Key facts Waist circumference and visceral fat fat, aWist known as toxic fat, Waizt hidden inside your body on and around your vital organs. More stringent Vitamin deficiency symptoms have therefore citcumference Waist circumference and visceral fat to assess biomarker utility, which include calibrationdiscrimination 58 and net reclassification improvement In summary, whether waist circumference adds to the prognostic performance of cardiovascular risk models awaits definitive evidence. Nat Rev Endocrinol 16— Mediastinal fat presenting as an echo-lucent area above the parietal pericardium was excluded from the measurement. When expressed as percentage of total body mass, the higher fat mass was observed in women with PCOS followed by control women and finally men. Therefore, all interactions were excluded from final models.

Waist circumference and visceral fat -

The fat surrounding the liver and other abdominal organs, so-called visceral fat, is very metabolically active. It releases fatty acids, inflammatory agents, and hormones that ultimately lead to higher LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, and blood pressure. Scientists have long debated which measure of abdominal fat is the best predictor of health risk: Waist size alone or waist-to-hip ratio.

The research to date has been mixed. But adding up the evidence from multiple studies suggests that both methods do an equally good job of predicting health risks. In practice, it is easier to measure and interpret waist circumference than it is to measure both waist and hip.

That makes waist circumference the better choice for many settings. Vague J. La differentiation sexuelle.

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moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vissers, D. The effect of exercise on visceral adipose tissue in overweight adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PLoS One 8 , e Janiszewski, P. Physical activity in the treatment of obesity: beyond body weight reduction. Waist circumference and abdominal adipose tissue distribution: influence of age and sex. Does the relationship between waist circumference, morbidity and mortality depend on measurement protocol for waist circumference?

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The practical guide to the identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults NIH, Wang, J. Comparisons of waist circumferences measured at 4 sites. Mason, C. Variability in waist circumference measurements according to anatomic measurement site.

Obesity 17 , — Matsushita, Y. Optimal waist circumference measurement site for assessing the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 32 , e70 Relations between waist circumference at four sites and metabolic risk factors. Obesity 18 , — Pendergast, K.

Impact of waist circumference difference on health-care cost among overweight and obese subjects: the PROCEED cohort. Value Health 13 , — Spencer, E. Accuracy of self-reported waist and hip measurements in EPIC-Oxford participants. Public Health Nutr.

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Diabetes Obes. Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health guidelines. Ardern, C. Development of health-related waist circumference thresholds within BMI categories. Bajaj, H. Clinical utility of waist circumference in predicting all-cause mortality in a preventive cardiology clinic population: a PreCIS database study.

Staiano, A. BMI-specific waist circumference thresholds to discriminate elevated cardiometabolic risk in white and African American adults. Facts 6 , — Xi, B. Secular trends in the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults, — Barzin, M.

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Waist circumference cutoff points and action levels for Asian Indians for identification of abdominal obesity. Download references. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the IAS and the ICCR, an independent academic organization based at Université Laval, Québec, Canada, who were responsible for coordinating the production of our report.

No funding or honorarium was provided by either the IAS or the ICCR to the members of the writing group for the production of this article. The scientific director of the ICCR J. is funded by a Foundation Grant Funding Reference Number FDN from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine and Community Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.

Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy.

Lipid Clinic Heart Institute InCor , University of São Paulo, Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil. Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. Department of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.

Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padova, Italy. School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Division of Cardiology, Anschutz University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka, Japan. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. and J. researched data for the article. made a substantial contribution to discussion of the content. wrote the article. Correspondence to Robert Ross. reports receiving speaker fees from Metagenics and Standard Process and a research grant from California Walnut Commission.

reports receiving consulting and speaker fess from Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Akcea, Biolab, Esperion, Kowa, Merck, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi Regeneron, Akcea, Kowa and Esperion. reports grants and personal fees from Kowa Company, Ltd.

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The remaining authors declare no competing interests. Nature Reviews Endocrinology thanks R. Kelishadi and the other, anonymous, reviewer s for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The ability to correctly predict the proportion of participants in a given group who will experience an event.

The probability of a diagnostic test or risk prediction instrument to distinguish between higher and lower risk. The relative increase in the predicted probabilities for individuals who experience events and the decrease for individuals who do not.

The highest value of VO 2 that is, oxygen consumption attained during an incremental or other high-intensity exercise test. Open Access This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions.

Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 16 , — Download citation. Accepted : 05 December Published : 04 February Issue Date : March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

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nature nature reviews endocrinology consensus statements article. Download PDF. Subjects Disease prevention Metabolic syndrome Obesity Predictive markers.

Abstract Despite decades of unequivocal evidence that waist circumference provides both independent and additive information to BMI for predicting morbidity and risk of death, this measurement is not routinely obtained in clinical practice.

Introduction The prevalence of adult overweight and obesity as defined using BMI has increased worldwide since the s, with no country demonstrating any successful declines in the 33 years of recorded data 1.

Methodology This Consensus Statement is designed to provide the consensus of the IAS and ICCR Working Group Supplementary Information on waist circumference as an anthropometric measure that improves patient management. Historical perspective The importance of body fat distribution as a risk factor for several diseases for example, CVD, hypertension, stroke and T2DM and mortality has been recognized for several decades.

Prevalence of abdominal obesity Despite a strong association between waist circumference and BMI at the population level, emerging evidence suggests that, across populations, waist circumference might be increasing beyond what is expected according to BMI.

Full size image. Identifying the high-risk obesity phenotype Waist circumference, BMI and health outcomes — categorical analysis It is not surprising that waist circumference and BMI alone are positively associated with morbidity 15 and mortality 13 independent of age, sex and ethnicity, given the strong association between these anthropometric variables across cohorts.

Waist circumference, BMI and health outcomes — continuous analysis Despite the observation that the association between waist circumference and adverse health risk varies across BMI categories 11 , current obesity-risk classification systems recommend using the same waist circumference threshold values for all BMI categories Importance in clinical settings For practitioners, the decision to include a novel measure in clinical practice is driven in large part by two important, yet very different questions.

Risk prediction The evaluation of the utility of any biomarker, such as waist circumference, for risk prediction requires a thorough understanding of the epidemiological context in which the risk assessment is evaluated. Risk reduction Whether the addition of waist circumference improves the prognostic performance of established risk algorithms is a clinically relevant question that remains to be answered; however, the effect of targeting waist circumference on morbidity and mortality is an entirely different issue of equal or greater clinical relevance.

A highly responsive vital sign Evidence from several reviews and meta-analyses confirm that, regardless of age and sex, a decrease in energy intake through diet or an increase in energy expenditure through exercise is associated with a substantial reduction in waist circumference 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , Measurement of waist circumference The emergence of waist circumference as a strong independent marker of morbidity and mortality is striking given that there is no consensus regarding the optimal protocol for measurement of waist circumference.

Conclusions and recommendations — measurement of waist circumference Currently, no consensus exists on the optimal protocol for measurement of waist circumference and little scientific rationale is provided for any of the waist circumference protocols recommended by leading health authorities.

Threshold values to estimate risk Current guidelines for identifying obesity indicate that adverse health risk increases when moving from normal weight to obese BMI categories.

Table 1 Waist circumference thresholds Full size table. Table 2 Ethnicity-specific thresholds Full size table. Conclusions The main recommendation of this Consensus Statement is that waist circumference should be routinely measured in clinical practice, as it can provide additional information for guiding patient management.

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Waist circumference and visceral fat Your Middle Is Waist circumference and visceral fat Measure of Health Ciircumference. Your waist circumference is Waost important number to know, especially if you're living with a chronic health issue circu,ference as heart disease Height-weight chart have a risk factor for diabetessuch as family circumferejce. In fact, research anv waist circumferenve may be as important as body mass index BMI —the ratio of weight to height that can indicate obesity —for predicting disease risk and overall health status. This is because BMI does not account for how fat is distributed in the body. In contrast, a large waist circumference indicates an accumulation of fat in the intra-abdominal region—and fat in this area can impact internal organs and is more metabolically active than fat in other areas of the body. A person with a larger waist-to-hip ratio faces an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes, regardless of whether or not they are overweight. Getting an accurate waist measurement is fairly simple:. More than 60 years Waaist, the French physician Jean Vague observed that people with larger waists had a higher risk of premature cardiovascular disease and death than people who visceraal trimmer waists or visceeal Waist circumference and visceral fat of Muscle preservation for preventing muscle imbalances weight around their hips and thighs. In people who are not overweight, Faf a large waist may mean that they are at higher risk of health problems than someone with a trim waist. What is it about abdominal fat that makes it strong marker of disease risk? The fat surrounding the liver and other abdominal organs, so-called visceral fat, is very metabolically active. It releases fatty acids, inflammatory agents, and hormones that ultimately lead to higher LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, and blood pressure. Scientists have long debated which measure of abdominal fat is the best predictor of health risk: Waist size alone or waist-to-hip ratio. The research to date has been mixed.