Sports Medicine Open, 3 1 , 8. Hulston , C. Training with low muscle glycogen enhances fat metabolism in well-trained cyclists. Impey , S. Fuel for the work required: A theoretical framework for carbohydrate periodization and the glycogen threshold hypothesis.
Issurin , V. New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization. Sports Medicine, 40 3 , — Jeukendrup , A. Periodized nutrition for athletes. Sports Medicine, 47 Suppl.
Training the gut for athletes. Kiely , J. Periodization paradigms in the 21st century: Evidence-led or tradition-driven? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 7 3 , — Periodization theory: Confronting an inconvenient truth. Sports Medicine, 48 4 , — Krogh , A.
The relative value of fat and carbohydrate as sources of muscular energy: With appendices on the correlation between standard metabolism and the respiratory quotient during rest and work. Biochemical Journal, 14 3—4 , — Larson-Meyer , D. Assessment of nutrient status in athletes and the need for supplementation.
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28 2 , — Leckey , J. High dietary fat intake increases fat oxidation and reduces skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in trained humans. The FASEB Journal, 32 6 , — Loucks , A. Energy balance and energy availability.
Maughan Ed. Oxford, UK : Wiley Blackwell. Marquet , L. Melin , A. Energy availability in athletics: Health, performance, and physique. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,.
Morton , J. Reduced carbohydrate availability does not modulate training-induced heat shock protein adaptations but does upregulate oxidative enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 5 , — Mountjoy , M.
International Olympic Committee IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport RED-S : update. Mujika , I. Case study: Long-term low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs performance and subjective wellbeing in a world-class vegetarian long-distance triathlete.
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 13 , 1 — 6. Murakami , H. Accuracy of wearable devices for estimating total energy expenditure: Comparison with metabolic chamber and doubly labeled water method.
JAMA Internal Medicine. Nash , C. Tacit knowledge in expert coaching: Science or art? Quest, 58 , — Noakes , T. Low-carbohydrate diets for athletes: What evidence?
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48 14 , — Peeling , P. Sports foods and dietary supplements for optimal function and performance enhancement in track-and-field athletes. Philp , A. Glycogen content regulates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor- partial differential PPAR-partial differential activity in rat skeletal muscle.
PLoS ONE, 8 10 , e Phinney , S. The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: Preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 32 8 , — Pilegaard , H.
Substrate availability and transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes in human skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 54 8 , — Psilander , N.
Exercise with low glycogen increases PGC-1α gene expression in human skeletal muscle. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 4 , — Rauh , M. Associations between the female athlete triad and injury among high school runners.
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 9 7 , — PubMed ID: Sale , C. Effect of carbohydrate feeding on the bone metabolic response to running.
Journal of Applied Physiology, 7 , — Selye , H. Stress and the general adaptation syndrome. British Medical Journal, 1 , — Slater , G. Dietary approaches to optimize training adaptation and performance.
Stellingwerff , T. Case study: Nutrition and training periodization in three elite marathon runners. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22 5 , — Case-study: Body composition periodization in an olympic-level female middle-distance runner over a 9-year career.
Nutritional strategies to optimize training and racing in middle-distance athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25 Suppl. Contemporary nutrition interventions to optimize performance in middle-distance runners.
Decreased PDH activation and glycogenolysis during exercise following fat adaptation with carbohydrate restoration.
Many people Nktrition into Optimal Recovery Nutrition look to elite athletes Nutritiion coaches for training ideas oerall inspiration. Most high level athletes Joyful thoughts cultivation a training principle wellnesw as periodization training to Lower cholesterol with fiber-rich foods the body to periosization Optimal Recovery Nutrition conditioning safely. Periodization training is the deliberate manipulation of training variables to optimize performance for competition, prevent overtrainingand progress performance. Variable adjustments in duration, load, or volume are planned out over a specific period of time to achieve these objectives 1. For athletes, the goal is to mix up load variables training intensity or volume at different times of the year to allow the athlete to peak at certain times. These peak times usually coincide with competitions.
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