Open menu Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia. About the journal Editorial Board Instructions to authors Contact. Português Español. Open menu. table of contents « previous current next ». Abstract Resumo Portuguese Resumo English Resumo Spanish. Text EN Text English Texto Spanish Texto Portuguese.

PDF Download PDF Portuguese Download PDF English Download PDF Spanish. Citrus; Flowers; Preoperative Care; Anxiety; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures. ANESTÉSICOS; CIRURGIA; CIRURGIA. ANESTÉSICOS; CIRUGÍA; CIRUGÍA. METHODS Ethical approval for this study Ethical Committee No.

CABd was standardized based on measurement of linalool, total phenolic and flavonoid compounds as follows: Linalool concentration was determined by a reversed phase HPLC method C18 column, Agilent, Germany RESULTS Sixty patients were enrolled and completed the study.

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Publication Dates Publication in this collection 10 Nov Date of issue Dec History Accepted 28 Mar Received 04 Mar This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.

Antianxiety effects of some of these compounds individually, also have been reported. Limonene reduces the activity of the central nervous system and decreases anxiety [18].

Another study has reported that limonene and myrcene exhibit inhibitory actions in the central nervous system and has antianxiety and antiepileptic effects through suppressing the central nervous system [19].

Other anxiolytic compound of Citrus aurantium L. is coumarin. Pereira reported that coumarin can have a specific inhibitory effect on the central nervous system and prevent epileptic attacks and seizures [20].

Linanol inhibits the release of acetylcholine and has antiepileptic effects [19]. Generally, flavonoids affect benzodiazepine receptors and result in suppression of nervous system [15].

It is concluded that certain compounds of Citrus aurantium L. reinforce serotonergic pathways and increase the effect of serotonin in synaptic clefts, which leads to maintain tranquility and reduce the anxiety of laboratory animals. and Harris, T. In Brown, G. and Bishnoi, M.

Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 46, and Sanders-Bush, E. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, Oxford University Press, Oxford. and Jaafar, H. Molecules, 17, and Costa, M. Essential Oil Exhibits Anxiolyticlike Activity Mediated by 5-HT1A-Receptors and Reduces Cholesterol after Repeated Oral Treatment.

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Neuroscience Letters, , This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Login 切换导航. Home Articles Journals Books News About Services Submit. Home Journals Article. Effect of Citrus aurantium L.

Essential Oil and Its Interaction with Fluoxetine on Anxiety in Male Mice. Sorin Saketi , Maryam Bananej , Mahsa Hadipour Jahromy Biology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.

Medical Sciences Research Centre, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. DOI: Abstract Anxiety is a very common mental disorder among neurological diseases. Keywords Anxiety , Essential Oil , Citrus aurantium L.

Share and Cite:. Saketi, S. and Jahromy, M. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science , 4 , doi: Introduction Anxiety is a very common mental disorder. Methods and Materials 2. Animals Male albino mice weighed 22 to 28 g supplied from Pasteur Institute were used in this study.

Essential Oil Preparation Collected Citrus aurantium L. EPM Test The studies were carried out on mice according to the method of Lister [7].

Statistical Analysis All values were expressed as mean ± SEM from six animals. A trained phlebotomist drew six milliliters ml of blood via the antecubital vein during four-time periods throughout the study: I1, I2, R1, R2 Fig.

Plasma samples were assayed for E and NE using commercially available ELISA kits Abnova, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.

In order to account for the plasma volume shifts following the exercise bout, all samples were normalized by using the established protocols of Dill and Costill [ 17 ]. Hematocrit Hct and hemoglobin Hb were collected via finger sticks at each venipuncture time point Alere Hemopoint 2.

Heart Rate Variability is a non-invasive measurement that quantifies the timing between consecutive R-R intervals. The measurements are derived from an electrocardiogram or HR detection device i. HR monitors [ 18 ].

Heart Rate Variability and HR recordings were collected using the Polar® monitor system and transferred to the Polar Team 2 software Lake Success, NY.

Heart rate monitors were positioned under the sternum against bare skin. Throughout each min recording period, participants were seated in a quiet, dimly lit room with no external stimuli.

Analysis was completed through the online Kubios Software Kubios V 2. Heart Rate Variability markers were analyzed in five-minute segments during the beginning 5—10 min: I1, R1 and end 40—45 min: I2, R2 of the ingestion and the recovery periods.

Any segments that contained three or more irregular R-R intervals were excluded from analysis. The markers chosen for this study were the time domain indexes of the root mean square of successive differences RMSSD and the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals SDNN ; the frequency domain measures of High Frequency Power HF 0.

The Fast Fourier Transformation was applied to the frequency domain makers. Frequency domain measures come with inherent limitations related to ANS interpretation due to sensitivities to breathing frequencies and therefore will be assessed along with time domain measures [ 21 ]. RMSSD and HF are widely recognized as markers of vagal activity [ 18 , 22 ], while SDNN and LFnu are believed to provide insight into SNS influence, though they possess activity from the PNS [ 23 , 24 ].

CA and C powder were purchased from Blackburn distributions Caffeine powder, Blackburn distributions limited, Nelson Lancashire, England; Citrus aurantium powder, Blackburn distributions limited, Nelson Lancashire, England.

The PLA contained mg of dextrose, whereas the supplement contained a combination of CA mg and C mg. Each component was measured using an electronic supplement scale and encapsulated in green, non-translucent, size zero gelatin capsules.

The identity of the content within the capsules was not revealed until all data were collected and statistical analyses were completed.

All data were analyzed using the statistical software package SPSS SPSS, Version 24 for Mac, Chicago, IL. A Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to examine the normality of distribution on the HRV markers: RMSSD and SDNN. I2; Recovery: R1 vs. R2 in cardiac autonomic markers HRV and HR and plasma catecholamines E and NE.

In order to determine the effect size, the recommended guidelines of Quintana were used. Four participants were removed from the study due to adverse reactions to the phlebotomy procedure i.

Therefore, a total of ten physically active males completed the study. Participant characteristics can be seen in Table 1. Additionally, normality was violated in several HRV markers and therefore the natural logarithmic transformation ln was applied prior to further statistical analysis: RMSSD lnRMSSD , SDNN lnSDNN , HF lnHF , LF lnLF.

A significant decrease in HR, lnRMSSD, and lnSDNN occurred along with a significant decrease in E and NE. Interestingly, a significant decrease in HFnu was observed while no changes in lnHF or lnRMSSD occurred despite a significant increase in lnSDNN. Further points of consideration are provided below.

The limited amount of information available pertains to the isolated components CA and C, with only one known study to have examined the combination of both [ 2 ]. For instance, Min et al. Furthermore, recent studies have shown little no changes in resting HR with caffeine consumption alone in habitual caffeine consumers [ 27 , 28 ].

When combining a mg of CA, and mg of C, Ratamess et al. No time-dependent changes were observed during the ingestion phase for the PLA trial. This discrepancy may be due to differences in the experimental design.

For instance, the participants in the Ratamess et al. For instance, Rauh et al. Zimmerman et al. Conversely, Yoshinaga et al. Interestingly, a nonsignificant rise of lnLF and reduction of lnHF was observed following the PLA trial.

However, when evaluating LFnu and HFnu a similar yet significant changed was observed, demonstrating a relative change in the ratios rather than the absolute values of the power spectral density. This may in part be due to the anticipation of the upcoming exhaustive protocol and pre-performance anxiety, resulting in minor shifts of ANS activity.

Future studies should evaluate and account for pre trial emotional stress. When evaluating plasma markers of SNS activity, it has been proposed that circulating sympathetic biomarkers E and NE increase following consumption of caffeine [ 33 , 34 ]; however, a recent study demonstrated caffeine to have little to no influence over resting values [ 35 ].

The lack of change in the lnRMSSD and lnHF in the presence of increased SNS activity acts against the traditional interplay between PNS and SNS balance. Generally, with increases in SNS activity a withdrawal of vagal tone occurs. However, this was not observed and could be the result of a decreased sensitivity to caffeine or the rested state of the participant, which resulted in the attenuation of vagal activity.

Traditionally, it is believed that ANS activity is balanced between the PNS and SNS branches, exhibiting an inverse relationship [ 12 ]. Specifically, there was an increase in lnSDNN and lnLF without the presence of altered vagal activity.

This is important because these markers are believed to have influences stemming from both the SNS and PNS [ 36 ]. Therefore, with no discernable changes within markers of vagal activity, it can be inferred that the increases of lnLF and lnSDNN are the result of changes seen in SNS activity.

This response adds to the understanding of the level of complexity within ANS control and should be further investigated to determine thresholds between the various markers. Following the exhaustive protocols, HR was significantly elevated in both trials and recovered in a similar time-dependent fashion Table 2A and B.

This is consistent with the findings of Haller et al. Additionally, markers of HRV following the exhaustive protocol demonstrated nearly identical physiological responses, with a decrease in activity post exercise and a gradual increase toward baseline values, which is a commonly observed post exercise response [ 11 , 38 ].

A similar yet inverse response was observed in circulating plasma E and NE, with substantial increases post exercise and a return to baseline values within min post R2. As previously mentioned, recent studies have demonstrated that C provides little cardiovascular stimulation and more so acts to improve PNS activity rather than inhibit in habitual users [ 28 ].

However, it should not be overlooked that the research is conflicting in habitual consumers and that C has been shown to alter SNS activity through increased sensitivity to circulating E and NE [ 29 ].

There was no withdrawal of PNS activity despite a significant increase in resting HR, which could be explained by the combined effects of circulating E and NE as well as improved sensitivity related to C.

The acting ingredient of CA, p-synephrine, works primarily on the ß-3 receptors on adipose tissue and therefore is unlikely to have any direct impact on autonomic function [ 7 ].

Indirectly, the increased activity of lipolysis, and thermogenesis caused by p-synephrine could have elevated SNS activity, which was demonstrated by Reimann et al.

Though we did not measure changes in plasma lipids we can postulate that the known action of p-synephrine could have elevated plasma levels and consequently influenced sympathetic activity.

Beyond modest increases in SNS activity at rest, little benefit was observed during the exhaustive protocol recovery period, which was the primary purpose of the investigation. The observed priming of the SNS activity with no alterations of PNS activity provided new insight into the complex relationship of the ANS and warrants further investigation.

Colker CM, Kaiman DS, Torina GC, Perlis T, Street C. Effects of Citrus aurantium extract, caffeine, and St. John's wort on body fat loss, lipid levels, and mood states in overweight healthy adults.

Curr Ther Res. Article Google Scholar. Ratamess NA, Bush JA, Kang J, Kraemer WJ, Stohs SJ, Nocera VG, Leise MD, Diamond KB, Campbell SC, Miller HB, et al. The effects of supplementation with p-Synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine on metabolic, Lipolytic, and cardiovascular responses during resistance exercise.

J Am Coll Nutr. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar. Caffeine improves physical and cognitive performance during exhaustive exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Ganio MS, Klau JF, Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. Effect of caffeine on sport-specific endurance performance: a systematic review.

J Strength Cond Res. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Spriet L, MacLean D, Dyck D, Hultman E, Cederblad G, Graham T. Caffeine ingestion and muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans.

Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. Article CAS Google Scholar. Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M. The safety of Citrus aurantium bitter orange and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine.

Phytother Res. A review of the receptor-binding properties of p-synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar. A review of the human clinical studies involving Citrus aurantium bitter orange extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine.

Int J Med Sci. Bui LT, Nguyen DT, Ambrose PJ. Blood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orange. Ann Pharmacother.

Min B, Cios D, Kluger J, White CM. Absence of QTc-interval-prolonging or hemodynamic effects of a single dose of bitter-orange extract in healthy subjects.

Stanley J, Peake JM, Buchheit M. Cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following exercise: implications for training prescription. Sports Med. Borresen J, Lambert MI. Autonomic control of heart rate during and after exercise : measurements and implications for monitoring training status.

Eijsvogels TM, George KP, Thompson PD. Cardiovascular benefits and risks across the physical activity continuum. Curr Opin Cardiol. Fry AC, Kraemer WJ, Van Borselen F, Lynch JM, Triplett NT, Koziris LP, Fleck SJ.

Preoperative visit and use of premedication are popular methods to achieve this goal, but the role of anxiolytic premedication remains unclear and postoperative side-effects may result from routine premedication.

Citrus aurantium is used as an alternative medicine in some countries to treat anxiety, and recently the anxiolytic role of this medicinal plant was established in an animal model study. The aim of this study was to assess the anxiolytic effect of Citrus aurantium blossom on preoperative anxiety.

METHODS: We studied 60 ASA I patients undergoing minor operation. In a randomized double-blind design, two groups of 30 patients received one of the following oral premedication two hours before induction of anesthesia: 1 Citrus aurantium blossom distillate 1 mL.

kg-1 C-group ; 2 Saline solution 1 mL. kg-1 as placebo P-group. Anxiety was measured before and after premedication using the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory STAI-state and the Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale APAIS before operation.

A visita no pré-operatório e a utilização de pré-medicação são os métodos mais populares para se atingir esse objetivo, mas o papel da pré-medicação ansiolítica permanece incerto e os efeitos colaterais no pós-operatório podem partir de uma pré-medicação de rotina.

Citrus aurantium é usado como medicina alternativa em alguns países para tratar a ansiedade. Recentemente, o papel ansiolítico dessa planta medicinal foi estabelecido em um estudo realizado em modelo animal.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito ansiolítico da flor de Citrus aurantium sobre a ansiedade pré-operatória. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 60 pacientes ASA I submetidos a uma pequena cirurgia.

Em um desenho randomizado e duplo-cego, dois grupos de 30 pacientes receberam uma das seguintes MPA oral duas horas antes da indução da anestesia: 1 Citrus aurantium destilado 1 mL. kg-1 Grupo C ; 2 solução salina 1 mL. kg-1 como placebo Grupo P. A ansiedade foi medida antes e após pré-medicação com o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado IDATE e a Escala de Ansiedade e Informação Pré-Operatória de Amsterdam APAIS antes da operação.

CONCLUSÕES:Citrus aurantium pode mostrar-se eficaz na redução da ansiedade pré-operatória em cirurgias de pequeno porte. La visita en el preoperatorio y la utilización de premedicación, son los métodos más populares para alcanzar ese objetivo, pero el rol de la premedicación ansiolítica permanece como incierto y los efectos colaterales en el postoperatorio pueden originarse de una premedicación de rutina.

El Citrus aurantium es usado como medicina alternativa en algunos países para tratar la ansiedad. Recientemente, el papel ansiolítico de esa planta medicinal quedó establecido en un estudio realizado en un modelo animal.

El objetivo de este estudio, fue evaluar el efecto ansiolítico de la flor del Citrus aurantium sobre la ansiedad preoperatoria. MÉTODOS: Fueron estudiados 60 pacientes ASA I sometidos a una pequeña operación.

En un proyecto randomizado y doble ciego, dos grupos de 30 pacientes recibieron una de las siguientes MPA oral dos horas antes de la inducción de la anestesia: 1 Flor del Citrus aurantium destilado 1 mL.

kg-1 Grupo C ; 2 solución salina 1 mL. La ansiedad se midió antes y después de la premedicación con el Inventario de Ansiedad Trazo-Estado IDATE , y la Escala de Ansiedad e Información Preoperatoria de Ámsterdam APAIS antes de la operación.

I MD; Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Department, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. II MD; Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.

III PhD; Professor of Pharmacology, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. IV MA; Lecturer of Nursing, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.

V MD; General Practitioner, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. VI Pharmacy Student, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, International Branch, Shiraz, Iran. kg -1 C-group ; 2 Saline solution 1 mL. kg -1 as placebo P-group.

Keywords: Citrus ; Flowers; Preoperative Care; Anxiety; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures. There is no doubt that people awaiting surgery experience anxiety 1 This phenomenon is closely related to fear from a new unfamiliar environment, fear of surgery and death 2.

Related to this large number of preoperative anxious patients, preoperative anxiety could influence on the course and outcomes of surgical treatments 3. The correlation between preoperative anxiety and some complications such as postoperative pain, postoperative intravenous sedation, or more anesthetic requirements have been established by some studies Maranets et al.

Reducing anxiety is very important before operation. Several methods have been suggested towards reducing or controlling this psychological problem related to operation.

Pre-anesthesia assessment in an outpatient clinic as well as visit during hospitalization in the evening just before surgery may reduce preoperative anxiety 8. Besides the advantages of preoperative visit and reassurance of the patient before surgery, premedication with anxiolytic and sedative drugs may reduce preoperative anxiety 9.

On the other hand, the role of anxiolytic premedication remains unclear and postoperative side-effects may result from routine premedication Citrus aurantium , commonly known as sour orange or bitter orange local name in Iran: Nareng is produced in Northern and Southern Iran.

Traditionally, Citrus aurantium is used as an alternative medicine in some countries to treat anxiety, insomnia and as an anticonvulsant, suggesting depressive action upon the central nervous system CNS In an anxiety model study, Citrus aurantium was able to enhance the sleeping time induced by barbiturates.

In animal model, this sedative effect was in accordance with traditional use of citrus aurantium In spite of traditional use of Citrus aurantium for reducing anxiety and its sedative effect in animal model 12 , we believe that preoperative anxiolytic effect of Citrus aurantium blossom has not been studied so far.

The present study was designed to assess the effect of Citrus aurantium blossom on preoperative anxiety in patients scheduled for elective minor surgery. Ethical approval for this study Ethical Committee No. Yousefi on February 9, Written informed consent was obtained from 60 consecutive outpatients, aged year, ASA physical status I scheduled for lower limb minor operation under general anesthesia.

Preoperative visit was done by an anesthetist the day before operation. Exclusion criteria were coexisting CNS diseases, malignancy, a variety of neuropsychological disorders, use of medications including drugs related to surgery, and any history of smoking or opium addiction, as well as any cardiovascular disease.

None of the patients had previous anesthesia and surgical experiences as well as any history of hospitalization. Routine sedative premedication was not offered to patients participating in this study, instead premedication with either Citrus aurantium blossom distillate CABd or placebo was assumed for two groups of study two hours before operation.

Patients enrolled in this study were assigned into two groups of 30 each; using a computer-base random allocation and double blind manner.

Fresh petals and stamens of Citrus aurantium blossoms were collected from adult sour orange plants, existing in south Iran, at Medicinal Plants Research Center of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Citrus aurantium blossom distillate CABd was obtained by steam distillation and then protected until pharmacological assays.

CABd was standardized based on measurement of linalool, total phenolic and flavonoid compounds as follows:. Linalool concentration was determined by a reversed phase HPLC method C18 column, Agilent, Germany An ultraviolet UV detector was used with wavelength of nm to obtain the chromatograph corresponding to linalool.

Mobile phase consisted of 0. Flow rate was 1. min -1 and injection volume was µL. A standard curve was drawn using the area under the curves resulted from different doses of linalool. The experiment was repeated for three times and the amount of linalool in the sample was determined using this standard curve.

The amount of total phenolic compounds in CABd was determined colorimetrically with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, using the method described by Kim A solution of 5 mL CABd or Gallic acid standard phenolic compound was mixed with Folin Ciocalteu reagent diluted with distilled water and aqueous Na 2 CO 3 4 mL, 1 M.

The mixtures were allowed to stand for 15 min and the total phenols were determined by colorimetry at nm. A standard curve was prepared using 0, 50, , , , and mg. Total phenol values were expressed in terms of Gallic acid equivalent mg.

g -1 , which is a common reference compound. The experiment was repeated for three times. The amount of total flavonoids in the CABd was determ ined using colorimetric method as described by Chang A solution of 0.

Then the absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at nm with a double beam spectrophotometer Unico UV, Japan. The calibration curve was prepared using Rutin solutions at concentrations of 25 to ppm in methanol. Total flavonoids were expressed in terms of Rutin equivalent mg.

Participants were advised not to skip any pictures because all unrated faces would be counted as false. In order to induce helplessness, participants received false feedback regarding their performance over time after every 6th decision duration: 4 s; number of feedbacks: 44, see Figure 1.

The feedback graphs and the meaning of the scoring were explained to the participants before testing. FIGURE 1. False performance feedback. The decreasing line was introduced as the actual performance of the participant over time, the horizontal line 0 was introduced as average performance.

A complete session lasted between 48 and 77 min. The effects of the helplessness induction procedure and the odor exposition on perceived odor quality intensity, pleasantness, unpleasantness, familiarity were analyzed using a 3 × 2 split-plot ANOVA with the factors odor diethyl phthalate, vanillin, limonene and time prior to helplessness induction [T1], after helplessness induction [T2].

Mood ratings SAM ratings: emotional valence, arousal, dominance; basic emotion ratings: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness were subjected to the same ANOVA. Effects of odor hedonics on mood were assessed using a linear multivariate regression including both mean odor pleasantness and unpleasantness as predictors for difference values of emotional valence, dominance, anger, and happiness T2 — T1.

Emotional valence, dominance, anger, and happiness were chosen because these ratings proved to be affected by the helplessness induction procedure, as evident from the ANOVAs main effect of time, see Results. Predictors were entered in the model simultaneously.

For an overview of the odor quality ratings see Table 1. The helplessness induction was successful. A model using odor pleasantness and odor unpleasantness as predictors 1 explained TABLE 5. Parameters for regression model with odor pleasantness and unpleasantness as predictors.

The current study aimed at investigating whether the odor of limonene would be especially potent in preventing the induction of negative mood by a learned helplessness procedure.

However, the present results indicate that limonene, like the control odors vanillin, diethyl phthalate , was ineffective at preventing negative mood, even though the current design achieved a statistical power of 0.

Moreover, the observed null effect is independent of the application of a bonferroni-correction. Thus, the current results are in line with Toet et al. In detail, the more pleasant the odors were rated, the less successful in terms of a smaller decrease in happiness the helplessness induction was.

Moreover, it is possible to assume that these differences in perceived odor pleasantness actually caused the mood stabilizing effect instead of happiness affecting odor pleasantness : Odor pleasantness was rated the same prior and after the helplessness induction. Therefore, the respective pleasantness judgment can be considered as having been evident before any changes in mood occurred.

Taken together, this pattern indicates that mood lifting effects of limonene and vanillin can primarily be attributed to their pleasantness and not to their specific aromatic profile or chemical structure.

These results are in line with studies showing effects of pleasant odors on the autonomic nervous system congruent with positive mood e. Thus, odors might indeed work as mood enhancers, as long as they are perceived as pleasant. As learned helplessness, which was utilized within the current study to induce negative mood, is regarded as an etiologic model for depression, the current work especially underlines the close connectivity between odors and emotions in the context of depression Pause et al.

Our results further suggest that being exposed to pleasant odors might attenuate the experience of negative mood in a situation typically involved in the development of depressive symptomatology. Pleasant odors might therefore be an additional support in the treatment of depressive symptoms.

It could be speculated that specific mood enhancing effects of limonene might have been prevented by its potentially irritating properties Larsen et al.

However, a reduction in perceived intensity over the course of the experiment suggests that the participants showed perceptual habituation. Habituation indicates that the olfactory properties of limonene dominated, as trigeminal stimulation should rather have led to sensitization Hummel and Kobal, ; Hummel, It could be argued that the generalizability of the current results might be somewhat limited due to an overrepresentation of females within the sample.

However, according to previous studies, gender does not modulate the effects of pleasant and unpleasant odors on mood Marchand and Arsenault, , rendering a similar gender bias within the current results unlikely.

Further, as women were equally distributed among the odor groups, possible odor effects could not have been confounded by gender. So far, research examining the potential of odors — and citrus odors in particular — to prevent negative mood has yielded inconclusive results.

The current data suggest that such conflicting results might be related to odor pleasantness judgments varying between individuals and from study to study, rendering the respective odors either effective or ineffective mood enhancers. Therefore, the current study is in line with studies showing that judgments about an odor are more important in determining the response to it than its biochemical properties De Araujo et al.

The current study indicates that odor pleasantness and not limonene itself has a mood enhancing effect. Odor effects in humans are provoked by the individual perception of a particular odor, and not by the intrinsic properties of the odor.

Thus, the study highlights the necessity to evaluate the odor judgments of the participants in aromatherapy research. All authors listed, have made substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors would like to thank Jakob Madel for his assistance during language editing.

Adolph, D. Different time course of emotion regulation towards odors and pictures: are odors more potent than pictures? doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Alaoui-Ismaïli, O. Odor hedonics: connection with emotional response estimated by autonomic parameters. Senses 22, — Bradley, M.

Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Psychiatry 25, 49— CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Google Scholar. De Araujo, I. Cognitive modulation of olfactory processing. Neuron 46, — Herz, R. Aromatherapy facts and fictions: a scientific analysis of olfactory effects on mood.

Heuberger, E. Description Description A sweet-spicy blend of Cinnamon, Clove, Patchouli and Vanilla evokes images of a romantic getaway. Directions : Put 3 — 4 drops into an oil burner filled with water. Ingredients : Citrus Aurantium Dulcis Orange Peel Oil, Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Cinnamon Leaf Oil, Eugenia Caryophyllus Clove Oil, Pogostemon Cablin Patchouli Oil, Cinnamomum Cassia Oil, Vanilla Planifolia Vanilla Extract Weight : 10 ml.

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