Perrea, M. Satiety effect of chewing RSS Ajouter RSS à mon VHL. Correspondence to AStiety Xiao. Appetite profile Appetite ratings were recorded on a visual analog scale VAS mm presented on a meter ruler [ 12 ].

Satiety effect of chewing -

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Researchers Natural energy enhancer herbs Wageningen University in the Netherlands and the Nestlé Effect Center in Switzerland sought to investigate the Diabetic retinopathy patient resources to chewiing of both oral and gastric stimulation, Satiety effect of chewing as effect Satiety effect of chewing rating, as well as chfwing intake. On five non-consecutive days, they instructed 26 chewibg Satiety effect of chewing to chew but not swallow food efefct one or eight minutes, while their stomachs were infused with different amounts of the same food via a nasogastric tube. In the control condition, participants were fitted with a nasogastric tube but were given no food, either to chew or directly into the stomach. Thirty minutes later, the participants were given a meal and invited to eat as much as they liked until comfortably full. On the other hand, the ml gastric volume did not suppress subsequent energy intake more than the ml conditions. The researchers concluded that foods intended to increase satiety may work best if they involve high levels of oral sensory stimulation.

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Satiety effect of chewing -

Researchers from Wageningen University in the Netherlands and the Nestlé Research Center in Switzerland sought to investigate the contribution to satiety of both oral and gastric stimulation, measured as subjective appetite rating, as well as energy intake.

On five non-consecutive days, they instructed 26 healthy men to chew but not swallow food for one or eight minutes, while their stomachs were infused with different amounts of the same food via a nasogastric tube. In the control condition, participants were fitted with a nasogastric tube but were given no food, either to chew or directly into the stomach.

Thirty minutes later, the participants were given a meal and invited to eat as much as they liked until comfortably full. On the other hand, the ml gastric volume did not suppress subsequent energy intake more than the ml conditions.

The researchers concluded that foods intended to increase satiety may work best if they involve high levels of oral sensory stimulation. Authors: Anne G. Wijlens, Alfrun Erkner, Erin Alexander, Monica Mars, Paul A. Smeets and Cees de Graaf. Show more. nutr Thème du journal: Sciences de la nutrition Année: Type: Article.

Consulta Detalhada ×. Courrier électronique ×. Votre nom Votre adresse email Envoyer à. Exporter ×. Format d'exportation: RIS pour Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote, etc. CSV pour Excel, etc. RSS ×. Mastication, which serves the physiological function of mechanically breaking food down into small particles suitable for the gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients, influences postprandial plasma glucose concentrations.

Compared with typical eating habits, the deliberately thorough mastication of a test meal was reported to be effective in reducing postprandial plasma glucose concentrations in subjects with normal glucose tolerance, most likely because of greater early-phase insulin secretion [ 6 ].

If mastication can effect postprandial plasma GLP-1 concentration is not known. Gum chewing is a voluntary physiological gross motor activity that uses numerous functional neuroanatomical pathways.

Gum chewing has been associated with many physiological changes, including increased blood flow in the cerebral and orofacial region, which may account for its association with increased alertness and improved memory [ 7 ].

Suggestions that chewing gum may positively influence energy balance and facilitate weight loss have not been convincingly demonstrated. In previous short-term studies, gum chewing has been shown to reduce appetite and food intake [ 8 ]. Recently, many scientists have contributed to research examining the effect of gum chewing on weight loss; however, these researchers have reached different conclusions.

Hetherington and Regan [ 9 ] found that chewing gum for at least 45 min significantly suppressed self-reported hunger, appetite, and snack cravings and promoted satiety. Thus, their study demonstrated the benefits of chewing gum as an aid in appetite control. In , Japanese scholars studied a group of healthy volunteers found that chewed 30 times per bite had GLP-1 concentration that were significantly higher than those of the normal group.

One possibility is that chewing 30 times per bite increased the volume of glucose absorption via thorough mastication and the extensive breakdown of carbohydrates [ 10 ]. Mattes and Considine [ 11 ] found that chewing gum had no effects on appetite sensations or gut peptide concentrations [ 11 ].

We have received approval from Ethic Committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital for this study. Participants were recruited via public announcements. Twelve male volunteers provided voluntary consent. Screening prior to the study was conducted to ensure that they met study criteria, i.

Fasting-state body weight was measured to the nearest 0. After an overnight fast, the healthy volunteers came to the Endocrinology Department at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital at 8 a. Their weight, height, blood pressure, and heart rate were measured, and they were interviewed regarding their past history and health condition.

In a within-subject randomized cross-over comparison of hormone concentrations in plasma, 12 subjects were given sugarless gum. On one occasion the gum was chewed test day , on the other they did not chew the gum control day. On the test day, the participants chewed sugarless gum approximately 1.

The chewing frequency was controlled at 80 times every 2 min. Chewing continued for half an hour. A nurse was responsible for keeping time using a stopwatch. Venous blood was drawn immediately before the volunteers began chewing 0 min and 5, 10, 15, 25, and 30 min after chewing began.

Three days later, on the other occasion the individuals returned to the hospital after an overnight fast, and the same tests were performed with the patients chewing nothing, as a control measure.

We outsourced the testing of blood GLP-1 and GIP concentration to the Beijing North Institute of Biological Technology Beijing, China.

The active GLP-1 [GLP amide and GLP ] concentration were analyzed using a commercially available RIA assay kit GLP1AHK; Millipore, 6 Research Park Drive, St. Charles, Missouri , USA , and plasma total GIP was analyzed using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit EZRMGIP K; Millipore, Billerica, MA.

The intra- and interassay variations for active GLP-1 were 4. The intra- and interassay variations for GIP were 5 and 9. Glucose was measured using a Roche Accu-Check Performa clinical analyzer. Insulin was measured using an ADVIA Centaur XP immunoassay system clinical analyzer, and the sensitivity of the assay was 0.

The intra- and interassay variations for insulin were 5 and 9. Appetite ratings were recorded on a visual analog scale VAS mm presented on a meter ruler [ 12 ]. The VAS was completed seven times throughout the test day and the control day at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min. Data are presented as the means ± SDs.

The test and control results were compared using paired t tests. Sample size was calculated with power and sample size program. We are planning a study of a continuous response variable from matched pairs of study subjects. The type I error probability associated with this test of this null hypothesis is 0.

All statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS Table 1 shows the clinical characteristics of the healthy volunteers.

Table 2 and Figs. In both occasions, plasma glucose, serum insulin, and GIP concentrations were equivalent. Paired t-tests showed no significant differences between the two occasions. There was no difference between the gum-chewing group and the non-chewing group.

Figures 3 and 4 show the comparison of fullness and hunger between the chewing and non-chewing groups. A paired t test showed a significant difference in fullness at 5, 15, and 30 min.

Hunger ratings did not differ between the chewing and non-chewing groups. Taste stimuli have a clear stimulating effect on satiety; therefore, gum chewing is considered an effective weight control method because it has the potential to control appetite and food intake.

We observed the effect of chewing hard, sugarless gum on the GLP-1, and GIP concentration of healthy volunteers. Our results show that chewing gum 80 times every 2 min during a fasting state made the blood GLP-1 level of the chewing occasion decreasing more slowly than that of the non-chewing group, and at 30 min of chewing, the difference was significant.

Furthermore, fullness was increased at 5, 15, and 30 min after chewing compared with non-chewing controls. Our results are consistent with those from the research of Kokkinos et al. It has been known for more than 20 years that GLP-1 can be synthesized in the mammalian brain [ 15 ]. Some studies demonstrated that PPG neurons are non-adrenergic neurons with their cell bodies located exclusively in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract NTS , the caudal medullary reticular formation and the olfactory bulb [ 16 , 17 ].

These studies also demonstrated a widespread projection pattern for these neurons, with the highest density of terminals observed in the paraventricular nucleus PVN and the dorsomedial hypothalamus DMH [ 16 , 18 ]. At present, the nature of the link between the GLP-1 of the central nervous system and the postprandial release of peripheral GLP-1 and whether intestinal GLP-1 can enter the brain to fully activate the GLP-1 receptor remain controversial.

If GLP-1 was secreted from central nervous system itself is not know. But according past study, it has a possibility that the increased GLP-1 comes from central nervous system.

The literature relating chewing gum to energy intake is limited and nuanced by methodological variations. Studies have examined the influence of gum chewing on body weight, but the results are not consistent. Different methods of chewing gum may lead to different effects.

No effects have been observed when chewing was set at a fixed time 2 h after a meal or in response to hunger [ 19 ]. Mixed findings have been reported from chewing gum immediately prior to a meal [ 19 , 20 ].

Chewing gum may not decrease food intake in all people. In addition, chewing sweet gum can increase hunger [ 21 ] because it stimulates saliva secretion; thus, chewing gum can stimulate rather than inhibit eating [ 22 ].

In , scholars in the United States make overweight or obese adult volunteers to chew gum 90 min per day for 8 weeks, and the result shows that this did not facilitate weight loss in these overweight and obese adults [ 23 ].

In Japan, the practice of thorough mastication for example, 30 chews per bite has been shown to be an effective behavioral approach for curbing obesity [ 24 ] because the mastication-induced activation of histamine neurons suppresses physical food intake through the H1-receptor in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the ventromedial hypothalamus, which are known as satiety centers [ 25 ].

By chewing slowly, healthy women can reduce calorie intake [ 26 ]. The present study shows that chewing gum induced changes in GLP-1 concentration independently of changes in blood glucose levels.

At the same time, the GIP level did not change with the change in GLP-1, which suggests that the chewing action itself may be stimulate the secretion of GLP-1; the nervous system regulates GLP-1 secretion independently of changes in GIP, and the action of chewing has no effect on the secretion of GIP.

The effect of gum chewing on satiety emerges earlier than the changes in blood hormones. The blood GLP-1 level on experiment days was always higher than that on control days, and it was significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group after chewing for 30 min.

Hunger levels did not differ significantly between the two groups; further research can measure the plasma ghrelin concentrations to verify this finding.

In this experiment, the blood sample quantity was limited, and we did not measure other gastrointestinal hormones. Research shows that chewing sugarless gum can increase satiety; therefore, gum chewing may be a useful way to lose weight.

Some scholars suggest that the effects of neuropeptide GLP-1 released by PPG neurons are distinct from the effects of incretin GLP-1 released by enteroendocrine cells and that the PPG neurons constitute a central signaling network that integrates peripheral and central signals for both long- and short-term nutritional and digestive status.

GLP-1 neurons might produce an output signal to feeding and autonomic circuits that optimizes digestion and the assimilation of nutrients and regulates calorific intake [ 27 ]. We speculate that the chewing action itself may stimulate the central PPG neurons to promote the release of GLP Among healthy men in a fasting state, chewing sugarless gum can increase satiety with no effect on blood glucose and can decrease the decline of GLP-1 concentration.

Chewing gum has no significant effect on blood insulin and GIP concentration. The present study suggests that chewing sugarless gum may be an economical and effective method to help obesity patients control their energy intake and decrease weight with no changes in calorie intake.

Although there are different opinions about this benefit of gum chewing, our study showed positive results, and it is worth conducting a large-scale clinical research study to verify the effectiveness of this method. Campbell, D. Drucker, Pharmacology, physiology, and mechanisms of incretin hormone action.

Contenu principal 1 Chewijg 2 Bas de page 3. Satiety effect of chewing Effeect Effect of Satiety effect of chewing behavior modification on food intake, Antidepressant alternatives and satiety-related hormo Effect of chewing behavior modification on food intake, appetite and satiety-related hormones: A Systematic Review. Venegas, Camila ; Farfan-Beltrán, Nicole ; Bucchi, Cristina ; Martínez-Gomis, Jordi ; Fuentes, Ramón. Venegas, Camila; s. af Farfan-Beltrán, Nicole; s. af Bucchi, Cristina; s. Posted: 5 October Nestlé No comments yet. The length Locally grown vegetables time you spend chewing food may be chewwing least as important as how full your stomach is…. The length Satiety effect of chewing time Satiety effect of chewing cnewing Satiety effect of chewing food Saitety be at least as off as how full your stomach is when it comes to how much you consume, according to a new study by Nestlé. NEW RESEARCH: The study examined the effect of simultaneous oral and gastric stimulation. Scientists from the Nestlé Research Center, in collaboration with Wageningen University in The Netherlands, carried out what is thought to be the first examination of the effect of simultaneous oral and gastric stimulation on satiety. The results suggest the time people spend chewing may be an important factor in determining their energy intake.