Herbal medicine for skin conditions -
Euphorbia hirta : Its chemistry, traditional and medicinal uses, and pharmacological activities Pharmacog rev , , 4 7 , Effects of Cream Containing Ficus carica L.
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Volume: 21 Issue: 3. Affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh,India. Abstract: Human skin is considered as the first line of defense and barrier against the majority of infections caused through the skin that affect humans.
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Current Bioactive Compounds. Current Cancer Drug Targets. Current Cancer Therapy Reviews. Current Diabetes Reviews. Current Drug Safety. Finally, out of 37 different skin ailment groups, the plants used for the treatment of most of them were J. regia 25 different skin ailment groups , L. nobilis 18 groups , M.
sylvestris 18 groups , U. dioica 18 groups , P. major 16 groups , A. sativum 15 groups , H. perforatum 15 groups , Cichorium intybus L. chamomilla 14groups , O. europaea 14 groups , P. nigra 14 groups , P. lanceolata 14 groups , R. canina 14 groups , S. ebulus 14 groups , V.
vinifera 14 groups , A. millefolium 13 groups , A. cepa 13 groups , Chelidonium majus L. carica 12 groups , J. oxycedrus 12 groups , and S. nigra 12 groups. Most of these plants comprise the most cited plants as well, with the exception of P.
nigra which was reported only in Turkey, C. intybus which was reported in Greece and Turkey and H. perforatum and C.
majus which were reported in ethnobotanical studies in all four countries Figure 8. FIGURE 8. Cited species in most ailment groups. Comparison between contemporary data and Dioscorides. Each entry contained suggested modern botanical names for the plants described by Dioscorides.
The suggested plant names reported in each entry were validated by the databases and were eventually consolidated into different entries, since several entries corresponded to the same plant species.
The method of cataloguing each entry was performed in the same way as in the analysis of the field studies described above. The suggested species with the highest number of reported uses among all the aliment categories Figure 9 were V. vinifera L.
europaea L. dioica Jacq. Tutin 12 groups , Gagea lutea L. Ker Gawl. communis L. major L. minor L. sativum L. carica L. Webb 10 groups , Triticum aesetivum L.
ex Fleming, Balanites aegyptiaca L. Delile 9 groups , while the preparation methods were similar to the ones used today. FIGURE 9. Suggested species with the highest number of reported uses according to Dioscorides. The lack of data concerning Leprosy G38 in the modern ethnobotanical studies can be attributed to the fact that leprosy greatly diminished in the study area around Kyriakis et al.
A total 1, reports were recorded. In Figure 10 , the most cited ailment categories treated according to Dioscorides are shown. These are wounds etc. G33, reports G15, reports, G4, 72 reports, 6. G8, 66 reports, 6. G19, 65 reports, 6.
G36, 58 reports, 5. Three groups, such as cellulites G11 , keratolysis G23 and general skin ailments undefined G32 , are not mentioned in De Materia Medica.
FIGURE Most cited ailment categories according to Dioscorides. Leprosy G38 is only reported in Dioscorides. These are J. regia L. G2, G4, G5, G9, G16, and G33 , L. nobilis L. G5 and G16 , U.
dioica L. G4, G9, G16, and G33 , M. sylvestris L. G4, G5, G6, G16, G33, and G34 , P. G3, G4, G5, G9, G16, G20, G23, and G33 , H. perforatum L. G33 , A. G2, G10, G16, G29, and G33 , M.
chamomilla L. ebulus L. G5, G16, and G33 , P. nigra J. Arnold G2, G4, G9, G16, and G33 , O. G4, G5, G6, G9, G20, G33, and G36 , V. G4, G5, G6, G9, G10, G14, G16, G25, G29, and G33 , C. majus L. G23 , A. millefolium L. G3, G9, and G33 , A. cepa L. G2, G9, and G16 , M.
G1, G2, G9, G28, and G33 , S. nigra L. G5 and G33 , and F. G4, G9, G16, G20, and G Two plant species are not mentioned in the ancient manuscript P. lanceolata L. and J.
oxycedrus L. intybus L. is mentioned but not for the same skin ailments, while one species R. canina L. is mentioned, but not for skin related diseases Table 2.
TABLE 2. The results obtained during the extensive bibliographical analysis of the ethnobotanical field studies are presented in Table 3 in alphabetical order.
Only taxa used in traditional medicine in Greece are shown, along with their corresponding families. The number of their total uses against skin ailment categories in the study area was calculated.
TABLE 3. Taxa reported in Greek ethnobotanical field studies, cross-referenced with the other countries and De Materia Medica. The percentage of common taxa reported between the ethnobotanical studies conducted in Greece and Albania is The percentage of common taxa reported between the ethnobotanical studies conducted in Greece and those conducted in Albania and Cyprus is low, even though they are countries with high historical and cultural connections, as aforementioned.
This can be justified considering that since not many ethnobotanical studies have been carried out in Albania 7 studies and Cyprus 5 studies , many plants have not yet been recorded, even though they may be used for the treatment of skin diseases nowadays.
This conclusion can be strengthened by the fact that only 29 and 40 different families including 60 and 82 different taxa respectively have been reported in these two countries up to now.
On the other hand, even though the number of ethnobotanical studies conducted in Turkey studies with different taxa is vastly higher than those conducted in Greece 13 studies with different taxa , the percentage of common taxa reported is high. This could be due to geomorphological factors, floristic similarities, as well as historical and cultural reasons.
Turkey is part of the continent of Asia and Europe, while Greece represents the tip of a peninsula appertaining to the continent of Europe. Greece, in spite of its small territory, has the richest flora in Europe, in terms of plant biodiversity per area unit and one of the richest worldwide.
The wide geological history, the presence of different rock substrates limestones, schists, and granite serpentine and the complicated topography represent some of the factors that contribute to the floristic variety and diversity Strid, The Greek flora consists of at least 6. Turkey, on the other hand, extends through a vast geographical area including coastal landmarks Mediterranean and Black sea , dessert plains, lakes and highlands with mountain steppes Kuzucuoğlu et al.
The migratory pressure from east to west is much greater than that from west to east Strid, Moreover, inhabitants of the European part, as well as those of the Mediterranean coastline of Turkey have been in constant contact with people from the Balkans through trade and in relation to many historical facts.
As such, there has been a reciprocal influence throughout the ages concerning traditional medicine and other cultural and social traditions. Inhabitants of East- and Southeastern Anatolia on the other hand were mostly influenced, both commercially and culturally, by Asian populations due to the constant flow of trade along the Silk Roads MA, Since ethnobotanical studies included Turkish populations deriving from the whole Turkish domain, both European and Asian, it is somewhat expected that traditional medicine of Turkey is comprised by a blend of all these elements and cultures.
Despite the different territorial size between Turkey and Greece, the floristic, historical, and cultural correlation lead to an important common number of species present in the ethnobotanical studies conducted in both countries.
Out of different taxa reported in Greek ethnobotanical filed studies, taxa were common, whereas were not mentioned in De Materia Medica , yet 36 are only mentioned as genera. Moreover, 5 species occurring in the Greek studies are mentioned in the ancient manuscript but are not reported for skin related ailments.
Furthermore, Greek traditional medicine, as well as other social and cultural aspects have been influenced by many different peoples, not only through commercial trade, but also due to occupation.
From Byzantium to Francs and the Ottoman Empire, there has been a blending of all these different traditions and cultures through centuries.
Additionally, Dioscorides refers to treatments against many skin ailments also present today, creating a strong bond between the past and the present. However, the data of this comparison will change over time, since few ethnobotanical studies have been carried out in the four countries on the topic up to now.
The limited number of surveys should raise concern because many Greek populations, especially in remote areas, still possess this vital knowledge. Although their experience has not been recorded, it is transmitted through generations orally. In the present review, an extensive literature search was performed concerning published ethnobotanical field studies conducted in Albania, Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey up until May , collecting data from published articles concerning skin related ailments.
This documentation can significantly contribute to the preservation of the ethnobotanical knowledge of the study area, since it is the first time that such a data collection was catalogued and statistically elaborated.
Our findings suggest that traditional medicine plays an important role in the culture of Albanians, Cypriots, Greeks, and Turks and that the four populations, related historically and culturally, are demonstrated to have a common background on the use of medicinal plants against various skin diseases.
The analysis showed that there is a substantial necessity to carry out more ethnobotanical field studies in this area but also in other countries of the Balkan Peninsula and the Mediterranean Sea to reveal more medical practices and treatment remedies not yet encountered.
As a result, this can give rise to delving into other important herbal manuscripts enabling them as sources of evidence deriving from the past, and to evaluate the traditional medical practices described, not only against skin disorders, but also for the treatment of other ailments.
AC, ZS, and NA contributed to the study conception and design. ET, VA, ED, and AV collected the information from the ethnobotanical studies and ancient manuscript.
Data preparation and analyses were performed by ET and VA. The first draft of the manuscript was written by ET, VA, and AC and all authors commented on different versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. NA collected the publication fee. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Green building materials is Hebal shield and mwdicine against the external environment, helping in the control of the Hedbal Avocado Nutrition Facts fluids and temperature, condituons protecting us Growing Oranges at Home harmful microbes and chemicals, and at the Avocado Nutrition Facts time providing safety against sunlight burns. In a Herbal medicine for skin conditions organ, skin consists of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers Tranggono ; Altay and Karahan Human skin exhibits problems that range from simple dryness to severe erythema and scaling. These signs are occasionally complemented by pruritus and inflammation and also associated with edema which increases discomfort. Depending on the causes, skin diseases are generally divided into two groups: the first group covers microorganismic skin infections including warts, shingles, and ringworm, and the second group consists of noninfectious diseases including cholinergic urticarial, allergic urticarial, and acne, etc.
Ich tue Abbitte, es kommt mir nicht ganz heran. Wer noch, was vorsagen kann?
Wacker, dieser prächtige Gedanke fällt gerade übrigens
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