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Chun-Wei Liang , Chun-Wei Liang. are with the School of Medicine, College of Medicine. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. Hsiao-Yi Cheng. Yu-Hao Lee. are with the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University.

are with the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University. Tsan-Hon Liou. Chun-De Liao. is with the Master Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University. Shih-Wei Huang. Huang , Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Jhongjheng Rd, Jhonghe, New Taipei City , Taiwan.

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Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Intake on Endurance Exercise Performance and Anti-fatigue in Student Athletes. Naoko Terasawa , Ken Okamoto , Kenta Nakada , Kazumi Masuda Author information. Corresponding author. Keywords: conjugated linoleic acid , ergogenic , endurance performance , anti-fatigue.

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS. Published: Received: February 24, Released on J-STAGE: July 01, Accepted: March 29, Advance online publication: June 13, Revised: -. Download PDF K Download citation RIS compatible with EndNote, Reference Manager, ProCite, RefWorks.

Article overview. References Related articles 0. One unpublished human trial reported isolated cases of gastrointestinal upset.

CLA is found mainly in dairy products and also in beef and poultry, eggs, and corn oil. Bacteria that live in the intestine of humans can produce CLA from linoleic acid, but supplementation of a rich source of linoleic acid did not produce increases in blood levels of CLA in one human study.

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Doses typically range from 3—6 grams per day. Research suggests daily doses of up to 6 grams were safe for up to a year, and daily doses of up to 3. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration FDA does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs.

That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. When choosing a supplement , look for third-party tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist RD or RDN , or pharmacist.

CLA is a fatty acid obtained through meats and dairy products or taken as a dietary supplement. It's often marketed for weight loss and exercise performance, though there isn't much data to support these claims. Clinical trials have had conflicting results, so more research is necessary to determine CLA's effects in humans.

Side effects typically involve the gastrointestinal tract but can also include inflammation and liver problems. CLA is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Conjugated linoleic acid is a fatty acid that is produced in the digestive tracts of grass-fed animals.

It can also be made in a lab. As a dietary supplement, it's frequently marketed for weight loss. Although it's technically considered a trans fat due to its chemical structure, CLA is not classified this way by the U.

Food and Drug Administration FDA. Instead, CLA is "generally regarded as safe. And although trans fats are associated with heart disease risk, CLA seems to be cardioprotective. Clinical trials conflict, but overall, there's not much evidence that CLA helps with weight loss.

den Hartigh LJ. Conjugated linoleic acid effects on cancer, obesity, and atherosclerosis: a review of pre-clinical and human trials with current perspectives. Published Feb Lehnen TE, da Silva MR, Camacho A, et al. A review on effects of conjugated linoleic fatty acid CLA upon body composition and energetic metabolism.

J Int Soc Sports Nutr. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID , 10E,12Z -octadeca,dienoic acid. Racine NM, Watras AC, Carrel AL, et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accretion in overweight or obese children. Am J Clin Nutr. Derakhshande-Rishehri SM, Mansourian M, et al.

Association of foods enriched in conjugated linoleic acid CLA and CLA supplements with lipid profile in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Public Health Nutr. Masters N, McGuire MA, Beerman KA, et al. Maternal supplementation with CLA decreases milk fat in humans. Shen W, McIntosh MK. Nutrient regulation: conjugated linoleic acid's inflammatory and browning properties in adipose tissue.

Annu Rev Nutr. Ibrahim KS, El-Sayed EM. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and medium-chain triglycerides for obesity management. J Biosci. Rahbar AR, Ostovar A, Derakhshandeh-Rishehri SM, et al.

Effect of conjugated linoleic acid as a supplement or enrichment in foods on blood glucose and waist circumference in humans: a meta-analysis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. Liang CW, Cheng HY, Lee YH, et al. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on body composition and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Nutr Rev. Namazi N, Irandoost P, Larijani B, Azadbakht L. The effects of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on anthropometric indices and body composition in overweight and obese subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. Chen SC, Lin YH, Huang HP, et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on weight loss and body fat composition in a Chinese population. Macaluso F, Morici G, Catanese P, et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on testosterone levels in vitro and in vivo after an acute bout of resistance exercise.

J Strength Cond Res. Terasawa N, Okamoto K, Nakada K, et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid intake on endurance exercise performance and anti-fatigue in student athletes.

J Oleo Sci. Jenkins ND, Buckner SL, Baker RB, et al. Effects of 6 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with conjugated linoleic acid on the physical working capacity at fatigue threshold.

Tajmanesh M, Aryaeian N, Hosseini M, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation has no impact on aerobic capacity of healthy young men.

Cooper R, Naclerio F, Allgrove J, Jimenez A. Kim JH, Kim Y, Kim YJ, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid: potential health benefits as a functional food ingredient. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. Or F, Kim Y, Simms J, et al. Taking stock of dietary supplements' harmful effects on children, adolescents, and young adults.

J Adolesc Health. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary supplements for weight loss. Mirzaii S, Mansourian M, Derakhshandeh-Rishehri SM, et al. Association of conjugated linoleic acid consumption and liver enzymes in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.

Badawy S, Liu Y, Guo M, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid CLA as a functional food: Is it beneficial or not? Food Res Int. Benjamin S, Prakasan P, Sreedharan S, et al.

Pros and cons of CLA consumption: an insight from clinical evidences. Nutr Metab Lond. Carta G, Murru E, Cordeddu L, et al. Metabolic interactions between vitamin A and conjugated linoleic acid.

Published Mar Mosley SA, Shahin AM, Williams J, et al. Supplemental conjugated linoleic acid consumption does not influence milk macronutrient contents in all healthy lactating women.

Martysiak-Żurowska D, Kiełbratowska B, Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A. The content of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in the breast milk of women from Gdansk and the surrounding district, as well as in, infant formulas and follow-up formulas.

nutritional recommendation for nursing women. Dev Period Med. Garibay-Nieto N, Queipo-García G, Alvarez F, et al. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and metformin on insulin sensitivity in obese children: randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Basak S, Duttaroy AK.

Conjugated linoleic acid and its beneficial effects in obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Published Jun By Megan Nunn, PharmD Megan Nunn, PharmD, is a community pharmacist in Tennessee with over twelve years of experience in medication counseling and immunization.

Figure 1. Confocal microscopy analyses. Representative images of immunofluorescence stain for BCKDHA, phospho-BCKDHA and ELOVL6 in liver sections of placebo sedentary PLA-SED , placebo trained PLA-TR , CLA sedentary CLA-SED , and CLA trained CLA-TR.

The staining intensity for BCKDHA, phospho-BCKDHA, and ELOVL6 was expressed as the mean value pixel intensity PI using the software Leica application suite advanced fluorescences software.

Data are presented as the means ± SD. This study revealed that physical exercise, supplementation with CLA and combination thereof might induce significant changes in FA composition of mouse liver.

The most spectacular change was observed in the case of BCFA content in CLA-TR mice, which was twice as high as in the untreated controls. It should be emphasized that such a significant increase in BCFAs was not observed after either the exercise or the CLA supplementation alone.

The effect of exercise and CLA supplementation on BCFA content should probably be considered a favorable finding since elevated levels of FA from this group were previously shown to be associated with some health benefits Wongtangtintharn et al.

Moreover, Garcia Caraballo et al. In mammals, BCFA can be synthesized from branched-chain amino acids Garcia Caraballo et al. However, the patterns of post-treatment changes in BCKDHA mRNA and protein level and BCFA content in our trained and CLA-supplemented mice did not match. We also did not find any differences in phosphorylated inactive BCKDHA levels.

This implies that the increase in BCFA content observed after exercise and CLA supplementation might have been mediated by other mechanisms i. Another beneficial effect of CLA supplementation documented in our study was an increase in n-3 PUFA content. Previous studies demonstrated that n-3 PUFA might exert anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing, and cardioprotective effects Mika and Sledzinski, However, in our study, the beneficial effect of CLA supplementation on n-3 PUFA content was counterbalanced by physical exercise, since we did not find a statistically significant difference in the levels of these FA in supplemented and non-supplemented mice subjected to the Rota-Rod training.

In turn, the liver content of n-6 PUFAs increased after training but remained unchanged after CLA supplementation. n-6 PUFAs are precursors of many proinflammatory molecules Mika and Sledzinski, Physical exercise is known to attenuate inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver de Castro et al.

However, the inflammatory response may be triggered by many various factors, and the elevated content of n-6 PUFAs might not be enough to induce inflammation in liver tissues.

DI and EI are calculated based on the contents of some specific FAs and are considered the measures of SCD1 and ELOVLs activities, respectively Murakami et al.

However, when we analyzed the profiles of exercise- and supplementation-induced changes in both indices against the patterns of changes in SCD1 mRNA and ELOVL6 mRNA or protein levels, they seemed to be unrelated.

This implies that DI and EI values in trained and CLA-supplemented mice did not depend on the expressions of SCD1 and ELOVL6 genes, but were rather influenced by other processes, such as FA oxidation, supply of dietary lipids or release thereof from adipose tissue, and secretion of hepatic lipids to the circulation in the form of lipoproteins.

An important issue that needs to be addressed is the mechanism through which CLA and exercise modulate liver profiles of FAs. A proteomic study showed that some specific CLA isomers might influence the activities of enzymes involved in beta-oxidation and fructose metabolism Della Casa et al.

Furthermore, exercising muscles release various myokines, and many of them have already been shown to influence the liver metabolism Carson, This problem should be elucidated during future research.

In conclusion, this study demonstrated that both supplementation with CLA and physical exercise might induce significant changes in FA profile of the liver. FM, RB, and VDF performed the animal experiments.

AM and PS performed and interpreted GCMS analysis. AC and TS performed and interpreted Real-time PCR analysis. GS performed and interpreted immunofluorescence and confocal analysis.

AM, VDF, and TS wrote the manuscript. All authors accepted the final version of manuscript. This study was supported by the Medical University of Gdańsk Grant No.

ST40 , National Science Centre of Poland Grant No. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Barone, R. Endurance exercise and conjugated linoleic acid CLA supplementation up-regulate CYP17A1 and stimulate testosterone biosynthesis.

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Alcoholic liver disease: a mouse model reveals protection by Lactobacillus fermentum. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid associated with endurance exercise on muscle fibres and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α Isoforms.

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