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J Am Coll Cardiol 45 10 — Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Salonen JT, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, Lakka TA Low levels of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness predict development of the metabolic syndrome.
Diabetes Care 25 9 — PubMed PMID: LaMonte MJ, Blair SN, Church TS Physical activity and diabetes prevention.
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Clin Sports Med 18 3 — Rennie KL, McCarthy N, Yazdgerdi S, Marmot M, Brunner E Association of the metabolic syndrome with both vigorous and moderate physical activity. Int J Epidemiol 32 4 — Sang H, Yao S, Zhang L, Li X, Yang N, Zhao J et al Walk-run training improves the anti-inflammation properties of high-density lipoprotein in the patients with metabolic syndrome.
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Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Williams PT, Haskell WL The effects on plasma lipoproteins of a prudent weight reducing diet, with or without exercise, in overweight men and women.
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Int J Epidemiol 42 2 — Download references. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The author would like to thank all study subjects for participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES , as well as the volunteers who collected the samples and data.
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea NRFS1A5B5A Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
Exercise Medicine Center for Diabetes and Cancer Patients, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Junga Lee , Yoonmyung Kim or Justin Y. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.
Reprints and permissions. Lee, J. Association between physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, — SpringerPlus 5 , Download citation. Received : 21 May Accepted : 11 October Published : 25 October Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
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Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Download PDF. Jeon 1 , 2 SpringerPlus volume 5 , Article number: Cite this article Accesses 16 Citations 3 Altmetric Metrics details. Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine favorable physical activities, by intensity, type, and frequency that would serve to minimize the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
Background Metabolic syndrome is an cluster of risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk factor Gami et al. Methods This study used a cross-sectional design to determine the association between physical activity and prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population Full size table. Results A total of 24, participants completed this study had metabolic syndrome. Association between each component of metabolic syndrome and physical activity according to type and frequency of physical activity Overall, more physically active participants showed lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome Table 2.
Table 2 Means of metabolic syndrome components according to type and frequency of physical activity Full size table. Table 3 The odds ratio for metabolic syndrome according to physical activity type and frequency Full size table.
Discussion It is well known that physical activity has favorable effects toward preventing metabolic syndrome. References Andersen RE, Wadden TA, Bartlett SJ, Zemel B, Verde TJ, Franckowiak SC Effects of lifestyle activity vs structured aerobic exercise in obese women: a randomized trial.
JAMA 4 — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Brownell KD, Bachorik PS, Ayerle RS Changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in men and women after a program of moderate exercise. Circulation 65 3 — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Chang KV, Hung CY, Li CM, Lin YH, Wang TG, Tsai KS et al Reduced flexibility associated with metabolic syndrome in community-dwelling elders.
Diabetes Care 28 5 — Article PubMed Google Scholar Foulds HJ, Bredin SS, Charlesworth SA, Ivey AC, Warburton DE Exercise volume and intensity: a dose-response relationship with health benefits.
Diabetes Care 25 9 — PubMed PMID: Article PubMed Google Scholar LaMonte MJ, Blair SN, Church TS Physical activity and diabetes prevention. J Korean Med Sci 21 4 — Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Lim S, Shin H, Song JH, Kwak SH, Kang SM, Won Yoon J et al Increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korea: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for — Clin Sports Med 18 3 — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Rennie KL, McCarthy N, Yazdgerdi S, Marmot M, Brunner E Association of the metabolic syndrome with both vigorous and moderate physical activity.
Int J Epidemiol 32 4 — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sang H, Yao S, Zhang L, Li X, Yang N, Zhao J et al Walk-run training improves the anti-inflammation properties of high-density lipoprotein in the patients with metabolic syndrome.
World Health Organization, Warsaw Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Williams PT, Haskell WL The effects on plasma lipoproteins of a prudent weight reducing diet, with or without exercise, in overweight men and women.
Acknowledgements The author would like to thank all study subjects for participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES , as well as the volunteers who collected the samples and data.
Funding source This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea NRFS1A5B5A study was measured by 4 days of heart-rate monitoring, the argument that the interaction between activity and fitness could be generated by measurement error specific to the CSA is substantially weakened and adds credibility to the interpretation of the present data that physical activity is related to metabolic risk in children and that this relationship may be modulated by fitness level.
Using doubly labeled water data 23 , we were able to ascertain that an increase of 1 activity unit transformed square root of counts per minute scale corresponds to an increase of 6.
For an average year-old child weighing 32 kg, this would correspond to about 1 extra megajoule of energy expenditure per day. One megajoule more per day is a substantial increase in energy expenditure in exchange for a relatively small decrease in the metabolic syndrome score.
However, we observed this dose-response relationship in a population-based sample of healthy children. As metabolic risk factors are known to track over time, these relatively small effects may translate into significant reductions in the occurrence of disease later in life 5 , 30 , Moreover, these effects may be greater in high-risk individuals, e.
The relationships we report here in Danish children are supported by observations in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 32 , which demonstrate significant inverse relationships between physical activity with subscapular skinfold thickness and triglycerides.
In males only, there were additional beneficial effects of activity on insulin and HDL cholesterol, whereas BP was unrelated to activity in either sex. This was also observed in longitudinal analyses, when considering persistent activity tracking as the exposure The role of activity in clustering of metabolic risk factors is also supported by the observation of a stronger relationship between activity and insulin sensitivity in high-BP individuals In a North Irish longitudinal study, fitness at ages 12 and 15 years was a predictor of total—to—HDL cholesterol ratio and sum of four skinfolds but not BP at age This corresponds well with our observation that the relationships between activity and these three risk factors were not significant.
Most of the variation in the metabolic risk score that can be explained by physical activity is attributable to reductions in fasting insulin and triglycerides, but these risk factors were not measured in the North Irish study, and the interaction with fitness was not explored Similar observations were reported in an American study 36 in which fitness was inversely related to LDL—to—HDL cholesterol ratio, BMI, and BP, whereas activity was associated only with lower BMI.
Only a single study 37 has reported a positive relationship between doubly labeled water—measured energy expenditure and insulin levels, although this could be explained by extreme values in two outliers.
Moreover, since this analysis was not adjusted for body size, sexual maturation, or adiposity, the positive association may be attributable to confounding.
Intervention studies in children have demonstrated the utility of increased physical activity to improve metabolic regulation after 3 weeks of daily exercise and low calorie diet 38 and to reduce BP after 8 months following three additional physical education lessons per week Moreover, the improvements in metabolic profile that corresponded with exercise training had regressed back to baseline values after 4 months of no exercise facilitation, thus supporting the etiological role of physical activity.
A week intervention study 41 , in which obese girls were assigned to either lifestyle education or facilitated physical training, showed decreases in triglycerides, HbA 1c , and total—to—HDL cholesterol ratio but not in fasting insulin, glucose, or HDL cholesterol.
However, only vigorous activity increased in the two intervention groups, whereas overall activity remained at the same level. This kind of compensation was also observed in another training study in adolescents 42 , which demonstrated favorable changes in triglyceride level, total—to—HDL cholesterol ratio, and diastolic BP but no changes in insulin, glucose, adiposity, or systolic BP.
When training attendance was considered, significant decreases in triglyceride, total—to—HDL cholesterol ratio, and adiposity were observed, along with a trend for decreased insulin. Furthermore, there was a more pronounced effect of the physical training program on lipid profile if baseline values were high in both the intent-to-treat and attendance-rate adjusted analyses, indicating greater effect in high-risk individuals Although the cross-sectional nature of our study limits inference about the direction of causality, it is biologically plausible that physical activity improves the metabolic risk profile.
Firstly, insulin action and glucose transport may be enhanced 43 , Secondly, increased capillarization results in increased blood flow and oxygen supply to the muscle tissue, which results in improved fat metabolism, higher HDL cholesterol levels, and decreased BP 43 , 45 — Thirdly, overall sympathetic tone and thus BP may decrease through a more efficient recruitment of the motor units in the muscle 60 — In conclusion, clustering of metabolic risk factors is inversely related to physical activity in pre- or early pubertal children.
These observations are unlikely to be explained by chance, bias, or confounding; are consistent with other studies; and are biologically plausible. This suggests that children, particularly those who are less fit, should be encouraged to engage in physical activity to improve their metabolic health and to establish healthy habits.
Means are adjusted for all covariates. Average CSA cpm was normalized by square root. Ninety-five percent CIs were obtained with robust SEs by clustering on school.
All models of nonadiposity metabolic syndrome are additionally adjusted for adiposity as an exposure. PA, physical activity. The study received financial support from the Danish Medical Research Council and the Danish Heart Foundation. The authors acknowledge the statistical assistance of Dr.
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Advanced Search. User Tools Dropdown. Sign In. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 27, Issue 9. Previous Article Next Article. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS. Article Information. Article Navigation. Features of the Metabolic Syndrome Are Associated With Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Fitness in Danish Children : The European Youth Heart Study EYHS Søren Brage, MSC, MPHIL ; Søren Brage, MSC, MPHIL.
This Site. Google Scholar. Niels Wedderkopp, MD, PHD ; Niels Wedderkopp, MD, PHD. Ulf Ekelund, PHD ; Ulf Ekelund, PHD. Paul W. Franks, PHD ; Paul W. Franks, PHD. Nicholas J. Wareham, MB, PHD ; Nicholas J. Wareham, MB, PHD.
Lars Bo Andersen, PHD ; Lars Bo Andersen, PHD. Karsten Froberg, PHD Karsten Froberg, PHD. E-mail: sb medschl. Diabetes Care ;27 9 — Article history Received:.
Get Permissions. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. Figure 1—. View large Download slide. Table 1— Baseline characteristics of Danish 9- to year-old children in the European Youth Heart Study. n Age years 9. View Large. Table 2— Prediction of the metabolic syndrome score by physical activity and fitness.
Metabolic syndrome Z score including adiposity. PA coefficient standardized. Moran A, Jacobs DR Jr, Steinberger J, Hong CP, Prineas R, Luepker R, Sinaiko AR: Insulin resistance during puberty: results from clamp studies in children.
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Abstract Background Cross-sectional relationships between moderate and vigorous physical activity and the metabolic syndrome MS were examined in the Whitehall II study of civil servants age 45—68 years. Metabolic syndrome , physical activity , exercise. KEY MESSAGES.
P -value. a High density lipoprotein. b Geometric mean. Body mass index M Open in new tab. P for trend. a Only those who reported no vigorous activity included in the moderate activity analyses.
Model A—sex, age. Model B—sex, age, smoking, and high alcohol intake. Model C—sex, age, smoking, high alcohol intake, and moderate activity. Model D1—sex, age, smoking, high alcohol intake, moderate activity, and grade.
Model D2—sex, age, smoking, high alcohol intake, and grade. a Only those who reported no vigorous activity included in the moderate activity analyses Base—sex, age, smoking, high alcohol intake, and grade and moderate activity in vigorous activity models. Am J Epidemiol. Annu Rev Public Health. Med Sci Sports Exerc.
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Søren BrageNiels WedderkoppUlf Ekelund Metabolic syndrome physical activity, Paul W. FranksNicholas Ac and long-term complications. WarehamSyndromf Bo PhydicalKarsten Metabolic syndrome physical activity Synvrome of the Electrolyte balance implications Syndrome Organic herbal alternative Associated Activiry Objectively Measured Physical Activity actuvity Fitness in Danish Children : The European Youth Heart Study EYHS. Diabetes Care 1 September ; 27 9 : — OBJECTIVE —Features of the metabolic syndrome are becoming increasingly evident in children. Decreased physical activity is likely to be an important etiological factor, as shown previously for subjective measures of physical activity in selected groups. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the metabolic syndrome and objectively measured physical activity and whether fitness modified this relationship. SpringerPlus volume 5 Metabolic syndrome physical activity, Article number: Cite this article. Metrics details. Metabolic syndrome physical activity purpose of this study Metaboliv to determine favorable physical activities, by intensity, type, and frequency snydrome would serve to minimize the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. A total of phyxical, individuals Cognitive restructuring techniques in eMtabolic Korean Qctivity Health and Metagolic Examination Electrolyte balance implications that investigated the risk factors for metabolic syndrome and physical activity including the physical activity type vigorous and moderate activity, walking, strength, and flexibility and the frequency numbers of days per weeks where physical activity lasted at least 10 min per session. The results confirmed that physical activity had a favorable effect on reducing the occurrence of metabolic syndrome. The lowest prevalence of metabolic syndrome was observed when vigorous physical activity was conducted six times per week OR 0. The associated beneficial effects included improvements in the risk factors of metabolic syndrome, depending on the specific physical activity type and frequency.
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