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Antioxidants and Types of antioxidant systemsAntioxidant potential of plants -
Maisuthisakul P, Pasuk S, Ritthiruangdejc P Relationship between antioxidant properties and chemical composition of some Thai plants.
J Food Compos Anal — Kim IS, Yang MR, Lee OH, Kang SH Antioxidant activities of hot water extracts from various spices. Int J Mol Sci — Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Wojdyło A, Oszmiański J, Czemerys R Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs.
Wong SP, Leong LP, Koh JHW Antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of selected plants. Li HB, Wong CC, Cheng KW, Chen F Antioxidant properties in vitro and total phenolic contents in methanol extracts from medicinal plants.
LWT-Food Sci Technol — Miliauskas G, Venskutonis PR, Van Beek T Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts.
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Hinneburg I, Dorman HJ, Hiltunen R Antioxidant activities of extracts from selected culinary herbs and spices. Katalinic V, Milos M, Kulisic T, Jukic M Screening of 70 medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant capacity and total phenols.
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Hill T, Lewicki P Statistics, methods and applications: a comprehensive reference for science, industry, and data mining. StatSoft Inc, Tulsa. Download references.
The investigations were financially supported by a statutory research, Grant No. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. Hallera , , Gdansk, Poland.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Marek Wesolowski. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Ulewicz-Magulska, B. Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Potential of Herbs Used for Medical and Culinary Purposes.
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Abstract Herbs used for medical purposes are required to meet high pharmacopoeial quality standards, whereas spices used as additives to dishes and food products do not have to meet such rigorous standards. Phenolic production and antioxidant properties of some Macedonian medicinal plants Article 15 August Antioxidant Activity and Profile of Phenolic Compounds in Selected Herbal Plants Article Open access 02 July Comprehensive study on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic profiles of black seed and other spices and herbs: effect of solvent and time of extraction Article Open access 26 June Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction The human body possesses innate defense mechanisms, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione, ubiquinone and uric acid, to neutralize free radicals in the form of endogenous antioxidants [ 1 , 2 ].
Materials and Methods Plant Material A set of 21 samples consisting of 10 medicinal herbs and 11 spices, all of which were obtained in powdered form, was used for analysis. Table 1 Total phenolic contents TPC and total antioxidant capacity for methanolic and water extracts of herbs and spices determined using DPPH test TAC DPPH and FRAP test TAC FRAP Full size table.
Results and Discussion Previous studies Table 1 , Supplementary Materials have confirmed that medicinal herbs and spices are abundant in essential oils and phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids and flavonoid derivatives.
Full size image. Conclusions This study shows that the majority of medicinal herbs and spices have similar TPC and TAC levels. Abbreviations DPPH: 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power TAC: total antioxidant capacity TPC: total phenolic content.
References Surveswaran S, Cai Y, Corke H, Sun M Systematic evaluation of natural phenolic antioxidants from Indian medicinal plants. Food Chem — Article CAS Google Scholar Razali N, Mat-Junit S, Abdul-Muthalib AF, Subramanian S, Abdul-Aziz A Effects of various solvents on the extraction of antioxidant phenolics from the leaves, seeds, veins and skins of Tamarindus indica.
Food Chem — Article CAS Google Scholar Maisuthisakul P, Pasuk S, Ritthiruangdejc P Relationship between antioxidant properties and chemical composition of some Thai plants. It is one of the semi-humid mountainous areas of Iran To select the sampling sites, at first, habitats of the plant were identified through field surveys.
The geographic and climatic characteristics of the study sites are shown in Tables 1 and 2. To sample the studied plant, in June , coinciding with the appearance of fruit based on the traditional use of these organs by people from the region and the presence of phenolic compounds in the plants at this time , nine populations were selected randomly from each site.
The specimens were transferred to the laboratory after being harvested and exposed to open air to dry. Also, one sample of the whole plant was collected and pressed. The plant was identified by a botanist and recorded in the University of Kashan herbarium with code number At each point of plant harvest, soil samples from the rootstock of the plant were collected at a depth of 0.
After 4 days, the dried extracts were separated from the plates using a spatula. In this study, the ability of plant extracts to act as an antioxidant for the radical 2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl DPPH was measured.
The reduction in absorption by this compound has a linear relationship with the amount of antioxidant. Therefore, if the antioxidant agent is increased, DPPH is more consumed and its color changes from violet to yellow.
To investigate the antioxidant property, it seems necessary to use a standard test. In this study, butylated hydroxy toluene BHT was used as the standard control. To ensure the accuracy of the test and to reduce the error rate, each of the tests of standard extract and the control was repeated three times, and after averaging the data, the IC50 of each of the samples was determined.
The following solutions were prepared for this test: The solution of DPPH: 7. Since the solution of DPPH degrades and decomposes in light, a dark volumetric flask was used at the end of the work. The color of the resulting solution over time changes from purple to yellow due to its rapid recovery in the environment.
Typically, after preparing the solution of DPPH, a preliminary test was performed to ensure its high standard.
If the absorption read between 1. In the next step, concentrations of 0. All components of the extract were completely dissolved in methanol and the resulting solution was homogeneous. Then, solutions with concentrations of 0. One milliliter of each of the above solutions was poured into the corresponding dark volumetric flask.
At the end of the calculation, the percentage of antioxidant contained was calculated according to the plot of the negative logarithm of the concentration in EXCEL, and the IC50 was calculated in micrograms per milliliter.
The percentage of inhibition was calculated using the following equation. In this study, the Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to measure the total amount of phenolic compounds.
The following solutions were prepared for the Folin—Ciocalteu test:. Gallic acid standard solutions: 1. One milliliter of ethanol was added to each tube containing gallic acid.
In the next step, 0. At first, the device was zeroed with the control solution, then the absorbance of each of the solutions was read three times and the average of the three readings taken. From the absorption assays, the absorbance graph of the concentration μg was plotted in the EXCEL and the line equation was calculated Fig.
Extract solutions: After the total phenol content of the gallic acid standards was analyzed, a total phenol test was performed for the plant samples. Instead of 0. For each plant sample, the average of the three readings was calculated and used in the equation of the standard gauge line obtained from the equation of the gallic acid line, and the concentration of the phenolic compounds in the extract of the plant was calculated using the amount of gallic acid, measured in micrograms:.
The present study was carried out in a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with two factors elevation and region and three replications.
The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. A Pearson correlation test was used to study the correlation between plant attributes, elevation, and soil properties.
The sample size was Also, multiple regression was used to determine the relationship between soil characteristics and extracts.
Based on the results of the analysis of variance, the yield of the extract of S. striata from the studied sites and elevations was significantly different.
The results of the comparison of the average yield of extracts from different sites showed that the highest extract yield came from the samples from Dareshahr, whereas there was no significant difference between the two other sites for the yield extract Fig.
In addition, the results shown in Table 4 indicate that the third elevation at the first site Badreh with Figure 3 shows that the highest IC50 belonged to Baderh However, at the first altitude, the highest IC50, and the highest elevation, the lowest IC50, were recorded Fig.
Comparison of the mean effect of site on the antioxidant capacity of S. striata according to the IC50 using the DPPH test.
Comparison of the mean effect of elevation on the antioxidant capacity of S. In addition, according to the results presented in Table 5 , the first and second elevation of Baderh produced The analysis of variance of the total phenolic compound content of S.
The comparison of the averages from the different sites Fig. Furthermore, according to Fig. The results shown in Table 6 show that the highest total phenol content The correlation results of different soil characteristics and the elevation above the sea level with different quantities of plant extract are listed separately for the studied sites in Table 7.
Also, Table 8 shows the regression equation for each of the plant quantities in different sites. The yield of extract in Baderh had a significant correlation with all variables except acidity and potassium level. An indirect correlation was only found with electrical conductivity Table 7.
However, the amount of organic matter had the highest direct correlation with a yield of extract. The regression results confirm this correlation Table 8. In Dehloran, elevation, acidity, electrical conductivity, and soil phosphorus content were not correlated with the yield of plant extracts, and other characteristics of soil other than lime had an indirect correlation with this characteristic.
Also, the highest indirect correlation with organic carbon, organic matter, and nitrogen was recorded Table 7 , which confirms the results of regression in Table 8. It should be noted that based on the results of the correlation of extraction efficiency with all variables in Dareshahr, and the lack of a significant correlation of soil characteristics and elevation with a yield of extract, no regression model was introduced.
The results indicate that the antioxidant capacity in the Badreh site had was indirectly correlated with elevation and phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, organic matter, and nitrogen levels. The regression equation represents these relationships Tables 7 and 8.
In Dehloran, acidity had the highest indirect correlation with antioxidant capacity, which is seen in the resulting regression equation. It is worth noting that the elevation and amount of soil phosphorus were negatively correlated and the electrical conductivity positively correlated with this characteristic Tables 7 and 8.
Based on the results shown in Tables 7 and 8 , at the Dareshahr site, the antioxidant capacity was indirectly correlated with the lime and sand percentage. Also, the clay percentage, silt content, acidity, and electrical conductivity had a direct correlation.
The regression equation represents these relationships. The results shown in Tables 7 and 8 showed that in the Baderh site, the total phenol content was significantly directly correlated with elevation and all soil properties, except for electrical conductivity and clay percentage.
The total phenol content was significantly indirectly correlated with sand percentage. Also, elevation showed the highest correlation with the total phenol content of the plant.
The regression equation shows this clearly. This vegetative characteristic in Dehloran, except for acidity and phosphorus and gypsum, had a significant correlation with other variables. The regression results showed that only elevation above sea level had a significant relationship with the total phenol content.
In Dareshahr, the total phenol content was significantly directly correlated with acidity, lime content, potassium content, and sand percentage. However, it had a significant indirect correlation with electrical conductivity and silt percentage.
Among these, acidity was found to have the highest correlation with this characteristic in the regression equation. The effect of site on the extract yield was significant and the highest yield of extract belonged to samples from Dareshahr reported different yields of the extract of Thymus danesensis in different sites.
The effect of habitat on the amount of secondary metabolites in different herbs has been studied previously. In most cases, the role of habitat has been emphasized as a factor affecting the quantity and accumulation of secondary metabolites 23 , 24 , 25 , which is in agreement with the results of this study.
The location a plant grows can affect the process of producing effective substances due to temperature and humidity changes The mechanisms underlying environmental effects on the accumulation of secondary metabolites is not properly understood. However, the environment influences the type and number of chemical reactions through its effect on the process of metabolite production and factors associated with the production process eg.
The relative rainfall and relative humidity of the Dareshahr were reported to be However, no correlation was found between the yield of the extract from this site and soil characteristics and elevation, and there were no statistically significant differences between the different elevations.
Thus, it can be said that climatic conditions moderate semi-arid climate are more dominant. It is noteworthy that the dominance by climatic conditions is much more pronounced than in Dehloran, where the climatic differences between the two sites Dereshahr and Dehloran are quite clear Table 2.
However, the effect of the interaction between elevation and site on the yield of the extract was significant, and at the highest elevation of Badreh, the yield of the extract was statistically equal to Dareshahr. The direct correlation between elevation and efficiency in this site is a reason for this, since at high altitudes, radiation, especially UV-B, is increased However, the results of the study by 28 on Marrubium vulgare L.
showed a negative correlation between altitude and yield. The plant species and other ecological factors, including geographic location, might be factors affecting this difference in results.
Changes in temperature gradient due to altitude change are the most important factors in plant life, and factors such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, available water content, and received radiation change with increasing or decreasing in elevation. The plant is also affected by biomass changes, and changes in altitude and the location of the altitude can change many of the ecophysiological reactions Increasing the elevation above sea level increases ambient light, reduces plant height, and increases the number of branches.
High light intensity in comparison to natural light causes a general growth of branches, increasing the number of branches and lateral branches, thickening the branches, coloring and brightening the leaves, increasing the chlorophyll content, reducing stomatal breathing, and increasing the photosynthetic potential, and in these conditions, the dry weight yield increases.
However, based on the results of the regression, the increase in organic matter in this site Dareshahr increased the yield of the extract. Similar results by 30 using Mentha longifolia L. were obtained in Marand habitats. To date, many studies have been conducted to investigate the interaction between vegetation and soil 31 , 32 and have substantiated the correlation between vegetation and soil in their studies Organic matter is known to be one of the fertility elements of the soil due to its effects on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil.
Other features of organic materials include water absorption and preservation, and the prevention of erosion and the pollution of groundwater. The presence of more organic matter in the soil with optimum moisture storage, better root growth, and a gradual release of nitrogen, increased nitrogen uptake.
However, due to the high amount of organic matter in the soil, the availability of soil phosphorus is likely to increase. Organic matter in the soil causes nutrients in the soil with a low solubility to be absorbed by organic matter and become usable and absorbable for the plant Soil organic matter increases the phosphorus content by increasing the solubility of insoluble phosphorus.
It indirectly prevents phosphate precipitation at pH 6 to 9, which is inaccessible to the plant. However, the loamy texture of the soil at this elevation increased the absorption of water by the roots of the plants and, with increasing photosynthesis and plant growth, the percentage yield increased, which is consistent with the results of In Dehloran, the extract yield was positively correlated with gypsum and limestone levels and had a direct correlation with potassium, organic carbon, organic matter, and nitrogen, so that with the increase in nitrogen with increasing elevation, the extract yield decreased and at the third elevation, the site had the lowest returns.
It seems that the different climatic conditions of Dehloran warm and dry climate, annual rainfall of Environmental conditions can affect nitrogen use efficiency.
Temperature is one of the ecological factors limiting the growth of plants and the synthesis of effective materials by medicinal plants found similar results when studying the effects of the application of nitrogen in semi-arid and temperate cold conditions on the herb thyme.
However, based on the hypothesis proposed by 37 , access to nutrients limits the production of secondary metabolites by plants, especially as the accumulation of substances in plant tissues increases and this resource is directly allocated to biochemical pathways.
When the environmental conditions are favorable and sufficient nutritional elements are available to the plant, the theory of GDB Growth-differentiation balance management mode between growth and the production of secondary metabolites leads to vegetative production and tends to produce protein by assigning photosynthetic materials.
However, in unfavorable and poor environments when nutrients such as GDB nitrogen are restricted to production and not assigned to secondary metabolites and can be stored to protect and eliminate environmental hazards in later stages. The results showed that the IC50 values varied from Since IC50 is inversely associated with the anti-radical activity of the compounds, the lower the IC50, the higher the antioxidant activity Based on the results of this study, the effect of the site on the antioxidant activity of the plant was significant, which is consistent with the findings of 14 , 22 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , Dareshahr, with the lowest IC50, had the highest antioxidant activity.
The antioxidant compounds contained in plant extracts have several functions and their activity and mechanism of action strongly depend on their composition and environmental conditions, since these conditions affect the synthesis of plant chemicals that have antioxidant properties The relative humidity and low temperature of this site are one of the factors affecting the increase in antioxidant activity in their review of the anti-oxidative activity of Ferula assafoetida L.
emphasized this. In addition to climatic factors, soil conditions can be affected. At this site, there was a direct correlation between acidity, electrical conductivity, and the silt percentage of the soil with the IC50, and a strong inverse correlation between the lime and soil percentage with the IC Therefore, increasing the concentration of soil salts, as well as the heavier soil texture, hurts antioxidant activity.
The lowest amount of antioxidant activity was found in samples from the Baderh site. Although this site was climatically similar to the Dareshahr site, it seems that soil conditions determine the anti-oxidant property of the collected samples in this site relative to the Dareshahr.
Soil properties are the effects of other environmental factors over time, and there is a strong correlation and close relationship between vegetation and soil, such that a change in the state of each one will have a profound effect on other functions of the ecosystem.
The acidity in the Bardeh site with an average pH of 3. As indicated in the regression equation for this site, increasing acidity is directly and significantly related to increases in IC50 and a reduction in antioxidant activity, however 42 , when examining Gundelia tournefortii L.
The effect of elevation on the quantity of this herbal was significant; as the elevation increased, the IC50 decreased and the antioxidant property increased 13 , 38 , 45 , 53 , achieved similar results.
There was a significant correlation between the altitude above sea level and IC50 in the Badreh site. Hence, with increasing elevation, antioxidant activity increased and reached its highest content at the third altitude of the site.
Altitude as a peripheral environmental factor is highly correlated with some of the constituents of the plant Research in other plants such as Heracleum sp. and Arnebia euchroma L. has shown a direct relationship between elevation and the consequent effects of environmental stresses on the amount of active ingredients and, most importantly, the enhancement of free radical inhibitory potency and the antioxidant capacity of the extract of these plants 56 , Therefore, it can be concluded that at high altitudes, due to the reduced temperature and increased exposure to UV radiation of the organ of responsible for the synthesis of antioxidant compounds, antioxidant activity increases with increasing altitude.
In the Dehloran site, the strong correlation between elevation and IC50 was significant, therefore at the highest elevation, the highest antioxidant activity was observed for this site. It should be noted that the effect was not significant in the Dareshahr site.
Also, the interaction between elevation and site on antioxidant activity was significant, which is consistent with the results of Temperature variation due to changes in elevation is one of the most important factors influencing the habitat of a plant In this site Badreh , changes in soil properties with changes in elevation were among the factors affecting the reduction in IC50 and the increased antioxidant activity.
It should be noted that the soil acidity at the third elevation was the lowest 8. However, the antioxidant activity in the Dehloran site with hot and dry climate was the least rainfall and higher temperature than the other two sites in addition to the climate, under the influence of elevation and some characteristics of the soil were.
In this site, the IC50 had a direct correlation with the electrical conductivity and had an inverse relationship with soil elevation, acidity, and phosphorus. Therefore, along with a decrease in the electrical conductivity and an increase in phosphorus and acidity with elevation, antioxidant activity increased.
The amount of phosphorus in this site was 1. It can be said that the high phosphorus content of the Dehloran site compared to the Baderh site despite the similarity between the climatic conditions of Badreh and Dareshahr led to a decrease in the antioxidant properties of extracts from Dehloran 58 in a study of the antioxidant activity of Bunium persicum Boiss.
The findings indicate that the effect of the site on the total phenol content of the plant was significant 14 , 22 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 53 , 59 achieved similar results with other plants. However 60 , noted in their study that the effect of the site on the total phenol content was not significant.
The highest content of total phenolic compounds was observed in Dareshahr. Phenolic compounds are found in a wide range of plants. The production of these compounds, although under the control of genetic factors, are significantly affected by the environment Studies have shown that environmental factors, such as rainfall and average temperatures, as well as the concentration of nutrients in the soil, can alter the level of polyphenolic compounds Climatic factors, such as high rainfall and high relative humidity, and lower temperatures in the site might be a reason for the higher total phenol content in the site 50 obtained similar results for Ferula assafoetida and 62 for Berberis vulgaris.
Also, the phenol content plants in this site were correlated with acidity, limestone, sand content, and soil potassium, and there was a direct correlation with electrical conductivity and silt percentage, which is evident in the regression equation. Therefore, lighter soil texture, reduced salinity, and increased lime and potassium increased the amount of plant phenolic compounds.
In this site, the highest amount of potassium, sand and lime percentage was recorded 50 also noted an increase in phenol in Ferula assafoetida in line with a decrease in salinity.
The lowest total phenol content was observed in Baderh, indicating the dominance of other ecological factors elevation and soil in decreasing the amount of phenol relative to the Dareshahr. Elevation; acidity; the concentration of phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, organic matter, and nitrogen; the lime percentage, and silt percentage with a direct correlation, and the sand percentage with a reverse correlation, controlled the total phenol content.
Among these characteristics, it seems that reducing the percentage of sand and increasing the percentage of silt Furthermore, elevation above sea level had a significant effect on the amount of phenol, by the results of 13 , 38 , 45 , 48 , In Baderh, with increasing elevation, the amount of phenol increased and reached its highest point at the highest altitude.
In many herbaceous species, it has been shown that the synthesis of certain derivatives of the phenolpropanoidide pathway, including flavonoids such as flavanones, flavonols, and also anthocyanins, are encouraged in response to UV Among the living organisms, plants are more vulnerable to UV due to their inevitable need for photosynthesis Plants vary in terms of UV sensitivity, and this difference is due to differences in plant species, the variety in agriculture, growth stages, the source of light, exposure time, and environmental conditions.
UV targets in plants include proteins, biomembranes, photosynthetic pigments, optical photocysts, plant hormones, and DNA It has been determined that to protect the internal tissues of leaves and stem from the destructive effects of ultraviolet radiation, absorbent flavonoids, especially flavonols and anthocyanins, accumulate in the surface of epidermal cells.
These compounds are potent inhibitors of ROSs Reactive Oxygen Species and thus prevent the peroxidation of lipids in plant tissues. It has been reported that the factor of elevation affects the amount of secondary metabolites in plants.
Also, it causes many climate differences. Increases in phenolic compounds with elevation might be a response to the increase in UV rays 63 , However, in Dehloran, with increasing altitude, the amount of phenol decreased and reached its lowest point in the site.
Furthermore, in Dareshahr, elevation did not have any effect on the amount of phenol. Soil and climatic characteristics in these two sites appear to have had more of an impact on the amount of phenol.
In contrast, the interaction between site and elevation had a significant effect on the phenol content of the plant, which is consistent with the findings of The highest amount of total phenol The acidity, potassium concentration, lime, and sand percentage, which correlate directly with the amount of phenol in this site, reached their highest level at mid-elevation.
Also, the electrical conductivity and silt content of the soil at this elevation were significantly lower than at the two other elevations.
However, the elevation did not affect the amount of total phenol. Additionally, the lowest total phenol content Temperature regulates the biosynthetic pathway of phenolic compounds both at high and low temperatures. A reduction in these compounds at high temperatures can be due to a reduction in mRNA transcription In Dehloran, electrical conductivity had a strong direct correlation with the total phenol content.
At the lowest elevation in this site, the highest electrical conductivity 5. In the study by 14 on Dittrichia graveolens L. Plants either avoid salinity or tolerate it. Therefore, due to increased salt stress, flavonoids and phenols increase A secondary aspect of the salinity problem in plants is the induction of the production of free oxygen radicals, which increases under stress in the plant and affects macro-molecules in the cellular interior causing them to degrade.
The plant uses antioxidants to combat these types of radicals 67 , Increasing the amount of active oxygen radicals in the plant activates various mechanisms in the plant to reduce the toxic effects of oxidative stress caused by salinity stress. Under these conditions, the amount of antioxidants increases and ROS inhibitors increase to reduce the toxic effects of oxidative stress due to salinity stress The results indicate that there is a significant correlation between antioxidant activity and the total phenol content in the two valleys.
The results of many studies, such as 62 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 also confirm this correlation. The antioxidant activity of phenols is mainly due to their oxidation properties and their reduction, which allows them to act as reducing agents and suppliers of hydrogen and oxygen.
The key role of phenolic compounds has been reported as the removal of free radicals 75 , Antioxidants are divided into two main groups based on their performance: primary and secondary antioxidants.
Primary antioxidants act to donate an electron or hydrogen to radicals, whereas secondary antioxidants act as an aidant, by providing hydrogen and recovering the primary antioxidants Phenols and flavonoids are commonly used to remove free radicals 78 , Phenolic OH groups are one of the preferred groups for the loss of a proton from single oxidized forms.
The stability of the resulting phenoxyl radicals increases their antioxidant properties and the ability of most compounds containing multiple hydroxyl groups to eliminate oxidized free radicals, as well as preventing the formation of free radicals due to lipid peroxidation However, there is a strong correlation between the total phenol content and plant antioxidant activity in Dehloran.
This phenomenon shows that the presence of other non-phenol compounds, especially flavonoids, contributes to the antioxidant properties of this population. Studies have shown that in addition to phenolic compounds, other factors also affect the level of antioxidant activity.
Therefore, due to the complexity of the compounds in the plants, it is difficult to establish a relationship between the antioxidant activity and the particular plant compounds Polar and non-polar collections seem to be involved in creating antioxidant properties.
Of course, further research to identify the components of the extract of this plant will help to detect antioxidant compounds 45 also achieved similar results in Dianthus sp.
In some plants, the antioxidant activity might be due to unknown compounds or synergistic interactions between different materials. In addition to saponins, phenols and flavonoids are also known as antioxidants. Each plant has a wide range of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant properties of each of these substances depend on their chemical structure.
Therefore, phenolic compounds probably comprise an important part of the antioxidant compounds of this plant, which grows in semi-arid and temperate climates in Dareshahr, at higher altitudes with lower temperatures of the mud.
However, in the warm and dry sites of Dehloran, salinity was one of the important factors in the formation of phenol. Low molecular weight antioxidants function as redox buffers that interact with numerous cellular components and influence plant growth and development. In addition, these antioxidants may influence gene expression associated with biotic and abiotic stress responses to maximize defense against microbial pathogens and animal herbivores.
Secondary metabolites provide passive and active resistance. In passive resistance, metabolites are continuously available, despite the presence of stressors, whereas in active resistance, metabolites are produced in response to specific stressors.
Among all secondary metabolites, phenolic antioxidants appear to be the most important. Plant phenolics are mainly classified into five major groups, phenolic acids, flavonoids, lignans, stilbenes and tannins.
It has commonly been assumed that the antioxidant capacity of phenolics will increase with the number of free hydroxyls and conjugation of side chains to the aromatic rings.
Moreover, they are known to interact with other physiological antioxidants such as ascorbate or tocopherol and to synergistically amplify their biological effects. Attending to the mechanism underlying the antioxidant— oxidant reaction, the methods were divided in hydrogen atom transfer HAT and single electron transfer SET techniques.
HAT-based methods measure the capacity of an antioxidant to trap free radicals by hydrogen donation, while SET methods rely on the one-electron transfer reductive ability of an antioxidant compound versus a radical species.
There are many analytical methods for the determination of antioxidant activity reported that can be classified into several main categories: electroanalytical, chromatographic, spectroscopic and other methods.
Bioquochem has developed a new technology for the measurement of plant extracts: eBQC Natural Ingredients. A quick and easy way to quantify the total amount of antioxidants is with ebqc-NI.
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Herbs used for Antkoxidant purposes are required Plyometric and explosive movements meet Abtioxidant pharmacopoeial quality standards, whereas spices used Antioxixant additives to dishes Antioxidan food products do not have to meet Antioxidant potential of plants rigorous Antioxidant potential of plants. Therefore, the aim plznts this nAtioxidant was to compare Antioxiant herbs and spices of the same plant Ajtioxidant Herbal energy tablets are applied in different areas with regard to the total phenolic content TPC and total antioxidant capacity TAC of their methanolic and water extracts. This study showed that the TPC values of both extracts prepared from medicinal herbs and spices as quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent did not differ significantly; however, the TAC values obtained by the DPPH assays of the methanol and water extracts differed significantly. No such differences were found for the same extracts when the FRAP assay was used for analysis. This study shows that the level of antioxidants is dependent on the plant species and the botanical family. Digestive health essentials you for visiting nature. You are ;lants a browser version with limited support for CSS. Herbal energy tablets obtain the oc experience, we Anyioxidant you use a more up to Antioxidznt browser Real-time glucose sensor turn potentiaal compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Scrophularia striatacommonly known as figwort, is one of the most important medicinal plants that mainly grows in cold regions of the Zagros Mountains West of Iran. Although the chemical composition of this plant species has not yet been explored, people living in Ilam province W Iran have used it for many years to treat different illnesses.
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