Multiqc version perfornance. Vitamin Eye Vitamin A has long been the go-to vitamin for eye health. Dahlin Aet al.

Vitamin A is essential for vision and eye health, and it plays an important role in the performaance health of your eyes. In this blog post, we will discuss some of the ways that Vitamin A can benefit your eyes and list the foods you should be incorporating performane your ad.

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Some of the ways that vitamin A can benefit your eyes include:. In summary, vitamin A has many benefits for eye health.

It can help to protect against age-related macular degeneration and cataracts, keep night vision sharp, maintain healthy corneas, and promote overall good health.

Vitamin A is found in a variety of animal and plant foods. Animal sources of vitamin A include liver, fish liver oil, eggs, and dairy products. Plant sources of vitamin A include dark green leafy vegetables, yellow and orange fruits and vegetables, and red and orange peppers.

Overall, there are many foods that are high in vitamin A, and incorporating these foods into your diet can help to ensure that you are getting enough of this important nutrient. Eating plenty of foods rich in Vitamin A such as dark green leafy vegetables, yellow-orange fruits like carrots or cantaloupe, eggs, dairy products, and fish will help ensure that your eyes stay healthy now and into old age!

With proper care and nutrition, you can protect yourself from age-related macular degeneration AMDcataracts, night blindness, corneal diseases — all while promoting overall good health!

Also read: 7 Simple Tips to Improve Your Eye Health. Vitamin A. Everyone knows smoking is bad for your health. Smoking can cause several serious problems for. However, just like the rest of. December 21, The Benefits of Vitamin A for Eye Health Plus 7 Super Foods.

David Steynberg. What is Vitamin A? Vitamin A For Eye Health: How Does It Benefit You? Some of the ways that vitamin A can benefit your eyes include: Protecting against age-related macular degeneration AMDwhich is the leading cause of blindness among people over the age of Vitamin A helps to slow down the progression of AMD, which can help to preserve vision in older adults.

Reducing the risk of cataracts, which are cloudy areas on the lens of the eye that can lead to blurred vision or even blindness. Studies have shown that people who have higher levels of vitamin A in their diets are less likely to develop cataracts than those with lower levels.

Keeping night vision sharp by helping the eyes adjust quickly when going from light to dark environments. This can be particularly beneficial for people who work night shifts or who drive at night.

Maintaining healthy corneas, which are essential for clear vision and prevention of eye conditions such as glaucoma or dry eyes syndrome.

Vitamin A provides nourishment and protection for the cornea, which can help to keep it healthy and free from infection or inflammation. Promoting overall good health by boosting immune function and reducing inflammation throughout the body.

Good health is essential for keeping any kind of disease at bay, and vitamin A can help to support this. In addition to these foods, many fruits and vegetables contain smaller amounts of vitamin A.

Contact us today for an eye check up! Prev Previous 3 ways smoking damages your eyes and the chemicals inhaled. On Key. Related Posts. Computer Vision Syndrome: How to Diagnose and Treat It A blog post about the diagnosis and treatment of computer vision syndrome.

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: Vitamin A for vision and performance

Mask Policy	But vitamin A comes in all different shapes and sizes such as multiple kinds of carotenoids , and this has a direct impact on how effective they are at performing their many functions. Because many vitamins and supplements can interact with prescription drugs , make sure you check with your doctor before starting any new ones. Computer Vision Syndrome: How to Diagnose and Treat It A blog post about the diagnosis and treatment of computer vision syndrome. Eating plenty of foods rich in Vitamin A such as dark green leafy vegetables, yellow-orange fruits like carrots or cantaloupe, eggs, dairy products, and fish will help ensure that your eyes stay healthy now and into old age! Interestingly, many individuals with cataracts also are deficient in this antioxidant 23 , Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES I showed that people who consume more vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables have a decreased risk for any stage of AMD 7.
Vitamin A and Eye Health	David Steynberg. What is Vitamin A? Vitamin A For Eye Health: How Does It Benefit You? Some of the ways that vitamin A can benefit your eyes include: Protecting against age-related macular degeneration AMD , which is the leading cause of blindness among people over the age of Vitamin A helps to slow down the progression of AMD, which can help to preserve vision in older adults. Reducing the risk of cataracts, which are cloudy areas on the lens of the eye that can lead to blurred vision or even blindness. Studies have shown that people who have higher levels of vitamin A in their diets are less likely to develop cataracts than those with lower levels. Keeping night vision sharp by helping the eyes adjust quickly when going from light to dark environments. This can be particularly beneficial for people who work night shifts or who drive at night. Maintaining healthy corneas, which are essential for clear vision and prevention of eye conditions such as glaucoma or dry eyes syndrome. Vitamin A provides nourishment and protection for the cornea, which can help to keep it healthy and free from infection or inflammation. Promoting overall good health by boosting immune function and reducing inflammation throughout the body. Good health is essential for keeping any kind of disease at bay, and vitamin A can help to support this. In addition to these foods, many fruits and vegetables contain smaller amounts of vitamin A. Contact us today for an eye check up! Prev Previous 3 ways smoking damages your eyes and the chemicals inhaled. Children with a balanced diet likely have a healthy vitamin A level. Your child is at risk for vitamin A deficiency if they:. Any time your child tells you they have trouble seeing, bring them to your local optometrist or ophthalmologist for an exam. Vitamin A and Eye Health PDF. Urgent Care. In This Section. Foods Many foods have vitamin A in them. Your child is at risk for vitamin A deficiency if they: Are picky eaters. Yau KW , Hardie RC. Phototransduction motifs and variations. Cell : — Chambon P. A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors. FASEB J. Chawla A , Repa JJ , Evans RM , Mangelsdorf DJ. Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: opening the X-files. Science : — Duester G. Towards a better vision of retinoic acid signaling during eye development. Cells 11 : Blaner WS , et al. Vitamin A absorption, storage and mobilization. Subcell Biochem. Lipoprotein lipase hydrolysis of retinyl ester. Possible implications for retinoid uptake by cells. J Biol Chem. Kawaguchi R , et al. A membrane receptor for retinol binding protein mediates cellular uptake of vitamin A. Bok D , Heller J. Transport of retinol from the blood to the retina: an autoradiographic study of the pigment epithelial cell surface receptor for plasma retinol-binding protein. Exp Eye Res. Sun H. Membrane receptors and transporters involved in the function and transport of vitamin A and its derivatives. Biochim Biophys Acta. Kelly M , von Lintig J. STRA6: role in cellular retinol uptake and efflux. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. Isken A , et al. RBP4 disrupts vitamin A uptake homeostasis in a STRA6-deficient animal model for Matthew-Wood syndrome. Cell Metab. Zhong M , et al. Regulatory mechanism for the transmembrane receptor that mediates bidirectional vitamin A transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Chassaing N , et al. Phenotypic spectrum of STRA6 mutations: from Matthew-Wood syndrome to non-lethal anophthalmia. Hum Mutat. Pasutto F , et al. Mutations in STRA6 cause a broad spectrum of malformations including anophthalmia, congenital heart defects, diaphragmatic hernia, alveolar capillary dysplasia, lung hypoplasia, and mental retardation. Am J Hum Genet. Golzio C , et al. Matthew-Wood syndrome is caused by truncating mutations in the retinol-binding protein receptor gene STRA6. Clagett-Dame M , DeLuca HF. The role of vitamin A in mammalian reproduction and embryonic development. Annu Rev Nutr. Ruiz A , et al. Retinoid content, visual responses, and ocular morphology are compromised in the retinas of mice lacking the retinol-binding protein receptor, STRA6. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Amengual J , et al. STRA6 is critical for cellular vitamin A uptake and homeostasis. Hum Mol Genet. Ramkumar S , et al. The vitamin A transporter STRA6 adjusts the stoichiometry of chromophore and opsins in visual pigment synthesis and recycling. Kelly M , Widjaja-Adhi MA , Palczewski G , von Lintig J. Transport of vitamin A across blood-tissue barriers is facilitated by STRA6. Sommer A , Vyas KS. A global clinical view on vitamin A and carotenoids. Am J Clin Nutr. Dowling JE , Wald G. Vitamin a deficiency and night blindness. The biological function of vitamin A acid. Samardzija M , et al. R91w mutation in Rpe65 leads to milder early-onset retinal dystrophy due to the generation of low levels of cis-retinal. Maeda T , Maeda A , Leahy P , Saperstein DA , Palczewski K. Effects of long-term administration of 9-cis-retinyl acetate on visual function in mice. Comparison of ocular pathologies in vitamin A-deficient mice and RPE65 gene knockout mice. Bulk RNA-seq of eyes isolated from wildtype and Stra6 knockout mice maintained on either a vitamin A sufficient or deficient diet. Ross AC. Diet in vitamin A research. Methods Mol Biol. Obrochta KM , Kane MA , Napoli JL. Effects of diet and strain on mouse serum and tissue retinoid concentrations. PLoS One 9 : e Maeda A , Maeda T , Golczak M , Palczewski K. Retinopathy in mice induced by disrupted all-trans-retinal clearance. Chen Y , et al. Systems pharmacology identifies drug targets for Stargardt disease-associated retinal degeneration. J Clin Invest. Makabe K , Sugita S , Mandai M , Futatsugi Y , Takahashi M. Microglia dynamics in retinitis pigmentosa model: formation of fundus whitening and autofluorescence as an indicator of activity of retinal degeneration. Sci Rep. ANGPTL4 influences the therapeutic response of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration by promoting choroidal neovascularization. JCI Insight 7 : e Fields MA , Del Priore LV , Adelman RA , Rizzolo LJ. Kim DJ , Christofidou ED , Keene DR , Hassan Milde M , Adams JC. Intermolecular interactions of thrombospondins drive their accumulation in extracellular matrix. Mol Biol Cell. Dahlin A , et al. Gene expression profiling of transporters in the solute carrier and ATP-binding cassette superfamilies in human eye substructures. Mol Pharm. Rajasekaran SA , et al. Na,K-ATPase inhibition alters tight junction structure and permeability in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. Underwood BA. J Nutr. Sommer A. Vitamin A deficiency, child health, and survival. Nutrition 13 : — Vitamin a deficiency and clinical disease: an historical overview. Sommer A , Tarwotjo I , Hussaini G , Susanto D , Soegiharto T. Incidence, prevalence, and scale of blinding malnutrition. Lancet 1 : — Tanumihardjo SA. Vitamin A: biomarkers of nutrition for development. Redmond TM , et al. Rpe65 is necessary for production of cis-vitamin A in the retinal visual cycle. Nat Genet. Fan J , Woodruff ML , Cilluffo MC , Crouch RK , Fain GL. Opsin activation of transduction in the rods of dark-reared Rpe65 knockout mice. J Physiol. Woodruff ML , et al. Spontaneous activity of opsin apoprotein is a cause of Leber congenital amaurosis. Rohrer B , et al. Lamb TD , Pugh EN Jr. Dark adaptation and the retinoid cycle of vision. Onishi AC , Fawzi AA. An overview of optical coherence tomography angiography and the posterior pole. Ther Adv Ophthalmol. Campbell JP , et al. Detailed vascular anatomy of the human retina by projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography. Strauss O. The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function. Physiol Rev. Rizzolo LJ , Peng S , Luo Y , Xiao W. Integration of tight junctions and claudins with the barrier functions of the retinal pigment epithelium. Functions and diseases of the retinal pigment epithelium. Front Pharmacol. Sparrow JR , Hicks D , Hamel CP. The retinal pigment epithelium in health and disease. Curr Mol Med. Lakkaraju A , et al. The cell biology of the retinal pigment epithelium. Zhang H , et al. Trafficking of membrane-associated proteins to cone photoreceptor outer segments requires the chromophore cis-retinal. J Neurosci. In conditions of limited chromophore supply rods entrap cis-retinal leading to loss of cone function and cell death. Hudspeth AJ , Yee AG. The intercellular junctional complexes of retinal pigment epithelia. Invest Ophthalmol. Rizzolo LJ. Development and role of tight junctions in the retinal pigment epithelium. Int Rev Cytol. Steinberg RH. Interactions between the retinal pigment epithelium and the neural retina. Doc Ophthalmol. Wimmers S , Karl MO , Strauss O. Ion channels in the RPE. Reichhart N , Strauß O. Ion channels and transporters of the retinal pigment epithelium. Pollock LM , Xie J , Bell BA , Anand-Apte B. Retinoic acid signaling is essential for maintenance of the blood-retinal barrier. Anderson JM , Van Itallie CM. Physiology and function of the tight junction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. Marchiando AM , Graham WV , Turner JR. Epithelial barriers in homeostasis and disease. Annu Rev Pathol. Alltrans retinoic acid alters the expression of the tight junction proteins Claudin1 and 4 and epidermal barrier function-associated genes in the epidermis. Int J Mol Med. Engelbrecht E , Metzler MA , Sandell LL. Retinoid signaling regulates angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier integrity in neonatal mouse retina. Microcirculation 29 : e Mizee MR , et al. Retinoic acid induces blood-brain barrier development. Baltes S , Nau H , Lampen A. All-trans retinoic acid enhances differentiation and influences permeability of intestinal Caco-2 cells under serum-free conditions. Dev Growth Differ. Osanai M , et al. Cellular retinoic acid bioavailability determines epithelial integrity: role of retinoic acid receptor alpha agonists in colitis. Mol Pharmacol. Ortiz-Melo MT , et al. Biol Open. Bonney S , Siegenthaler JA. Differential effects of retinoic acid concentrations in regulating blood-brain barrier properties. eNeuro 4 : ENEURO. Cereijido M , Valdés J , Shoshani L , Contreras RG. Role of tight junctions in establishing and maintaining cell polarity. Annu Rev Physiol. Schneeberger EE , Lynch RD. The tight junction: a multifunctional complex. Shin K , Fogg VC , Margolis B. Tight junctions and cell polarity. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. Ambati J , Fowler BJ. Mechanisms of age-related macular degeneration. Neuron 75 : 26 — Moon J , Ramkumar S , von Lintig J. Genetic tuning of β-carotene oxygenase-1 activity rescues cone photoreceptor function in STRA6-deficient mice. Genetic dissection in mice reveals a dynamic crosstalk between the delivery pathways of vitamin A. J Lipid Res. Love MI , Huber W , Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol.
All About Vitamin A	Pegformance thick, and fo cornea will cause Vitamin A for vision and performance vision followed by irreversible blindness. Good food sources of retinol vitamin A include beef and chicken liver, whole milk and cheese. J Physiol. Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group. Cell Biology. AARP City Guide. The Nutrition Source Menu.
The Benefits of Vitamin A for Eye Health (Plus 7 Super Foods)	How does it differ from all the other vitamins out there? Rpe65 is necessary for production of cis-vitamin A in the retinal visual cycle. Membrane receptors and transporters involved in the function and transport of vitamin A and its derivatives. The modern renaissance man knows this, which is why the modern renaissance man has moved beyond eating just meat, butter, and maybe a little bit of potato to also include green leafy veggies and sprouts and other nutrient-dense foods in their diet. What is Vitamin A?
What's the best supplement for me?	Two studies have found that smokers taking daily supplements containing 20 to 30 mg of beta-carotene had an increased risk of lung cancer compared with smokers who did not take the eye supplements. Biol Open. Salmon , avocado , and leafy green vegetables are also good sources 9 , 12 , The exact influence of RA on the BBB and a variety of epithelia is inconclusive, as in vitro and in vivo testing has presented results showing both positive and negative RA effects 69— Intercellular adhesion proteins serve to preserve tissue integrity and RPE structure, and therefore, we prepared whole RPE flatmounts stained with ZO-1 to assess overall morphology. Throwback Thursday Crossword. Read 'The Raging Storm'.

Vitamin A for vision and performance -

In This Section. Foods Many foods have vitamin A in them. Your child is at risk for vitamin A deficiency if they: Are picky eaters. Avoid certain food groups. Have a medical condition that makes it hard to absorb Vitamin A from food, such as cystic fibrosis, liver disease. Signs and Symptoms Signs your child may have low vitamin A levels include: Watering, red eyes.

Complaining of eye pain. Bumping into objects in dim lighting. The BRB is analogous to the blood—brain barrier BBB , and the importance of RA signaling has been emphasized during the developmental stages. Interestingly, prior research has demonstrated RA induces BBB genes such as tight junction proteins ZO-1 and cadherins The exact influence of RA on the BBB and a variety of epithelia is inconclusive, as in vitro and in vivo testing has presented results showing both positive and negative RA effects 69— The BRB consists of both outer and inner components, and the integrity of the inner BRB, lining the retinal vasculature, is vulnerable to reduced RA signaling A similar phenomenon was supported in our studies of the oBRB.

Phenotypically, RPE from WT mice followed a repetitive, hexagonal shape. A loss of structural integrity translated to increased permeability to macromolecules FITC—dextran Fig. Our gene set indicated a down-regulation of genes encoding alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases involved in RA metabolism.

The role of vitamin A in maintaining the oBRB is novel and has implications beyond the physical integrity of the ocular tissue. Tight junctions are multiprotein complexes constituting of transmembrane, peripheral, and cytoplasmic proteins.

Many proteins associated with tight junctions act as adaptors to stabilize junctions or scaffolds to recruit proteins for intracellular signaling.

Additionally, tight junctions demarcate boundaries between the apical and basolateral membranes, and the polarized distribution of transporters and channels is important for supporting the adjacent photoreceptors 73— Together, our study revealed that ocular consequences of nutritional VAD are attributed to not only chromophore deficiency but also compromised retinoid signaling in the RPE.

Damage to the RPE causes other retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration How retinoid homeostasis conferred by STRA6 or oBRB transcriptional alterations is associated to the pathophysiology of such diseases warrants further investigations. A better understanding of the role of vitamin A at the oBRB will aid in the development of intervention strategies for children suffering from severe VAD eventually leading to retinal degeneration and vision loss as well as for other blinding diseases.

The use of mice in this study was approved by the Case Western Reserve University CWRU Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. WT mice were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory.

The diets were prepared by Research Diets New Brunswick, NJ, USA. Mice were transcardially perfused with PBS and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Preparation and analyses of retinoid concentrations were performed as previously described 20 , 21 , 77 , To quantify the molar amounts of retinoids, the HPLC was previously calibrated with synthetic standard compounds.

Eyes were enucleated, and muscle and connective tissue were removed, followed by the removal of the anterior segment and vitreous. The neural retina was carefully peeled off while limiting the extent of disturbing the RPE layer, and the remaining RPE—choroid tissue was rinsed with PBS. The RPE—choroid tissues from two eyecups were pooled together for RNA isolation.

This mixture was added directly to a RNeasy mini column Qiagen. RNA extraction was completed using the RNeasy Plus Mini Kit. Quantitation and sample integrity and purity were tested using the Nanodrop and Agilent for quality control.

For library construction, mRNA was enriched using oligo dT beads, fragmented randomly, and then cDNA was synthesized using random hexamer primers, dNTPs, RNase H, and DNA polymerase I. Following terminal repair, A ligation, and sequencing adaptor ligation, the double-stranded cDNA library was completed through size selection and PCR enrichment.

The samples have an average Fastqc version 0. Multiqc version 1. An average of The correlated annotation file GTF was applied and the gene expression level was determined by RSEM version 1.

Lowly expressed genes counts less than five were filtered. From the 18, remaining genes, analysis was carried out using DESeq2, which normalizes for sequencing depth differences We were investigating how diet and the Stra6 mutation influence gene expression, and we opted in using a multifactor design.

VAS and WT were set as the reference levels for comparisons. GO analysis, enrichment of BP terms, and pathway analysis were performed using the g:GOSt tool from g:Profiler 80 , Overrepresentation of these processes was assessed by fold enrichment that was computed by comparing the relative frequency of input genes in the samples to the frequency of genes annotated to the term or pathway in the background universe.

Total RNA was extracted from RPE eyecups using the TRIzol method Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA. The Nano drop ND spectrophotometer Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA was used to quantify RNA, and cDNA was generated using the High Capacity RNA to cDNA kit Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific.

RT-PCR was carried out using the TaqMan Master Mix Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific and the primers Applied Biosystems to amplify β-actin Mm , Cdh1 Mm , Dsc2 Mm , Lrat Mm , and Rdh5 Mm Based on the comparative delta-Ct method, gene expression levels were normalized using the housekeeping gene β-actin.

RPE65 protein levels were assessed in the RPE—choroid tissue isolated from the mouse eyes. Protein concentrations were determined using the BCA protein assay Thermo Fisher Scientific.

The protein was then transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride PVDF membranes Bio-Rad. The blots were washed and incubated overnight at 4°C with the appropriate primary antibody. As a loading control, β-actin antiserum Cell Signaling, Boston, MA was used at a dilution of , The antibody to RPE65 noncommercial was used to probe the blots.

All antibodies were diluted in Tris-buffered saline containing 0. The Odyssey Imaging System LI-COR Biosciences was used to scan western blots with chemiluminescence. The HE-stained sections were imaged using the Leica DM microscope The cornea, lens, and vitreous were removed, and radial incisions were made to flatten the remaining eyecup.

The RPE layer was separated from the retinal tissue. The RPE flatmounts were incubated with 0. The flatmounts were washed with PBST 0. The flatmounts were washed with PBST and then PBS before mounting on microscope slides.

Images were acquired using the Leica Hyvolution SP8 confocal microscope. One percent tropicamide Bausch and Lomb, Tampa, FL eye drops were applied to dilate the pupils prior to the eye examination.

The optic nerve was positioned in the center before acquiring spectral domain OCT SD-OCT, Bioptigen images. B-scan images were acquired and averaged using the Bioptigen software The thickness values were averaged from retinas of four mice in each experimental group.

Mouse fundus images were collected using the confocal SLO SLO Spectralis HRA2, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany. Mice were dark adapted overnight prior to examination. Mice were placed on a heating pad throughout the recording session to keep the body temperature at 37°C.

Ag—AgCl electrodes were placed on the surface of the cornea Diagnosys Celeris, Lowell, MA. For dark-adapted ERG responses, mice were exposed to 10 steps of a white light, flash stimulus ranging from 0. Amplitude values were averaged between left and right eyes 20 , The permeability of the oBRB was assessed using a method adapted from an assay measuring BBB permeability The mice were perfused with PBS.

The eyes were then immediately enucleated, and the retina tissue layer was pooled from each mouse for further processing. Fluorescence was measured in retina tissue supernatants using the FlexStation 3 Multi-Mode Microplate Reader Molecular Devices.

Fluorescence measurements acquired from the sham control group were used to account for autofluorescence and to subtract background. To avoid photobleaching, the samples were shielded from light at all stages. Unpaired t test was used when comparing values between genotype WT vs.

Two-way ANOVA was used when the observed effect is influenced by both variables, diet and genotype. The Tukey method was carried out for post hoc multiple comparisons. We thank the Case Western Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics for their guidance and advice with data processing and analysis.

All original animations are created with BioRender. Supplementary material is available at PNAS Nexus online. This work was funded by the National Eye Institute EY and EY and the T32 Visual Science Training Grant EY and J. designed the research; J. performed the research; J. analyzed the data; and J.

wrote the manuscript. von Lintig J , Moon J , Babino D. Molecular components affecting ocular carotenoid and retinoid homeostasis. Prog Retin Eye Res. Google Scholar. Yau KW , Hardie RC. Phototransduction motifs and variations. Cell : — Chambon P. A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors.

FASEB J. Chawla A , Repa JJ , Evans RM , Mangelsdorf DJ. Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: opening the X-files. Science : — Duester G. Towards a better vision of retinoic acid signaling during eye development. Cells 11 : Blaner WS , et al.

Vitamin A absorption, storage and mobilization. Subcell Biochem. Lipoprotein lipase hydrolysis of retinyl ester. Possible implications for retinoid uptake by cells.

J Biol Chem. Kawaguchi R , et al. A membrane receptor for retinol binding protein mediates cellular uptake of vitamin A. Bok D , Heller J. Transport of retinol from the blood to the retina: an autoradiographic study of the pigment epithelial cell surface receptor for plasma retinol-binding protein.

Exp Eye Res. Sun H. Membrane receptors and transporters involved in the function and transport of vitamin A and its derivatives. Biochim Biophys Acta. Kelly M , von Lintig J.

STRA6: role in cellular retinol uptake and efflux. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. Isken A , et al. RBP4 disrupts vitamin A uptake homeostasis in a STRA6-deficient animal model for Matthew-Wood syndrome.

Cell Metab. Zhong M , et al. Regulatory mechanism for the transmembrane receptor that mediates bidirectional vitamin A transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Chassaing N , et al. Phenotypic spectrum of STRA6 mutations: from Matthew-Wood syndrome to non-lethal anophthalmia.

Hum Mutat. Pasutto F , et al. Mutations in STRA6 cause a broad spectrum of malformations including anophthalmia, congenital heart defects, diaphragmatic hernia, alveolar capillary dysplasia, lung hypoplasia, and mental retardation. Am J Hum Genet. Golzio C , et al. Matthew-Wood syndrome is caused by truncating mutations in the retinol-binding protein receptor gene STRA6.

Clagett-Dame M , DeLuca HF. The role of vitamin A in mammalian reproduction and embryonic development. Annu Rev Nutr. Ruiz A , et al. Retinoid content, visual responses, and ocular morphology are compromised in the retinas of mice lacking the retinol-binding protein receptor, STRA6.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Amengual J , et al. STRA6 is critical for cellular vitamin A uptake and homeostasis. Hum Mol Genet. Ramkumar S , et al. The vitamin A transporter STRA6 adjusts the stoichiometry of chromophore and opsins in visual pigment synthesis and recycling.

Kelly M , Widjaja-Adhi MA , Palczewski G , von Lintig J. Transport of vitamin A across blood-tissue barriers is facilitated by STRA6.

Sommer A , Vyas KS. A global clinical view on vitamin A and carotenoids. Am J Clin Nutr. Dowling JE , Wald G. Vitamin a deficiency and night blindness. The biological function of vitamin A acid. Samardzija M , et al. R91w mutation in Rpe65 leads to milder early-onset retinal dystrophy due to the generation of low levels of cis-retinal.

Maeda T , Maeda A , Leahy P , Saperstein DA , Palczewski K. Effects of long-term administration of 9-cis-retinyl acetate on visual function in mice. Comparison of ocular pathologies in vitamin A-deficient mice and RPE65 gene knockout mice. Bulk RNA-seq of eyes isolated from wildtype and Stra6 knockout mice maintained on either a vitamin A sufficient or deficient diet.

Ross AC. Diet in vitamin A research. Methods Mol Biol. Obrochta KM , Kane MA , Napoli JL. Effects of diet and strain on mouse serum and tissue retinoid concentrations. PLoS One 9 : e Maeda A , Maeda T , Golczak M , Palczewski K.

Retinopathy in mice induced by disrupted all-trans-retinal clearance. Chen Y , et al. Systems pharmacology identifies drug targets for Stargardt disease-associated retinal degeneration.

J Clin Invest. Makabe K , Sugita S , Mandai M , Futatsugi Y , Takahashi M. Microglia dynamics in retinitis pigmentosa model: formation of fundus whitening and autofluorescence as an indicator of activity of retinal degeneration. Sci Rep. ANGPTL4 influences the therapeutic response of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration by promoting choroidal neovascularization.

JCI Insight 7 : e Fields MA , Del Priore LV , Adelman RA , Rizzolo LJ. Kim DJ , Christofidou ED , Keene DR , Hassan Milde M , Adams JC. Intermolecular interactions of thrombospondins drive their accumulation in extracellular matrix.

Mol Biol Cell. Dahlin A , et al. Gene expression profiling of transporters in the solute carrier and ATP-binding cassette superfamilies in human eye substructures.

Mol Pharm. Rajasekaran SA , et al. Na,K-ATPase inhibition alters tight junction structure and permeability in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. Underwood BA. J Nutr. Sommer A. Vitamin A deficiency, child health, and survival.

Nutrition 13 : — Vitamin a deficiency and clinical disease: an historical overview. Sommer A , Tarwotjo I , Hussaini G , Susanto D , Soegiharto T.

Incidence, prevalence, and scale of blinding malnutrition. When given to mice with the same genetic defect as humans with Stargardt's disease also called juvenile macular degeneration , the modified vitamin A inhibited the growth of clump-like deposits in the retina called "vitamin A dimers" that are associated with degenerative changes and vision loss.

Vitamin A deficiency is rare in the United States, but it is common among the poor in developing countries. It's estimated that approximately , to , malnourished children worldwide become blind each year due to vitamin A deficiency that could have been prevented with a proper diet.

One of the first signs of vitamin A deficiency is night blindness. In ancient Egypt, it was discovered that night blindness could be cured by eating liver, which later was found to be a rich source of vitamin A. A lack of vitamin A causes the cornea to become very dry, leading to clouding of the front of the eye, corneal ulcers and vision loss.

Vitamin A deficiency also causes damage to the retina , which also contributes to blindness. Because vitamin A also is important for resistance to infection and a healthy immune system, vitamin A deficiency can lead to death from respiratory and other infections.

Other eye conditions related to vitamin A deficiency: Xerophthalmia disease and Bitot spots. The concept of the Daily Value DV was developed to help consumers determine if a food contains a lot or a little of a nutrient, based on its Recommended Dietary Allowance.

The DV for vitamin A is 5, IU. Vitamin A that comes from animal food sources is not water-soluble and therefore is not readily excreted from the body. Instead, it is stored in body fat and, if ingested in excess amounts, can build up in the body and become toxic.

Beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables don't pose the same vitamin A toxicity risk. These compounds are water-soluble and are easily eliminated from the body, so vitamin A toxicity from vegetarian food sources is rare.

Beta-carotene supplements, however, may have serious risks for smokers. Two studies have found that smokers taking daily supplements containing 20 to 30 mg of beta-carotene had an increased risk of lung cancer compared with smokers who did not take the eye supplements.

These studies are controversial, however, and a large study of more than 22, male physicians found no adverse health effects when these doctors took beta-carotene supplements of 50 mg every other day. The Institute of Medicine has established the following upper intake levels for the animal-based, retinol form of vitamin A to reduce the risk of vitamin A toxicity:.

Possible toxicity reactions from long-term daily consumption of vitamin A above these levels include birth defects, liver abnormalities, reduced bone mineral density that can lead to osteoporosis, and central nervous system disorders.

August — Sweet potatoes are a promising way to help vitamin A-deficient children in South Africa, according to a June report in the journal Crop Science. Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children around the world. Sweet potatoes have naturally high amounts of beta-carotene which our bodies convert to vitamin A and are already a well-accepted food in South Africa.

Laurie and others tested 12 varieties of sweet potatoes in humid subtropical, drier subtropical and temperate climates. Impilo and Purple Sunset are two varieties that have shown the best results.

Perfomance vitamin A do anything to help eyes and vision? Can a vitamin A deficiency cause visipn Is performabce dangerous to consume too much vitamin A? Read on visoon answers to these Omega- for depression and Antioxidant-rich dinner recipes useful Vitqmin about this important antioxidant vksion, including information about eye benefits of vitamin A and beta-carotenetop vitamin A foods, and possible benefits of vitamin A eye drops. Vitamin A actually is a group of antioxidant compounds that play an important role in vision, bone growth and health of the immune system. Vitamin A also helps the surface of the eye, mucous membranes and skin be effective barriers to bacteria and viruses, reducing the risk of eye infectionsrespiratory problems and other infectious diseases. In general, there are two types of vitamin A, depending on the type of food source it comes from:. Vitamin A can help Vison vision performancw a number of ways, but it is also widely thought to help boost your immune system Vitamin A for vision and performance help with perfprmance growth. Enough surface facts — what about the vitamin actually makes it so powerful? How does it differ from all the other vitamins out there? There are two types of vitamin A. One type, most commonly found in animal products, is a vitamin A retinoid that is soluble in fat. This means that it is stored in the fat of your body and can be tapped into when needed.

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Vitamin A: Steps in Light Detection – Biochemistry - Lecturio