Skinfold measurement for sports teams -
The front thigh skinfold is measured parallel to the long axis of the thigh. Since this fold can be harder to point out, the tester may ask for the assistance of a third person, who raises the fold with both hands at about 6cm on either side of the marked site.
The medial calf point should be marked in the internal surface of the leg, at the level of the maximum circumference of the calf. To mark this point, the subject should be standing, with their arms relaxed along the torso, with their feet apart and the bodyweight equally distributed between both feet.
The tester should be positioned in front of the patient and look for the maximum circumference using an anthropometric tape. This horizontal line should be intercepted by a vertical line located in the middle part of the leg. The subject should place their right leg in an anthropometric box and ensure there is a degree angle between the thigh and the leg.
The fold should be measured in the medial calf skinfold site, vertical to the length of the leg. The iliac crest skinfold should be raised superior to the iliocristale , at the level of the line that connects the midpoint of the armpit to the ilium.
The skinfold is measured immediately above the iliac crest skinfold site. To do so, the tester should place the thumb over the iliac crest point and then measure the fold it is taken near horizontally, but it follows the natural fold lines of the skin. Nutrium allows you to consolidate all the information and appointments of a patient in one place.
If you use the body mass determined by a bioimpedance scale or by predictive equations, Nutrium will be useful. In the first case, please note that by using an InBody bioelectrical impedance scale, you can automatically import all the measurements with one click.
Read this article to learn more. If you prefer to determine the body mass by using predictive equations, simply register the necessary skinfold measurement.
Nutrium will automatically do the math. If the skinfolds do not show up in that tab, just click on the green button at the bottom of the page Configure measurement types.
After registering the necessary skinfolds, depending on the age and the level of physical activity of the subject, the software will automatically calculate the percentage of body mass, using one of those equations. Would you like to have these recommendations available during your appointments?
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Try it now for free! Skinfold assessments—why we use them and you should too. Validity of 2 skinfold calipers in estimating percent body fat of college-aged men and women. Simple measures—skinfolds. Adolescent skinfold thickness is a better predictor of high body fatness in adults than is body mass index: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study.
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Medical Commission. Sports Med. Sansone P, Ceravolo A, Tessitore A. External, internal, perceived training loads and their relationships in youth basketball players across different positions. Download references. We would like to thank all the authors who gently provided us with the original data from their articles and answered our queries, and Dr.
Robin Ristl for his precious assistance. This article was supported by the Open Access Publishing Fund of the University of Vienna. Faculty of Sport Sciences, UCAM - Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria. Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand SPRINZ , Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
PS wrote the manuscript. PS, PB and BM performed the systematic review search. All authors contributed to conception of the systematic review. PS, PB and BM devised the search parameters for the systematic review. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Pascal Bauer. The authors, Pierpaolo Sansone, Bojan Makivic, Robert Csapo, Patria Hume, Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez and Pascal Bauer, declare that they have no competing interests with the content of this article.
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Download PDF. Abstract Background This study aimed to provide reference values for body fat BF of basketball players considering sex, measurement method, and competitive level. Methods A systematic literature research was conducted using five electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Scopus.
Results After screening, 80 articles representing basketball players were selected. Conclusions Despite the limitations of published data, this meta-analysis provides reference values for BF of basketball players.
Background Basketball is one of the most practiced team sports worldwide [ 1 ] and has been an Olympic discipline since Methods Study Design and Searches A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines [ 24 ].
Full size image. Results The search of the five databases resulted in a total of publications. Table 1 Selected body composition parameters measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry Full size table.
Table 2 Selected body composition parameters measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis Full size table. Table 3 Selected body composition parameters measured with skinfolds Full size table.
Table 4 Selected body composition parameters measured with air displacement plethysmography Full size table. Table 5 Results of meta-analysis according to sex and measurement method Full size table. Funnel plot of the model including all moderator variables.
Discussion This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to examine body fat in basketball players as well as the respective influences of sex, measurement method and competitive level. Conclusion This meta-analysis summarised and evaluated the available body of evidence on BF of basketball players.
Availability of data and materials Data will be made available upon reasonable request. References Hulteen RM, Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Barnett LM, Hallal PC, Colyvas K, et al.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Scanlan AT, Dascombe BJ, Kidcaff AP, Peucker JL, Dalbo VJ. Article PubMed Google Scholar Stojanovic E, Stojiljkovic N, Scanlan AT, Dalbo VJ, Berkelmans DM, Milanovic Z. Article Google Scholar Sansone P, Tessitore A, Paulauskas H, Lukonaitiene I, Tschan H, Pliauga V, et al.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sedeaud A, Marc A, Schipman J, Schaal K, Danial M, Guillaume M, Berthelot G. Article PubMed Google Scholar Drinkwater EJ, Pyne DB, McKenna MJ. Article Google Scholar Vanrenterghem J, Nedergaard NJ, Robinson MA, Drust B. Article Google Scholar Spiteri T, Newton RU, Binetti M, Hart NH, Sheppard JM, Nimphius S.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Ribeiro BG, Mota HR, Sampaio-Jorge F, Morales AP, Leite TC. Google Scholar Visnes H, Bahr R. This is primarily because skinfold-pinching measures a compressed double layer of subcutaneous adipose tissue and skin, whereas the US technique measures only the metric of interest, uncompressed subcutaneous adipose tissue, with high accuracy [24].
The use of ultrasound US as a body composition assessment tool is discussed in more detail, here. Using a beam of skin-penetrating ultrasonic waves i. high-frequency sound waves above the upper limit of human hearing emitted by a transducer probe, body fat percentage is estimated based on the acoustic impedance of different tissue borders.
Similar to skinfold assessment, ultrasound is used to assess regional subcutaneous fat tissue. However, ultrasound measures the subcutaneous fat tissue thickness in a decompressed state i. single layer , whereas skinfold assessment requires pinching of the skin and subsequent measurement of the same tissue in a compressed state i.
double layer. Using a prediction equation, US estimates the breakdown of 1 lean mass, and 2 fat mass, inside the body. López-Taylor recently investigated 31 different anthropometric equations against DXA in male soccer players of varying ethnicities [19].
Of these 31 equations, 14 and 17 were developed in athletic, and nonathletic populations, respectively. In general, the equations developed in athletes that had the highest agreements with DXA, with an equation by Civar et al.
Ironically, an equation using a mere two skinfold sites abdomen and thigh developed in male nonathletes by Wilmore and Behnke [27] was more closely related with DXA, compared with the other equations developed in athletes.
The results of this study differ from those obtained from anthropometric comparisons in other male soccer players. In 45 professional male soccer players from the Premier League [28], a 7-site skinfold equation developed by Withers et al.
Recently, Suarez-Arrones et al. With the exception of one equation created by Deurenberg et al. in [31], and BIA via a Tanita device, body fat percentages derived from all skinfold equations had moderate or strong relationships with the body fat percentages derived via DXA [30].
However, the strength of the relationships differed among equations used, with an equation developed in by John Faulkner [32] having the strongest relationship with DXA [29]. The results from these studies demonstrate the lack of agreement between equations, and inconsistent outcomes when compared with more precise body composition assessment methods, such as DXA.
As demonstrated by Zemski et al. Substantial intra- and inter-observer variability exists [35, 36]. For example, varying the skinfold site by as little as 1 centimeter can produce significantly different results when experienced practitioners measure the same participant [7, 40].
The research regarding which skinfold equation s most accurately predict body fat percentage in athletes is inconsistent, at best. Factors including age, sport, race, gender, and others, appear to impact equation validity. However, skinfold assessment can also be quite reliable and should be considered as a convenient, practical indicator of intra-individual regional and total body composition change over time.
Although 3-site and 7-site skinfold equations are similar in accuracy, I lean towards collecting data on more sites. In the case that a novel, highly accurate equation is developed, the practitioner will be better suited to apply the novel, more accurate equation with his or her data set.
Here are a few major advantages and disadvantages of skinfolds testing:. Skip to content Resources to Optimize Athletic Performance and Sports Sciences. Grey boxes are summary points Blue boxes give more detail about key terms or subjects How Skinfold Assessment Works Anthropometry involves the measurement of body dimensions, which can include height, weight, length, width, circumference, and skinfold thickness [1].
Ackland et al. Current status of body composition assessment in sport. Sports Medicine , 42 3 , pp. Where it All Began Given skinfold assessment simplicity and lack of required technology, it has been used to predict body density and total body fat for a long time. The New Age of Skinfold Equations and 3 vs.
An Ultrasound Teaser Despite the advancements in skinfold testing, new research using ultrasound US imaging techniques shows that any caliper-based skinfold assessment method lacks validity relative to its US-based counterpart [].
Suarez-Arrones et al. Body fat assessment in elite soccer players: cross-validation of different field methods. Science and Medicine in Football , pp. Summary The research regarding which skinfold equation s most accurately predict body fat percentage in athletes is inconsistent, at best.
Here are a few major advantages and disadvantages of skinfolds testing: Advantages Disadvantages High reliability if the tester is experienced and consistent Low validity, and very low validity in larger subjects Low cost Tester expertise required Quick to execute High inter-tester variability i.
reliability can be poor when the tester does not remain the same Minimal equipment and subject participation required Most skinfold calipers have an upper limit of 45—60 mm, limiting their use to moderately overweight subjects No technology necessary Prediction equations may only be valid in the population in which they are derived Allows for regional body fatness assessment Some subjects may feel uncomfortable stripping down to bare skin in front of the tester References Fosbøl, M.
and Zerahn, B. Contemporary methods of body composition measurement. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging , 35 2 , pp. Wagner, D. and Heyward, V. Techniques of body composition assessment: a review of laboratory and field methods.
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 70 2 , pp. Meyer, N. and Müller, W. Body composition for health and performance: a survey of body composition assessment practice carried out by the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission.
British Journal of Sports Medicine , pp. Harrison, G. and Wilmore, J. Skinfold thicknesses and measurement technique. Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual, , pp. Heyward, V. Evaluation of body composition. Sports Medicine, 22 3 , pp.
Olds, T. and Marfell-Jones, M. International standards for anthropometric assessment. Potchefstroom ZA : International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Ackland, T. Wang, J. and Pierson, R. Anthropometry in body composition: an overview. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1 , pp.
Edwards, D. Observations on the distribution of subcutaneous fat. Clinical Science , 9 , pp. Keys, A. and Brozek, J. Body fat in adult man. Physiological Reviews , 33 3 , pp. Jackson, A. and Pollock, M.
Written by: Michelle Sknfold, MS, RD, CSSD, Virginia Meazurement Skinfold measurement for sports teams and State University. Diabetes and proper hydration composition is a physical measurement that provides more specific information about body make-up than Skonfold weight alone. Body Positive body image advocacy can be defined as the proportion of fat and fat free mass FFM in the body. Fat free mass includes primarily muscle, bone, and water along with some other elements. Fat mass includes fat that is stored as an energy source and fat in the central nervous system, organs, bone marrow and sex tissues, known as essential fat. Body composition is typically expressed as percent body fat and pounds of FFM.
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