Being stressed for a long time can lead to other health problems or make them worse. Anxiety—feelings of worry, fear, or being on edge—is how your mind and body react to stress.

Managing a long-term condition like diabetes is a major source of anxiety for some. Studies show that therapy for anxiety usually works better than medicine, but sometimes both together works best. You can also help lower your stress and anxiety by:. Anxiety can feel like low blood sugar and vice versa.

It may be hard for you to recognize which it is and treat it effectively. There will always be some stress in life. But if you feel overwhelmed, talking to a mental health counselor can help. Ask your doctor for a referral. You may sometimes feel discouraged, worried, frustrated, or tired of dealing with daily diabetes care, like diabetes is controlling you instead of the other way around.

It happens to many—if not most—people with diabetes, often after years of good management. Instead, these approaches have been shown to help:. Your health care team knows diabetes is challenging, but may not understand how challenging.

And you may not be used to talking about feeling sad or down. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to search. Español Other Languages. Diabetes and Mental Health.

Español Spanish. Minus Related Pages. Getting help for a mental health issue can help you manage diabetes, too. Learn More. Video: Managing Stress 10 Tips for Coping With Diabetes Stress How to Help a Loved One With Diabetes When You Live Far Apart Depression and Anxiety Mental Health Provider Directory Dealing With Diabetes Burnout CDC Diabetes on Facebook CDCDiabetes on Twitter.

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The Roettkers have been JDRF Ride participants since the beginning, pedaling thousands of miles to end T1D. For them, it's not just about the miles—it's about the mission. Our in-house scientists oversee a diverse portfolio of research tracks, leaving no stone unturned in our search for a cure.

While our focus is on curing type 1 diabetes T1D , we also pursue new treatments to keep people with T1D healthy until that day comes. Outside of the lab, we push for increased government funding for research, and work with academia, clinicians, insurers and regulators to get new therapies and devices to market quickly and safely.

Walk on your own, or register with your family, friends, classmates or colleagues. Want more ways to connect with your community? JDRF hosts a variety of events year-round, including golf tournaments , galas , summits , support groups , research opportunities and rides.

They quickly became active members of the JDRF community, doing school fundraisers, T1D education workshops and starting a JDRF One Walk team. Six years later, the unimaginable happened again.

Keyoshi was diagnosed with T1D. She had been a participant in TrialNet, a JDRF-funded program that offers risk screening for relatives of people with T1D. They credit TrialNet with potentially saving her life.

Fast forward 45 years, and Dan is strong and healthy at He credits his health to the advancements in treatment and care over the years. He has been an early adopter of every technology that has come along, and exercises regularly as part of a healthy lifestyle. Dan has found he has had to be a strong advocate for himself with healthcare providers.

He had made sure to work with clinics and professionals that specialize in T1D and keep up with the latest technology and treatment options. He enjoys mentoring others with T1D and helping them discover a path to staying strong and minimizing complications.

Maddy Arnstein has lived with T1D for over 50 years. She became involved with JDRF when she saw the dramatic difference technologies like the insulin pump could have on her life. Maddy was quickly drawn to advocacy—initially to help secure continued renewal of funding for the Special Diabetes Program SDP.

But once she started using a continuous glucose monitor, she dedicated herself to fighting for Medicare coverage.

In , Maddy took part in JDRF Government Day, meeting with her members of Congress. When Will Stevens complained of aches and pains, the doctor advised his mother, Cassie, to give him a baked potato before basketball practice and to make sure he had plenty of Gatorade to drink.

He lost weight and was tired all the time. When they went to the hospital, Will was diagnosed with T1D. Ariana Shakibinia decided to study public health in large part because she lives with T1D. She had always been interested in public policy, but she says living with this disease has made her more vested in the healthcare conversation.

Tyler played college basketball at Utah State from , and had the opportunity to play in three NCAA tournaments. His coaches and trainers always had Gatorade or candy on hand in case his blood glucose dropped during a game. Tyler tested his blood glucose right before training, and during halftime breaks.

He says working out and playing basketball has helped him to better control his T1D.

There are a number of ways you can help support someone with diabetes, including:. Beyond Type 2. Litchman ML, Walker HR, Ng AH, et al. State of the science: a scoping review and gap analysis of diabetes online communities.

J Diabetes Sci Technol. Hilliard ME, Sparling KM, Hitchcock J, Oser TK, Hood KK. The emerging diabetes online community. Curr Diabetes Rev. Defeat Diabetes Foundation. The tools you need to win the fight to defeat diabetes.

American Diabetes Association. Diabetes type 2 forum. Diabetes Daily. Welcome to Diabetes Daily! Herrero N, Guerrero-Solé F, Mas-Manchón L. Participation of patients with type 2 diabetes in online support groups is correlated to lower levels of diabetes self-management.

How and where to find in-person support groups and social activities for young adults with diabetes. Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. By Heather Jones Heather M. Jones is a freelance writer with a strong focus on health, parenting, disability, and feminism. Use limited data to select advertising.

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Carenity: Type 2 Diabetes Community. Frequently Asked Questions. Online vs. Frequently Asked Questions Where can I find online support groups for diabetes?

Learn More: Everything You Need to Know About Disability Support Groups. How can you best support someone with diabetes? There are a number of ways you can help support someone with diabetes, including: Educating yourself on their condition Seeing them as an individual with unique needs Attending their appointments if they want you to Asking what they need and listening to what they say Recognizing that managing diabetes can be time-consuming and allowing time for checking blood sugar and other necessary procedures during your plans together Respecting their boundaries and not expecting them to share everything about their condition or experience with you Understanding that changes in blood sugar can cause mood shifts Engaging in the same lifestyle choices and activities they are, such as a healthful diet and physical activity Knowing how to recognize the signs of low blood sugar and what to do about it.

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We prefer a shorter-duration sulfonylurea or one with relatively lower risk for hypoglycemia eg, glipizide , glimepiride , since longer-acting glyburide is associated with a higher risk of hypoglycemia, especially in older or frail patients.

In addition, there are good data providing reassurance of the cardiovascular safety of these sulfonylureas. See "Sulfonylureas and meglitinides in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Cardiovascular effects'.

The glycemic efficacy of sulfonylureas in combination with other oral agents is illustrated by the findings of a meta-analysis of trials in which sulfonylureas were added to oral agents predominantly metformin or thiazolidinediones [ 56 ].

Compared with placebo, the addition of sulfonylureas to oral diabetes treatment lowered A1C by 1. The clinical use, side effects, and concerns about the cardiovascular safety of sulfonylureas are reviewed separately.

See "Sulfonylureas and meglitinides in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus". SGLT2 inhibitors are associated with modest weight loss.

With both medication classes, weight loss effects are stronger when the medication is combined with sustained efforts at dietary modification. In patients with diabetes mellitus and biopsy-proven NASH, pioglitazone has been shown to improve fibrosis as well as inflammation and steatosis.

GLPbased therapies also appear to improve liver biopsy evidence of NASH. These studies are reviewed in detail separately.

See "Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults", section on 'Patients with NASH and diabetes'. The potential benefits of these drugs must be balanced with their associated adverse effects.

In particular, pioglitazone is not typically a first-choice agent due to adverse effects, including increased risk of weight gain, fluid retention, HF, fractures, and the potential increased risk of bladder cancer.

It may play a role in the treatment of selected patients with severe insulin resistance, NASH or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease , at low risk of fracture. Adverse effects of pioglitazone may be minimized by using 15 to 30 mg rather than the 45 mg highest dose.

See "Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults", section on 'Patients with NASH and diabetes' and "Thiazolidinediones in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Safety' and "Glucagon-like peptide 1-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Adverse effects'.

Trials comparing other combinations are reviewed separately in the individual topics. See "Glucagon-like peptide 1-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Glycemic efficacy' and "Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Glycemic efficacy' and "Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for the treatment of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Glycemic efficacy'.

Dual agent failure — For patients who have deterioration of glycemic management on dual therapy, the options include:. Although guidelines suggest combining SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists [ 1 ], we do not usually add an SGLT2 inhibitor to GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy for hyperglycemia alone given the absence of data showing additive cardiovascular and kidney benefit and increased patient burden cost, polypharmacy, adverse effects.

The choice of additional therapy should be individualized, as discussed above for patients with monotherapy failure, based on efficacy, glycemic target, risk of hypoglycemia, the patient's underlying comorbidities, impact on weight, side effects, and cost.

See 'Monotherapy failure' above. In patients on sulfonylureas and metformin who are starting insulin therapy, sulfonylureas are generally discontinued, while metformin is continued. In patients on a DPP-4 inhibitor who are starting a GLP-1 receptor agonist or dual-acting GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist, the DPP-4 inhibitor should be discontinued.

Insulin dose requirements can decrease precipitously with the addition of these medications, requiring patient education and close follow-up with insulin dose adjustment in the short term to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia.

See "Glucagon-like peptide 1-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Cardiovascular effects' and "Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for the treatment of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Cardiovascular effects'. In a meta-analysis of randomized trials evaluating the addition of a third agent in patients inadequately managed with two agents predominantly metformin and a sulfonylurea or metformin and a thiazolidinedione , triple-agent combinations reduced A1C to a greater extent than two agents [ 58 ].

In trials lasting 52 to 54 weeks, the addition of thiazolidinediones, GLP-1 receptor agonists, or SGLT2 inhibitors to metformin and sulfonylurea reduced A1C to a similar extent, and tirzepatide imparted even greater A1C reduction.

However, these trials did not directly compare the third-line agents with each other. Moreover, only the GRADE study was of sufficient duration to determine long-term glycemic effects.

For patients who are not well managed on two oral agents, switching to insulin may be less expensive than adding a third oral or injectable agent, depending on which insulin and which third oral or injectable agent is selected. Insulin initiation and intensification — If a decision has been made to add insulin to oral hypoglycemic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes, a single daily dose of either insulin NPH or detemir given at bedtime or insulin glargine or degludec given in the morning or at bedtime is a reasonable initial regimen [ 1 ].

Metformin , GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors can be continued when insulin is added, whereas sulfonylureas and pioglitazone are usually discontinued due to reduced efficacy in comparison with other combinations and to adverse effects [ 59 ].

Patients should measure blood glucose at appropriate times, and usually once to twice per day, depending on the insulin used and timing of administration.

For example, if bedtime NPH is used, it should be adjusted based on fasting glucose levels. More frequent self-monitoring should be implemented during insulin dose adjustment and when changes in daily activities traveling, changes in diet or exercise pattern or acute illness makes insulin adjustments necessary.

The dose of basal or long-acting insulin may be adjusted every three to four days until fasting glucose targets are achieved.

Once an insulin regimen is stable, less frequent glucose monitoring may suffice. See "Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Titrating dose'. Related Pathway s : Diabetes: Initiation and titration of insulin therapy in non-pregnant adults with type 2 DM.

For patients who continue to have poor glycemic management on basal insulin after titration, diet and exercise patterns should be reviewed. Potential next steps include adding rapid-acting insulin before the largest meal and then two or three meals if needed , adding a GLP-1 receptor agonist, or changing to premixed insulin twice daily figure 5.

Several premixed combinations of basal and prandial insulin or basal insulin and a GLP-1 receptor agonist are available. See "Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Designing an insulin regimen' and "General principles of insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus" and "Glucagon-like peptide 1-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus".

Use of an intensive insulin regimen with multiple daily injections MDI; similar to that used in type 1 diabetes may be necessary in insulin-deficient type 2 diabetes.

Patients with type 2 diabetes on MDI or with insulin deficiency may benefit from devices used more commonly in type 1 diabetes such as insulin pumps or continuous glucose monitors.

See "Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion insulin pump " and "Glucose monitoring in the ambulatory management of nonpregnant adults with diabetes mellitus", section on 'CGM systems'. MDI results in higher serum insulin concentrations and better glycemic management than that achieved with either an oral drug or basal insulin therapy alone [ 7 ].

MDI in type 2 diabetes may require large doses of insulin to overcome insulin resistance and can be associated with substantial weight gain averaging 8. Patients with type 2 diabetes with generalized obesity or with central overweight, often with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, frequently require insulin doses in the range of 65 to units per day or much higher.

Although the total daily dose of insulin may be high, the insulin dose per kilogram is less remarkable. High daily insulin requirements may prompt consideration of use of concentrated insulins, such as U glargine or U regular insulin.

Concentrated insulin formulations deliver more potent insulins in smaller volumes, which is less cumbersome for patients and facilitates improved insulin absorption. See "General principles of insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus", section on 'U regular insulin' and "General principles of insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus", section on 'Basal insulin analogs'.

While use of concentrated insulins is often effective for glycemic management, the worsening obesity associated with high-dose insulin can result in progressively increasing insulin requirements. This phenomenon may then lead to reconsideration of addition of an insulin-sparing agent eg, GLP-1 receptor agonist or thiazolidinedione or bariatric surgery.

See 'Bariatric metabolic surgery' below and "Medical nutrition therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus". The vast majority of these CVD safety studies were placebo-controlled and enrolled all or a majority of patients with pre-existing CVD or at high cardiovascular risk, representing a minority of the type 2 diabetes population.

The long-term benefits and risks of using one agent over another in the absence of diagnosed CVD or high atherosclerotic CVD ASCVD risk are less clear. Thus, the results of these trials are most applicable to patients similar to the trial population and not to all patients with type 2 diabetes [ 2,60 ].

Cardiovascular benefit has been demonstrated for some of these medications when taken in combination with metformin , but benefit has not been definitively established in drug-naïve patients at low to moderate cardiovascular risk.

See 'Without established cardiovascular or kidney disease' above. The cardiovascular effects of each diabetes drug when data are available is reviewed in the individual topics. See "Metformin in the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Cardiovascular effects' and "Sulfonylureas and meglitinides in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Cardiovascular effects' and "Glucagon-like peptide 1-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Cardiovascular effects' and "Thiazolidinediones in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Cardiovascular effects' and "Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Cardiovascular effects' and "Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for the treatment of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Cardiovascular effects' and "Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus".

They can reduce A1C values slightly 0. They act predominantly by lowering glucose concentrations after meals but may be poorly tolerated because of flatulence and other gastrointestinal GI side effects.

However, if they are started at a low dose 25 mg before meals and slowly increased, they can be effective in people who follow high-carbohydrate diets. See "Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for treatment of diabetes mellitus". Pramlintide is only approved for use in patients also taking prandial insulin, and therefore, it is not generally used in patients with type 2 diabetes.

It also has frequent GI side effects. See "Amylin analogs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus". In , another inhaled insulin preparation was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration FDA. Inhaled insulin causes a very rapid rise in serum insulin concentration similar to that after subcutaneous rapid-acting insulins and faster than that after subcutaneous regular insulin.

It is designed to be used to manage postprandial glucose levels. Inhaled insulin may cause a transient cough with each inhalation, and it requires pulmonary monitoring. It is used infrequently in patients with type 2 diabetes.

See "Inhaled insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus". Colesevelam's mechanism of action to improve glycemia is uncertain [ 64 ]. One possibility is that bile acid sequestrants act in the GI tract to reduce glucose absorption. In a meta-analysis of five short-term trials 16 to 26 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately treated with oral agents or insulin, the addition of colesevelam compared with placebo modestly reduced A1C levels mean difference 0.

The meta-analysis was limited by the high or unclear risk of bias in the individual trials. Side effects can include constipation, nausea, and dyspepsia. In contrast to its effects on LDL cholesterol, colesevelam increases triglyceride concentrations by approximately 20 percent [ 66,67 ].

The clinical implications of this increase are unknown. See "Lipoprotein classification, metabolism, and role in atherosclerosis", section on 'Apolipoprotein C-III'. Given the modest glucose-lowering effectiveness, expense, and limited clinical experience, we typically do not recommend colesevelam to improve glycemic management in patients with type 2 diabetes.

See "Management of hyperprolactinemia", section on 'Overview of dopamine agonists'. A quick-release formulation of bromocriptine has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus [ 68 ].

In short-term clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, bromocriptine up to 4. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache [ 70 ]. The mechanism of action in reducing blood sugar is unknown. Given its modest glucose-lowering effect, very frequent GI side effects, and the availability of more effective drugs, we do not recommend bromocriptine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

BARIATRIC METABOLIC SURGERY — In patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity, bariatric and metabolic surgical procedures that result in sustained, major weight loss have been shown to lead to at least temporary remission of diabetes in a substantial fraction of patients.

Bariatric surgical procedures are targeted at weight loss in the setting of obesity; the term "metabolic surgery" is used when a major goal of surgery is to improve diabetes or other metabolic diseases eg, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Patient selection — Surgical treatment of obesity is an option to treat type 2 diabetes in appropriate surgical candidates with [ 71 ]:.

Surgical treatment has also been endorsed in patients with type 2 diabetes with BMI 30 to Given the increasing availability of potent GLPbased therapies and lack of comparative effectiveness data for bariatric surgery and these potent agents, we review these options with our patients and engage in shared decision-making.

See "Initial management of hyperglycemia in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus", section on 'Diabetes education' and "Bariatric surgery for management of obesity: Indications and preoperative preparation", section on 'Indications'.

Outcomes — Unblinded trials have compared bariatric surgery with medical therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes see "Outcomes of bariatric surgery", section on 'Diabetes mellitus'. However, relapse of diabetes usually occurs over time, with 35 to 50 percent of patients who initially achieved diabetes remission after surgery experiencing a recurrence [ 72,75 ].

Nevertheless, bariatric surgery improves glycemia substantially and significantly more than medication therapy, and most patients have marked improvement in glycemic management for at least 5 to 15 years after surgery. The effects of bariatric surgery on diabetes-related complications are reviewed in detail elsewhere.

See "Outcomes of bariatric surgery", section on 'Diabetic complications'. Risks and concerns — Despite these impressive metabolic results, concerns remain about acute postoperative complications including the need for reoperations and rehospitalizations and rare, but potentially severe, adverse events; the long-term success rates in maintaining weight loss [ 71,80,81 ]; and the reproducibility of the results in patients with an extensive history of diabetes or with different surgical teams [ 82 ].

Some weight regain is typical within two to three years of bariatric procedures, and different procedures result in different levels of weight loss and corresponding reductions in glycemia. Bariatric surgical procedures are reviewed in detail elsewhere. See "Bariatric procedures for the management of severe obesity: Descriptions" and "Bariatric surgery for management of obesity: Indications and preoperative preparation" and "Bariatric operations: Early fewer than 30 days morbidity and mortality".

SOCIETY GUIDELINE LINKS — Links to society and government-sponsored guidelines from selected countries and regions around the world are provided separately. See "Society guideline links: Diabetes mellitus in adults" and "Society guideline links: Diabetes mellitus in children" and "Society guideline links: Diabetic kidney disease".

These articles are best for patients who want a general overview and who prefer short, easy-to-read materials. Beyond the Basics patient education pieces are longer, more sophisticated, and more detailed. These articles are written at the 10 th to 12 th grade reading level and are best for patients who want in-depth information and are comfortable with some medical jargon.

Here are the patient education articles that are relevant to this topic. We encourage you to print or e-mail these topics to your patients. You can also locate patient education articles on a variety of subjects by searching on "patient info" and the keyword s of interest.

This decision is based on glycated hemoglobin A1C assay results calculator 1 typically performed every three to six months after initial therapy. After a successful initial response to lifestyle intervention and oral therapy, the majority of patients do not maintain target A1C levels during the subsequent three to five years.

See 'Indications for a second agent' above. Options include glucagon-like peptide 1 GLP-1 receptor agonists, a dual-acting GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide GIP receptor agonist tirzepatide , sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 SGLT2 inhibitors, short-acting sulfonylureas eg, glipizide , glimepiride , repaglinide if sulfonylurea not chosen as initial therapy , insulin, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP-4 inhibitors, and pioglitazone figure 1 and table 2.

For patients with persistent hyperglycemia while taking a maximally tolerated dose of metformin, the choice of a second medication should be individualized based on efficacy, risk for hypoglycemia, the patient's comorbid conditions, impact on weight, side effects, and cost.

These agents have been shown to have the best glycemic efficacy algorithm 1. Gastrointestinal GI side effects, contraindications, and cost may limit their use. To select a medication, we use shared decision-making with a focus on beneficial and adverse effects within the context of the degree of hyperglycemia as well as a patient's comorbidities and preferences algorithm 2.

See 'Established cardiovascular or kidney disease' above. The majority of patients in the cardiovascular and renal outcomes trials had established cardiovascular disease CVD or diabetic kidney disease DKD with severely increased albuminuria, and therefore, these are the primary indications for one of these drugs.

Patients at high CVD risk but without a prior event might benefit, but the data are less supportive. Similarly, patients without severely increased albuminuria have some benefit, but the absolute benefits are greater among those with severely increased albuminuria.

The choice of an alternative glucose-lowering medication is guided by efficacy, patient comorbidities, preferences, side effects, and cost. algorithm 2.

See 'Dual agent failure' above. For most patients who do not achieve target A1C with initial dual therapy, we suggest starting insulin or a GLP-1 receptor agonist Grade 2B if neither already chosen as a second agent. In patients on sulfonylureas and metformin who are starting insulin therapy, sulfonylureas are generally tapered and discontinued, while metformin is continued.

In patients on DPP-4 inhibitors who are starting a GLP-1 receptor agonist or dual-acting GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist, the DPP-4 inhibitor is discontinued, while metformin is continued. See 'Dual agent failure' above and 'Insulin initiation and intensification' above.

Related Pathway s : Diabetes: Initial therapy for non-pregnant adults with type 2 DM. An alternative is two oral agents and a GLP-1 receptor agonist or dual-acting GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist, particularly for patients in whom weight loss or avoidance of hypoglycemia is a primary consideration.

These GLPbased therapies should not be combined with DPP-4 inhibitors. Another option for patients close to glycemic goals is three oral agents eg, metformin , sulfonylurea plus: DPP-4 inhibitor, SGLT2 inhibitor, or pioglitazone. Although guidelines suggest combining SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, we do not usually add an SGLT2 inhibitor to GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy for management of hyperglycemia alone, given the absence of data showing additive cardiovascular and kidney benefit and increased patient burden cost, polypharmacy, adverse effects.

Bariatric surgery may also be an option in patients with lower BMI 30 to Patients seeking bariatric surgery should be counseled to develop coping skills, eliminate maladaptive behavior, and understand the risks and benefits of the surgery.

See 'Bariatric metabolic surgery' above and "Bariatric surgery for management of obesity: Indications and preoperative preparation", section on 'Preoperative counseling'.

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Font Size Small Normal Large. Management of persistent hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Formulary drug information for this topic.

No drug references linked in this topic. Find in topic Formulary Print Share. View in. Language Chinese English. Author: Deborah J Wexler, MD, MSc Section Editor: David M Nathan, MD Deputy Editor: Katya Rubinow, MD Contributor Disclosures.

All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our peer review process is complete. Literature review current through: Jan This topic last updated: Jan 11, Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes Diabetes Care ; S Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et al.

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