bibtex BibTex. txt Medlars, RefWorks Download citation. Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract Objectives:. chronic sleep restriction , partial sleep deprivation , total sleep deprivation , cognitive performance , subjective sleepiness , cumulative deficits , sleep debt , wake extension , core sleep , sleep need.

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More from Oxford Academic. Clinical Medicine. Clinical Neuroscience. Medicine and Health. Science and Mathematics. Sleep is necessary to keep it functioning properly, but chronic insomnia can disrupt how your body usually sends and processes information. You may also find it more difficult to concentrate or learn new things.

The signals your body sends may also be delayed, decreasing your coordination and increasing your risk for accidents. Sleep deprivation also negatively affects your mental abilities and emotional state. You may feel more impatient or prone to mood swings.

It can also compromise decision-making processes and creativity. A lack of sleep can also trigger mania in people who have bipolar mood disorder. You may also end up experiencing microsleep during the day.

It can also make you more prone to injury if you operate heavy machinery at work and have a microsleep episode. While you sleep, your immune system produces protective, infection-fighting substances like antibodies and cytokines. It uses these substances to combat foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses.

Certain cytokines also help you to sleep, giving your immune system more efficiency to defend your body against illness. Sleep deprivation prevents your immune system from building up its forces. Long-term sleep deprivation also increases your risk for chronic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus and heart disease.

The relationship between sleep and the respiratory system goes both ways. A nighttime breathing disorder called obstructive sleep apnea OSA can interrupt your sleep and lower sleep quality. As you wake up throughout the night, this can cause sleep deprivation, which leaves you more vulnerable to respiratory infections like the common cold and flu.

Sleep deprivation can also make existing respiratory diseases worse, such as chronic lung illness. Along with eating too much and not exercising, sleep deprivation is another risk factor for becoming overweight and obese.

Sleep affects the levels of two hormones, leptin and ghrelin, which control feelings of hunger and fullness. Without enough sleep, your brain reduces leptin and raises ghrelin , which is an appetite stimulant.

The flux of these hormones could explain nighttime snacking or why someone may overeat later in the night. A lack of sleep can also make you feel too tired to exercise.

Sleep deprivation also causes your body to release less insulin after you eat. Insulin helps to reduce your blood sugar glucose level. These disruptions can lead to diabetes mellitus and obesity.

Sleep affects processes that keep your heart and blood vessels healthy, including those that affect your blood sugar, blood pressure , and inflammation levels.

One analysis linked insomnia to an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. Hormone production is dependent on your sleep. For testosterone production, you need at least 3 hours of uninterrupted sleep, which is about the time of your first R.

Waking up throughout the night could affect hormone production. This interruption can also affect growth hormone production , especially in children and adolescents. These hormones help the body build muscle mass and repair cells and tissues, in addition to other growth functions. The pituitary gland releases growth hormone throughout each day, but adequate sleep and exercise also help the release of this hormone.

In a nutshell, sleep deprivation is caused by a consistent lack of sleep or reduced quality of sleep. Minus Related Pages. Impairments due to sleep deprivation are similar to impairments due to alcohol intoxication!

Warning: the combination of even a low dose of alcohol and extended wakefulness reduces performance even further. Page last reviewed: March 31, Content source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. home NIOSH Training for Nurses on Shift Work and Long Work Hours.

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American Psychiatric Association; ; doi Sleep disorders. National Alliance on Mental Illness. Approach to the patient with a sleep or wakefulness disorder.

Merck Manual Professional Version. Sutton EL. Annals of Internal Medicine. A good night's sleep. National Institute on Aging. In: Ham's Primary Care Geriatrics. Accessed March 23, Bonnet MH, et al.

Clinical features and diagnosis of insomnia. Risk factors, comorbidities, and consequences of insomnia in adults. Insomnia and other sleep disorders in older adults. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Natural Medicines. About AASM accredited facilities.

American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Winkelman JW. Overview of the treatment of insomnia in adults. Olson EJ expert opinion. Mayo Clinic. March 29, Perez MN, et al. Continuum Journal. Aronson, MD. Accessed March 29, Neubauer DN. Pharmacotherapy for insomnia in adults.

Accessed March 14, Sateia MJ. Highlights and modifications. In: International Classification of Sleep Disorders. American College of Chest Physicians; ; doi Sateia MJ, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline.

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. Drugs FDA: FDA-approved drugs. Accessed March 30, Related Ambien: Is dependence a concern? Insomnia treatment: Cognitive behavioral therapy instead of sleeping pills Insomnia: How do I stay asleep? Lack of sleep: Can it make you sick? Prescription sleeping pills: What's right for you?

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Nocturnal sleep periods were restricted to 8 h, 6 h or 4 h per day for 14 days, or to 0 h for 3 days. All other sleep was prohibited.

Chronic restriction of sleep periods to 4 h or 6 h per night over 14 consecutive days resulted in significant cumulative, dose-dependent deficits in cognitive performance on all tasks. Subjective sleepiness ratings showed an acute response to sleep restriction but only small further increases on subsequent days, and did not significantly differentiate the 6 h and 4 h conditions.

Polysomnographic variables and δ power in the non-REM sleep EEG—a putative marker of sleep homeostasis—displayed an acute response to sleep restriction with negligible further changes across the 14 restricted nights.

Comparison of chronic sleep restriction to total sleep deprivation showed that the latter resulted in disproportionately large waking neurobehavioral and sleep δ power responses relative to how much sleep was lost. A statistical model revealed that, regardless of the mode of sleep deprivation, lapses in behavioral alertness were nearlinearly related to the cumulative duration of wakefulness in excess of Since chronic restriction of sleep to 6 h or less per night produced cognitive performance deficits equivalent to up to 2 nights of total sleep deprivation, it appears that even relatively moderate sleep restriction can seriously impair waking neurobehavioral functions in healthy adults.

Sleepiness ratings suggest that subjects were largely unaware of these increasing cognitive deficits, which may explain why the impact of chronic sleep restriction on waking cognitive functions is often assumed to be benign. Physiological sleep responses to chronic restriction did not mirror waking neurobehavioral responses, but cumulative wakefulness in excess of a Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.

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Journal Article. The Cumulative Cost of Additional Wakefulness: Dose-Response Effects on Neurobehavioral Functions and Sleep Physiology From Chronic Sleep Restriction and Total Sleep Deprivation.

Van Dongen, PhD , Hans P. Van Dongen, PhD. Van Dongen, PhD, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Blockley Hall, Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA , USA, Tel: ; Fax: ; E-mail: vdongen mail.