Video
Autophagy in DNA Loss \u0026 Yeast Cell Survival in Chronological Aging - Aging-US Molecular Cancer volume 13Article number: 70 Cite this sugvival. Metrics details. Appetite control support group survivak a Antioxidant-rich oils process Autophagy and cell survival can aand cell death or survival. Immunostaining and immunoblotting analyses of the autophagic markers p62 [in PCa tissue microarrays TMAs and PCa cell lines] and LC3 in PCa cell linestransmission electron microscopy, and GFP-mCherry-LC3 were used to study autophagy induction and flux. Caspase-8 activation was determined by immunoblotting.Autophagy and cell survival -
This suggests the possibility that either cell survival or death may be regulated by selective autophagic clearance of cytoplasmic material. Here we summarize the mechanisms that regulate autophagy and how they may contribute to cell survival and death.
Copyright © by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Regulation and Function of Autophagy during Cell Survival and Cell Death Gautam Das 1 , Bhupendra V.
Shravage 1 and Eric H. Baehrecke Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts Correspondence: eric. Abstract Autophagy is an important catabolic process that delivers cytoplasmic material to the lysosome for degradation.
CiteULike Delicious Digg Facebook Reddit Twitter What's this? Also in this Collection. This Article doi: a Cold Spring Harb. Services Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Download to citation manager Permissions.
Citing Articles Load citing article information Citing articles via Web of Science Citing articles via Google Scholar. Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell 91 , — Palmieri, M. mTORC1-independent TFEB activation via Akt inhibition promotes cellular clearance in neurodegenerative storage diseases.
Rohatgi, R. Beclin 1 regulates growth factor receptor signaling in breast cancer. Oncogene 34 , — He, C. Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
Chen, W. The lysosome-associated apoptosis-inducing protein containing the pleckstrin homology PH and FYVE domains LAPF , representative of a novel family of PH and FYVE domain-containing proteins, induces caspase-independent apoptosis via the lysosomal-mitochondrial pathway.
Pedersen, N. The PtdIns3P-binding protein phafin 2 mediates epidermal growth factor receptor degradation by promoting endosome fusion. Traffic 13 , — Donia, T. Identification of RNA aptamer which specifically interacts with PtdIns 3 P.
Pattingre, S. Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins inhibit Beclin 1-dependent autophagy. Sinha, S. The autophagy effector Beclin 1: a novel BH3-only protein. Oncogene 27 Suppl 1 , S— Molecular basis of the regulation of Beclin 1-dependent autophagy by the gamma-herpesvirus 68 Bcl-2 homolog M Autophagy 4 , — Yousefi, S.
Calpain-mediated cleavage of Atg5 switches autophagy to apoptosis. Du Toit, A. Protein degradation: An alternative route for mitochondrial quality control. Czabotar, P. Control of apoptosis by the BCL-2 protein family: implications for physiology and therapy.
Moldoveanu, T. Many players in BCL-2 family affairs. Trends Biochem. Chipuk, J. The BCL-2 family reunion. Cell 37 , — Bcl-2 family members: dual regulators of apoptosis and autophagy.
Linares, J. K63 polyubiquitination and activation of mTOR by the pTRAF6 complex in nutrient-activated cells. Cell 51 , — Means to an End: Apoptosis and Other Cell Death Mechanisms Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, To be or not to be?
How selective autophagy and cell death govern cell fate. Cell , 65—75 Mizushima, N. Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion. Tasdemir, E. Methods for assessing autophagy and autophagic cell death.
Methods Mol. Molecular definitions of autophagy and related processes. Gomez-Sintes, R. Lysosomal cell death mechanisms in aging. Ageing Res. Gonzalez-Polo, R. Dominguez-Bautista, J. Loss of lysosome-associated membrane protein 3 LAMP3 enhances cellular vulnerability against proteasomal inhibition.
Nagelkerke, A. LAMP3 is involved in tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells through the modulation of autophagy. Cancer 21 , — Gonzalez, P. Impairment of lysosomal integrity by B10, a glycosylated derivative of betulinic acid, leads to lysosomal cell death and converts autophagy into a detrimental process.
Heid, M. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species induces NLRP3-dependent lysosomal damage and inflammasome activation. Serrano-Puebla, A. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization as a cell death mechanism in cancer cells.
Oberle, C. Fernald, K. Evading apoptosis in cancer. Benedict, C. To kill or be killed: viral evasion of apoptosis. Letai, A. Apotosis and cancer. Cancer Biol. Article Google Scholar. Thompson, C. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Laine, J.
The protooncogene TCL1 is an Akt kinase coactivator. Cell 6 , — Kunstle, G. Identification of Akt association and oligomerization domains of the Akt kinase coactivator TCL1. Differential regulation of Akt kinase isoforms by the members of the TCL1 oncogene family. Proto-oncogene TCL1: more than just a coactivator for Akt.
FASEB J. Eng, C. PTEN: one gene, many syndromes. Lian, Z. Class reunion: PTEN joins the nuclear crew. Oncogene 24 , — Cantley, L. USA 96 , — Song, M. The functions and regulation of the PTEN tumour suppressor.
Carracedo, A. PTEN level in tumor suppression: how much is too little? Cancer Res. White, E. The role for autophagy in cancer. Fruman, D. The PI3K pathway in human disease. Whiteman, E. Trends Endocrinol. Christofk, H. The M2 splice isoform of pyruvate kinase is important for cancer metabolism and tumour growth.
Metabolic reprogramming by the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res. Morita, M. PKM1 confers metabolic advantages and promotes cell-autonomous tumor cell growth.
Cancer Cell 33 , — e Robey, R. Hoxhaj, G. The PI3K-AKT network at the interface of oncogenic signalling and cancer metabolism. Cancer 20 , 74—88 Santana-Codina, N.
The roles of autophagy in cancer. A brief history of autophagy from cell biology to physiology and disease. Guo, J. Autophagy-mediated tumor promotion. The dynamic nature of autophagy in cancer. Genes Dev. Amaravadi, R. Recent insights into the function of autophagy in cancer.
Targeting autophagy in cancer: Recent advances and future directions. Cancer Discov. Maiuri, M. Control of autophagy by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Autophagy suppresses progression of K-ras-induced lung tumors to oncocytomas and maintains lipid homeostasis.
Takamura, A. Autophagy-deficient mice develop multiple liver tumors. Autophagy: renovation of cells and tissues. Santanam, U. Atg7 cooperates with Pten loss to drive prostate cancer tumor growth. Poillet-Perez, L. Role of tumor and host autophagy in cancer metabolism.
Kenific, C. Cellular and metabolic functions for autophagy in cancer cells. Nigg, E. Centrioles, centrosomes, and cilia in health and disease. Cao, M. Cilia in autophagy and cancer. Cilia 5 , 4 Pampliega, O.
Autophagy and primary cilia: dual interplay. Suizu, F. Phosphorylation-dependent Akt-Inversin interaction at the basal body of primary cilia. Kaushik, S. Chaperone-mediated autophagy: a unique way to enter the lysosome world.
Schneider, J. Deficient chaperone-mediated autophagy in liver leads to metabolic dysregulation. Dorner, T. Novel paradigms in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Lancet , — Article PubMed Google Scholar. Qi, Y. Autophagy and immunological aberrations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Tsokos, G. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Clarke, A. Autophagy is activated in systemic lupus erythematosus and required for plasmablast development.
Wu, Z. Expression of autophagy related genes mTOR, Becline-1, LC3 and p62 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of systemic lupus erythematosus.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Martinez, J. Noncanonical autophagy inhibits the autoinflammatory, lupus-like response to dying cells. Mizui, M. Targeting regulatory T cells to treat patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Humrich, J. Homeostatic imbalance of regulatory and effector T cells due to IL-2 deprivation amplifies murine lupus. Bonelli, M. Quantitative and qualitative deficiencies of regulatory T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus SLE.
Wei, J. Autophagy enforces functional integrity of regulatory T cells by coupling environmental cues and metabolic homeostasis.
Kato, H. Blockade of Treg cell differentiation and function by the interleukinmechanistic target of rapamycin axis via suppression of autophagy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Arthritis Rheumatol. Lai, Z. Alessandri, C. Arthritis Res. Byun, Y. Elevation of autophagy markers in Sjogren syndrome dry eye. Li, B. Zhu, L. The autophagy level is increased in the synovial tissues of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and is correlated with disease severity.
Mediators Inflamm. Kovacs, J. Autophagy promotes T-cell survival through degradation of proteins of the cell death machinery. Liang, P. Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. McCarroll, S. Levy, J. Targeting autophagy in cancer.
Cancer 17 , — Download references. is supported by Takeda and Naito Foundation. from JSPS 16K , F. from JSPS 16K, AMED 19gmh from JSPS Research Fellowship for Japanese Biomedical and Behavioral Researchers at NIH This study was supported by an NIDCR, NIH intramural research grant to J. Division of Cancer Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Masayuki Noguchi. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.
Reprints and permissions. Autophagy as a modulator of cell death machinery. Cell Death Dis 11 , Download citation. Received : 13 December Revised : 08 May Accepted : 11 May Published : 08 July Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Kinases Macroautophagy. Abstract The balance between cell death and survival is a critical parameter in the regulation of cells and the maintenance of homeostasis in vivo.
Facts Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process essential for homeostasis, however, its role as a protective mechanism in cancer remains controversial. Open questions 1. Whether and how autophagy has a role in the cell death machinery remain unclear. Roles of lysosome and induction of autophagy The molecular events associated with apoptosis, including caspase activation, chromatin condensation, DNA cleavage, and plasma membrane degeneration, are well characterized 8 , 9 , Full size image.
References de Duve, C. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Mindell, J. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Forgac, M. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Settembre, C. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Green, D.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Kroemer, G. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Green, D. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Galluzzi, L. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Galluzzi, L. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Elmore, S.
Yu, S. Inhibition of AMPK-associated autophagy enhances caffeic acid phenethyl ester-induced cell death in C6 glioma cells.
Planta Medica, 77 9 , — Su, J. Suppression of chloride channel 3 expression facilitates sensitivity of human glioma U cells to cisplatin through concomitant inhibition of Akt and autophagy. Anat Rec Hoboken , 4 , — Brasseur, K. ERalpha-targeted therapy in ovarian cancer cells by a novel estradiol-platinum II hybrid.
Endocrinology, 7 , — Zhang, C. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16 7 , — Wang, J. Role of autophagy in cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells.
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 24 , — Xu, L. Blockade of autophagy aggravates endoplasmic reticulum stress and improves paclitaxel cytotoxicity in human cervical cancer cells. Cancer Research and Treatment, 47 2 , — Peng, X.
Autophagy promotes paclitaxel resistance of cervical cancer cells: involvement of Warburg effect activated hypoxia-induced factor 1-alpha-mediated signaling. Cell Death and Disease, 5 , e Shi, Y. Targeting autophagy enhances sorafenib lethality for hepatocellular carcinoma via ER stress-related apoptosis.
Autophagy, 7 10 , — Ding, Z. Autophagy activation in hepatocellular carcinoma contributes to the tolerance of oxaliplatin via reactive oxygen species modulation.
Clinical Cancer Research, 17 19 , — Peng, W. Egr-1 regulates irradiation-induced autophagy through Atg4B to promote radioresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncogenesis, 6 1 , e Fiorini, C.
Mutant p53 stimulates chemoresistance of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells to gemcitabine. Biochimical et Biophysica Acta, 1 , 89— Yang, M. Blockade of autophagy reduces pancreatic cancer stem cell activity and potentiates the tumoricidal effect of gemcitabine.
Molecular Cancer, 14 , Lin, J. Benzyl isothiocyanate induces protective autophagy in human prostate cancer cells via inhibition of mTOR signaling. Carcinogenesis, 34 2 , — Naponelli, V. Roles of autophagy induced by natural compounds in prostate cancer. BioMed Research International, , Shin, S.
Autophagy inhibition enhances ursolic acid-induced apoptosis in PC3 cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2 , — O'Donovan, T. Induction of autophagy by drug-resistant esophageal cancer cells promotes their survival and recovery following treatment with chemotherapeutics.
Autophagy, 7 5 , — Yu, L. Induction of autophagy counteracts the anticancer effect of cisplatin in human esophageal cancer cells with acquired drug resistance. Cancer Lett, 1 , 34— Kang, R. Inhibition of autophagy-potentiated chemosensitivity to cisplatin in laryngeal cancer Hep-2 cells.
Am J Otolaryngol, 33 6 , — Masui, A. Autophagy as a survival mechanism for squamous cell carcinoma cells in endonuclease G-mediated apoptosis. PLoS One, 11 9 , e Tong, Y. Perifosine induces protective autophagy and upregulation of ATG5 in human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells in vitro.
Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 33 4 , — Han, W. Autophagy inhibition enhances daunorubicin-induced apoptosis in K cells. Song, P. Asparaginase induces apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy in chronic myeloid leukemia cells.
Oncotarget, 6 6 , — Wang, Z. Inhibition of autophagy enhances the anticancer activity of bortezomib in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. American Journal of Cancer Research, 5 2 , — CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Baumann, M. Radiation oncology in the era of precision medicine.
Nature Reviews Cancer, 16 4 , — Baskar, R. Cancer and radiation therapy: current advances and future directions.
International Journal of Medical Sciences, 9 3 , — Kelley, K. Radioresistance of brain tumors. Cancers Basel , 8 4. Zhuang, W. The role of autophagy in sensitizing malignant glioma cells to radiation therapy.
Acta Biochim Biophys Sin Shanghai , 41 5 , — Apel, A. Blocked autophagy sensitizes resistant carcinoma cells to radiation therapy. Cancer Research, 68 5 , — Cerniglia, G. Molecular Pharmacology, 82 6 , — Lomonaco, S. The induction of autophagy by gamma-radiation contributes to the radioresistance of glioma stem cells.
International Journal of Cancer, 3 , — Firat, E. PLoS One, 7 10 , e Ye, F. Protective properties of radio-chemoresistant glioblastoma stem cell clones are associated with metabolic adaptation to reduced glucose dependence.
Yuan, X. Suppression of autophagy augments the radiosensitizing effects of STAT3 inhibition on human glioma cells. Exp Cell Res, 2 , — Chen, Y. Autophagy inhibition contributes to radiation sensitization of esophageal squamous carcinoma cells.
Diseases of the Esophagus, 24 6 , — Malet-Martino, M. The prodrugs of 5-fluorouracil. Current Medicinal Chemistry. Anti-Cancer Agents, 2 2 , — Walko, C.
Capecitabine: A review. Clin Ther, 27 1 , 23— Park, J. Cancer Biology and Therapy, 14 2 , — Sui, X. JNK confers 5-fluorouracil resistance in pdeficient and mutant pexpressing colon cancer cells by inducing survival autophagy.
Sci Rep, 4 , Liang, X. Suppression of autophagy by chloroquine sensitizes 5-fluorouracil-mediated cell death in gallbladder carcinoma cells. Cell and Bioscience, 4 1 , Zhu, W. Temozolomide for treatment of brain metastases: a review of 21 clinical trials.
World Journal of Clinical Oncology, 5 1 , 19— Yan, Y. Targeting autophagy to sensitive glioma to temozolomide treatment. Wurstle, S. Temozolomide induces autophagy in primary and established glioblastoma cells in an EGFR independent manner.
Oncology Letters, 14 1 , — Zou, Y. Molecular Medicine Reports, 10 1 , — Resveratrol enhances the therapeutic effect of temozolomide against malignant glioma in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting autophagy.
Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 52 2 , — Galluzzi, L. Molecular mechanisms of cisplatin resistance. Oncogene, 31 15 , — Ferreira, J. Mechanisms of cisplatin resistance and targeting of cancer stem cells: Adding glycosylation to the equation.
Drug Resist Updat, 24 , 34— Bao, L. Induction of autophagy contributes to cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 11 1 , 91— Liu, D. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA potentiates cisplatin-induced apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells.
Medical Oncology, 28 1 , — Zhu, L. ATG7 deficiency promote apoptotic death induced by cisplatin in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Bulletin Cancer, , 15— Cheng, C.
Autophagy inhibition increased the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin on drug-resistant esophageal cancer cells. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, 31 3 , — Shuptrine, C.
Monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol, 22 1 , 3— Kubota, T. Engineered therapeutic antibodies with improved effector functions. Cancer Science, 9 , — Zambrano, J. Autophagy and apoptotic crosstalk: mechanism of therapeutic resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer.
Breast Cancer Auckl. Guo, X. Inhibition of autophagy enhances anticancer effects of bevacizumab in hepatocarcinoma. J Mol Med Berl , 91 4 , — Erlotinib-induced autophagy in epidermal growth factor receptor mutated non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 81 3 , — EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors activate autophagy as a cytoprotective response in human lung cancer cells.
PLoS One, 6 6 , e Combination erlotinib-cisplatin and Atg3-mediated autophagy in erlotinib resistant lung cancer.
The autophagy inhibitor chloroquine overcomes the innate resistance of wild-type EGFR non-small-cell lung cancer cells to erlotinib. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 8 6 , — Salomoni, P. Targeted therapies and autophagy: new insights from chronic myeloid leukemia.
Autophagy, 5 7 , — Mirzoeva, O. Autophagy suppression promotes apoptotic cell death in response to inhibition of the PI3K-mTOR pathway in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Journal of Molecular Medicine Berl , 89 9 , — Zhai, B. Inhibition of Akt reverses the acquired resistance to sorafenib by switching protective autophagy to autophagic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 13 6 , — doi— Saleem, A. Effect of dual inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy in prostate cancer. Prostate, 72 12 , — Ni, Z. HCC cells with high levels of Bcl-2 are resistant to ABT via activation of the ROS-JNK-autophagy pathway. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 70 , — Zinn, R.
Combination treatment with ABT and chloroquine in preclinical models of small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer, 12 , Nagelkerke, A. LAMP3 is involved in tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells through the modulation of autophagy.
Endocr Relat Cancer, 21 1 , — Cook, K. Autophagy and endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 11 8 , — Mowers, E. Autophagy in cancer metastasis. Oncogene, 36 12 , — Puleston, D. Autophagy in the immune system. Immunology, 1 , 1—8. Ojha, R. Autophagy in cancer stem cells: a potential link between chemoresistance, recurrence, and metastasis.
Biores Open Access, 4 1 , 97— Lei, Y. Targeting autophagy in cancer stem cells as an anticancer therapy. Cancer Letters, , 33— Boya, P. Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization is a critical step of lysosome-initiated apoptosis induced by hydroxychloroquine.
Oncogene, 22 25 , — Seitz, C. International Journal of Cancer, 11 , — Download references. We would like to thank the German Academic Exchange Service DAAD , Germany, and the Department of Science and Technology INSPIRE- IF , Govt. of India, India, for providing scholarships.
Experimental Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Goethe University Hospital, D, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
German Cancer Consortium DKTK , Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Donat Kögel. Reprints and permissions. Das, C. Pro-survival autophagy and cancer cell resistance to therapy.
Cancer Metastasis Rev 37 , — Download citation. Published : 13 March Issue Date : 15 December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Abstract Resistance to therapy is one of the prime causes for treatment failure in cancer and recurrent disease. Access this article Log in via an institution. Abbreviations ATG: AuTophaGy mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin Ulk: Unclike kinase Vps: Vacuolar protein sorting LAMP: Lysosomal-associated membrane protein Rab: Ras-related protein UPR: Unfolded protein response DRAM: Damage-regulated autophagy modulator ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase TMZ: Temozolomide JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase CQ: Chloroquine HCQ: Hydroxychloroquine ER: Endoplasmic reticulum ROS: Reactive oxygen species HER Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 NAC: N -acetyl- l -cysteine.
References Ahmad, A. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ringborg, U. Article PubMed Google Scholar Luqmani, Y. Article PubMed Google Scholar Szakacs, G. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Wang, S. Article CAS Google Scholar Aqbi, H. Google Scholar Gewirtz, D.
Chapter Google Scholar Sosa, M. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Lock, R. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Mizushima, N. Article PubMed Google Scholar Mizushima, N. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Yorimitsu, T. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Klionsky, D.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Mochida, K. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Mizushima, N. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Mukhopadhyay, S.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Simonsen, A. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Funderburk, S. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Geng, J. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Kabeya, Y. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Eskelinen, E.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Settembre, C. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Eskelinen, E. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Saftig, P. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Bucci, C.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Bhutia, S. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Wesselborg, S.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar White, E. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Fulda, S. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar White, E. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Qin, L.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Hetz, C. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Verfaillie, T. Article CAS Google Scholar Avivar-Valderas, A. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lin, C. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Cheng, X. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ma, T.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Jagannathan, S. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Tabas, I. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Liu, K. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Teske, B. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Rao, J.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar B'Chir, W. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Gomes, L. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Vives-Bauza, C. Article PubMed Google Scholar Villa, E. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Chang, J.
Article CAS Google Scholar Su, Y. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Jangamreddy, J. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Holmstrom, K.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Trachootham, D. Article CAS Google Scholar Zhou, H.
Autophagy is an important catabolic process suurvival delivers cytoplasmic Auotphagy to the lysosome Mindful eating for better digestion degradation. Autophagy promotes cell Autophagy and cell survival by elimination of damaged survivla and proteins aggregates, as well as by survical bioenergetic homeostasis. Appetite control support group autophagy has been considered Long-lasting energy formula cell survival mechanism, recent studies have Autopagy Autophagy and cell survival zurvival can promote cell death. The core mechanisms that control autophagy are conserved between yeast and humans, but animals also possess genes that regulate autophagy that are not present in yeast. These regulatory differences may be explained by the need to control autophagy in a cell context-specific manner in multicellular animals, such as during cell survival and cell death. Autophagy was thought to be a bulk cytoplasmic degradation mechanism, but recent studies have shown that specific cargo is recruited for degradation. This suggests the possibility that either cell survival or death may be regulated by selective autophagic clearance of cytoplasmic material.
Hurra!!!! Unsere haben gesiegt:)