Therefore, the effect of an increase in blood pressure is even seen with decaffeinated coffee, making it appear that there might be something other than caffeine in coffee that could be responsible for this blood pressure elevation. Living with kidney disease does not mean that you have to cut out coffee entirely.

There are ways to safely enjoy coffee:. Current research indicates coffee is unlikely to harm the kidneys or cause chronic kidney disease and several potential health benefits have been identified based on the caffeine and antioxidant content of coffee.

However, people with high blood pressure or calcium oxalate kidney stones may need to limit their coffee intake. If you are unsure whether coffee is safe for you to drink, talk to your healthcare provider about how much coffee is acceptable for you.

Kennedy OJ, Roderick P, Poole R, et al. Coffee and kidney disease. Int J Clin Pract. Sirotkin AV, Kolesárová A. The anti-obesity and health-promoting effects of tea and coffee. Physiol Res.

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Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes. Antwi SO, Eckel-Passow JE, Diehl ND, et al. By Veeraish Chauhan, MD Veeraish Chauhan, MD, FACP, FASN, is a board-certified nephrologist who treats patients with kidney diseases and related conditions.

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Use limited data to select content. List of Partners vendors. Further research is warranted to clarify the differences observed by sex, and if they are proven to understand the plausible mechanisms involved.

Recently, prospective studies have reported inconsistent results. Three studies, one conducted in US adults 21 and two in Asian populations 19 , 24 , reported a decreased risk of incident CKD in healthy individuals with greater coffee consumption.

In contrast, a study conducted in an Iranian population revealed no association between coffee and CKD incidence after 6 years of follow-up The only epidemiological study conducted in an European population reported a cross-sectional positive association between coffee consumption and eGFR at baseline, but no prospective association with eGFR changes after 15 year follow-up Until now, the only RCT in 19 young Japanese revealed a beneficial effect of coffee consumption for 2 weeks, but not green tea, on cystatin-C-based eGFR The main discrepancies between previous studies and our observations might be attributable to the populations examined, follow-up time, and the assessment tools used.

Additionally, previous studies have focused on exploring the association between total coffee and kidney function, but none of them have explored differences by coffee subtypes. Further, we also determined whether the observed detrimental effects of caffeinated coffee and tea consumption on kidney function differed across subgroups according to various baseline factors and similar trends were seen; this type of analysis was seldom performed in previous studies.

The association between tea and kidney dysfunction has been less explored and the few studies in the field had reported no significant associations 15 , 19 , 20 , Despite, in our study tea consumption was lower than caffeinated coffee consumption, our findings regarding caffeine intake suggest that this nutrient could be the causal for the deleterious renal effect observed.

Additionally, we found no association between decaffeinated coffee and kidney function, that might reinforce the potentially harmful effect of caffeine However, the mechanism that confers this negative effect of caffeine intake is uncertain A possible explanation could be related with the structural similarity of caffeine and adenosine acting as a nonselective antagonist of A1 adenosine receptors, which may be a potential mechanism for the impairment of renal function On distal afferent arterioles, A1 adenosine receptor activation causes vasoconstriction and decreases eGFR By contrast, adenosine antagonism by caffeine may prevent afferent arteriolar constriction or induce vasodilation, increasing renal plasma flow and acute elevation of eGFR Probably this increase in eGFR could lead to acute compensatory hyperfiltration and subsequent accelerated decline in GFR This hypothesis may be partly supported by the observed relationship in our study between caffeinated coffee and a slightly higher baseline eGFR and, subsequently, a higher 1-year eGFR decline.

In this context, it has been reported that, compared to decaffeinated coffee, caffeinated coffee could cause a short-lasting increase in blood pressure in healthy young subjects Also, in young-to-middle-age hypertensive adults, caffeinated coffee drinking has been linked with glomerular hyperfiltration 40 , which may be exaggerated in older individuals with pre-existing comorbidities 13 e.

In fact, in experimental studies conducted in obese diabetic rats, administration of caffeine for 2 weeks induced early renal injury characterized by proteinuria, increased renal vascular resistance, and increased heart rate Moreover, the same authors reported that long-term caffeine consumption exacerbated renal failure and induced more severe tubule-interstitial and glomerular damage Nevertheless, this has not been explored in humans and RCTs are needed.

Our study has some strengths. First, the relatively large sample size, its prospective design, and adjustment for many potential confounding factors.

Secondly, we examined the association between eGFR and coffee subtypes, which gives greater insight into the potential effect of coffee and caffeine on kidney function. Finally, we conducted sub-group analyses to examine whether kidney function decline was accelerated by unhealthy behaviors e.

Nevertheless, we also acknowledge some limitations. It should be underlined that the caffeine content in coffee, tea, and other beverages e. Also, SCr-based eGFR, a common biomarker of kidney function used in almost all epidemiologic studies, may overestimate true GFR values. Finally, our study was conducted in aged Mediterranean individuals with MetS, therefore our findings cannot be extrapolated to other populations.

In summary, caffeinated coffee and tea consumption and caffeine intake were associated with a greater 1-year decline of renal function in older individuals at high cardiovascular risk.

Further studies are needed to clarify these associations; if proven, advice on coffee and tea consumption along with caffeine intake should be included in nutritional strategies for kidney disease prevention, particularly in individuals at high risk. The dataset including data dictionaries of PREDIMED-Plus is available to external investigators in order to make possible the replication of the main analyses used for the published article.

However, due to the restrictions imposed by the Informed Consent and the Institutional Review Boards IRB , bona fide investigators interested in analyzing the PREDIMED-Plus dataset may submit a brief proposal and statistical analysis plan to the corresponding author JS-S at jordi.

salas urv. Upon approval from the Steering Committee and IRBs, the data will be made available to them using an onsite secure access data enclave.

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Download references. We thank all the volunteers for the participation and personnel for the contribution in the PREDIMED-Plus trial. CIBEROBN, CIBERESP and CIBERDEM are initiatives of ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.

The authors also thank the PREDIMED-Plus Biobank Network as a part of the National Biobank Platform of the ISCIII for storing and managing the PREDIMED-Plus biological samples.

Jordi Salas-Salvadó, the senior author of this work, gratefully acknowledges the financial support by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme.

None of the funding sources took part in the design, collection, analysis, interpretation of the data, or writing the report, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Serra Hunter Fellow, Universitat Rovira i Virgili URV , , Reus, Spain. Unitat de Nutrició, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Rovira i Virgili University, , Reus, Spain.

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición CIBEROBN , Institute of Health Carlos III, , Madrid, Spain. Andrés Díaz-López, Indira Paz-Graniel, Estefanía Toledo, Nerea Becerra-Tomás, Dolores Corella, Olga Castañer, J.

Alfredo Martínez, Ángel M. Alonso-Gómez, Julia Wärnberg, Dora Romaguera, José López-Miranda, Ramon Estruch, Francisco J. Tinahones, José Lapetra, Luís Serra-Majem, Josep A. Tur, Xavier Pintó, Clotilde Vázquez, Emilio Ros, Sonia Eguaras, Nancy Babio, Jose V. Sorlí, Albert Goday, Itziar Abete, Lucas Tojal Sierra, Marga Morey, Antonio Garcia-Rios, Rosa Casas, María Rosa Bernal-López, José Manuel Santos-Lozano, Adela Navarro, Jose I.

Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, , Reus, Spain. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IdiSNA, University of Navarra, , Pamplona, Spain. Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Av.

de Blasco Ibáñez, 15, , Valencia, Spain. Nerea Becerra-Tomás, Dolores Corella, Jose V. Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group CARIN , Hospital del Mar Research Institute IMIM , , Barcelona, Spain. Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, IdiSNA, University of Navarra, , Pamplona, Spain.

Ángel M. Department of Nursing, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga IBIMA , University of Málaga, , Malaga, Spain. ISABIAL-FISABIO, Miguel Hernandez University, , Alicante, Spain.

CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública CIBERESP , Instituto de Salud Carlos III, , Madrid, Spain. Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands IdISBa , , Palma de Mallorca, Spain.

Dora Romaguera, Josep A. Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba IMIBIC , Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, , Córdoba, Spain. Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga IBIMA , Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, University of Málaga, , Malaga, Spain.

Francisco J. Research Unit, Department of Family Medicine, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, , Seville, Spain. Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences IUIBS , Preventive Medicine Service, Centro Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil CHUIMI , Canarian Health Service, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, , Las Palmas, Spain.

Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Granada, , Granada, Spain. Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, , Palma de Mallorca, Spain. Institute of Biomedicine IBIOMED , University of León, , León, Spain.

Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, , Barcelona, Spain.

Division of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jaén, , Jaén, Spain. Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos IdISSC , , Madrid, Spain.

Department of Endocrinology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, , Barcelona, Spain. CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas CIBERDEM , Instituto de Salud Carlos III ISCIII , , Madrid, Spain. Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IISFJD, University Autonoma, , Madrid, Spain.

Department of Public Health, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga IBIMA , University of Málaga, Malaga, Spain.