ACS Biomater Sci Eng. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology. Acta Biomater. Bulbils of D. Green tea and healinb.

Wound healing catechins -

Animal studies suggest that green tea may help prevent the development of type 1 diabetes and slow the progression once it has developed.

In people with type 1 diabetes, their bodies make little or no insulin, which helps convert glucose or sugar into energy. Green tea may help regulate glucose in the body.

Research also suggests that regular consumption of green tea may help manage type 2 diabetes. Population-based studies have shown that men who drink more than 10 cups of green tea per day are less likely to develop liver problems. Green tea also seems to protect the liver from the damaging effects of toxic substances such as alcohol.

Animal studies have shown that green tea helps protect against liver tumors in mice. Results from several animal and human studies suggest that plant chemicals in green tea called catechins, may help treat viral hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver.

In these studies, catechin was used by itself in very high amounts. It is not clear whether green tea, which has a lower concentration of catechins, would have the same benefits.

It is important to note that 10 cups of green tea a day could cause problems due to high levels of caffeine.

Ask your doctor about the best way to include green tea in your treatment. Clinical studies suggest that green tea extract may boost metabolism and help burn fat. One study found that the combination of green tea and caffeine improved weight loss and maintenance in people who were overweight and moderately obese.

However, other studies show no benefit. Preliminary studies suggest that drinking green tea can help prevent dental cavities. More research is needed. Green tea may also be useful in inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis. Research suggests that green tea may help arthritis by reducing inflammation and slowing the breakdown of cartilage.

Chemicals in green tea may help treat genital warts, treat dermatologic conditions, and prevent symptoms of colds and flu.

Green tea may play a role in preventing Parkinson disease, cognitive decline, and osteoporosis. Studies also show that drinking green tea is associated with reduced risk of dying from any cause. Green, black, and oolong tea are all derived from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant.

Originally cultivated in East Asia, this plant grows as large as a shrub or tree. Today, Camellia sinensis grows throughout Asia and parts of the Middle East and Africa. People in Asian countries more commonly consume green and oolong tea while black tea is most popular in the United States.

Green tea is prepared from unfermented leaves, the leaves of oolong tea are partially fermented, and black tea is fully fermented. The more the leaves are fermented, the lower the polyphenol content and the higher the caffeine content.

Green tea has the highest polyphenol content while black tea has roughly 2 to 3 times the caffeine content of green tea. Researchers think the health properties of green tea are mostly due to polyphenols, chemicals with potent antioxidant potential. In fact, the antioxidant effects of polyphenols seem to be greater than vitamin C.

The polyphenols in green tea also give it a somewhat bitter flavor. Polyphenols contained in teas are classified as catechins. Green tea contains six primary catechin compounds: catechin, gallaogatechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, and apigallocatechin gallate also known as EGCG.

EGCG is the most studied polyphenol component in green tea and the most active. Green tea also contains alkaloids including caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. They provide green tea's stimulant effects. L-theanine, an amino acid compound found in green tea, has been studied for its calming effects on the nervous system.

Most green tea dietary supplements are sold as dried leaf tea in capsule form. Look for standardized extracts of green tea.

There are also liquid extracts made from the leaves and leaf buds. The average cup of green tea contains 50 to mg polyphenols antioxidants. Decaffeinated green tea products contain concentrated polyphenols. Caffeine-free supplements are available.

Depending on the brand, 2 to 3 cups of green tea per day for a total of to mg polyphenols or to mg per day of standardized green tea extract is recommended.

Caffeine-free products are available and recommended. The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease.

However, herbs contain active substances that can trigger side effects and interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, people should take herbs with care, under the supervision of a practitioner knowledgeable in the field of botanical medicine.

People with heart problems or high blood pressure, kidney problems, liver problems, stomach ulcers, and psychological disorders, particularly anxiety, should not take green tea. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also avoid green tea. People with anemia, diabetes, glaucoma, or osteoporosis should ask their health care provider before drinking green tea or taking an extract.

People who drink large amounts of caffeine, including caffeine from green tea, for long periods of time may experience irritability, insomnia, heart palpitations, and dizziness. Caffeine overdose can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, and loss of appetite. If you are drinking a lot of tea and start to vomit or have abdominal spasms, you may have caffeine poisoning.

If your symptoms are severe, lower your caffeine intake and see your health care provider. If you are being treated with any of the following medications, you should not drink green tea or take green tea extract without first talking to your health care provider:.

Green tea may inhibit the actions of adenosine, a medication given in the hospital for an irregular and usually unstable heart rhythm. Green tea may increase the effectiveness of beta-lactam antibiotics by making bacteria less resistant to treatment.

Caffeine, including caffeine from green tea, may reduce the sedative effects of these medications commonly used to treat anxiety, such as diazepam Valium and lorazepam Ativan.

Beta-blockers, Propranolol, and Metoprolol. Caffeine, including caffeine from green tea, may increase blood pressure in people taking propranolol Inderal and metoprolol Lopressor, Toprol XL.

These medications are used to treat high blood pressure and heart disease. Blood-Thinning Medications. People who take warfarin Coudamin should not drink green tea. Since green tea contains vitamin K, it can make this medication ineffective. Other compounds in green tea may slow blood clotting and therefore increase the blood-thinning effect of these medications.

You should not mix green tea and aspirin because they both prevent blood from clotting. Using the two together may increase your risk of bleeding. If you are taking medications that promote blood thinning, discuss green tea consumption with your physician. The combination of green tea and chemotherapy medications, specifically doxorubicin and tamoxifen, increased the effectiveness of these medications in laboratory tests.

However, the same results have not been found in studies on people. On the other hand, there have been reports of both green and black tea extracts affecting a gene in prostate cancer cells that may make them less sensitive to chemotherapy drugs. For that reason, people should talk to their doctors before drinking black and green tea or taking tea extracts while undergoing chemotherapy.

Clozapine Clozaril. The effects of the clozapine may be reduced if taken within 40 minutes after drinking green tea. When taken with ephedrine, green tea may cause agitation, tremors, insomnia, and weight loss. Green tea has been shown to reduce blood levels of lithium, a medication used to treat bipolar disorder.

That can make lithium less effective. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors MAOIs. Green tea may cause a severe increase in blood pressure, called a "hypertensive crisis," when taken together with these drugs used to treat depression.

Examples of MAOIs include:. Birth control pills. Oral contraceptives can prolong the amount of time caffeine stays in the body, which may increase its stimulating effects.

A combination of caffeine, including caffeine from green tea, and phenylpropanolamine, used in many over-the-counter and prescription cough and cold medications and weight loss products, may cause mania and a severe increase in blood pressure.

The FDA issued a public health advisory in November to warn people of the risk of bleeding in the brain from use of this medication and urged all manufacturers of this drug to remove it from the market.

Most drugs that contained phenylpropanolamine have been reformulated without it. Quinolone antibiotics. Green tea may make these medications more effective and also increase the risk of side effects.

These medications include:. Other medications. Green tea, especially caffeinated green tea, may interact with a number for medications, including:. To be safe, check with your health care provider before drinking or taking green tea if you also take other medications.

Baladia E, Basulto J, Manera M, Martinez R, Calbet D. Effect of green tea or green tea extract consumption on body weight and body composition: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Hosp. Belza A, Toubro S, Astrup A. The effect of caffeine, green tea and tyrosine on thermogenesis and energy intake.

Eur J Clin Nutr. Bettuzzi S, Brausi M, Rizzi F, Castagnetti G, Peracchia G, Corti A. Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green tea catechins in volunteers with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia: a preliminary report from a one-year proof-of-principle study.

Cancer Res. Borrelli F, Capasso R, Russo A, Ernst E. Systematic review: green tea and gastrointestinal cancer risk. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Mar 1, ;19 5 Boschmann M, Thielecke F. The effects of epigallocatechingallate on thermogenesis and fat oxidation in obese men: a pilot study. J Am Coll Nutr.

Brown AL, Lane J, Holyoak C, Nicol B, Mayes AE, Dadd T. Health effects of green tea catechins in overweight and obese men: a randomised controlled cross-over trial.

Br J Nutr. Cooper R, Morre DJ, Morre DM. Medicinal benefits of green tea: Part I. Review of noncancer health benefits. J Altern Complement Med. Diepvens K, Westerterp KR, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin and green tea.

Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. Fritz H, Seely D, Kennedy DA, Fernandes R, Cooley K, Fergusson D. Green tea and lung cancer: a systemic review.

Integr Cancer Ther. Fujita H, Yamagami T. Antihypercholesterolemic effect of Chinese black tea extract in human subjects with borderline hypercholesterolemia. Nutr Res. Fukino Y, Ikeda A, Maruyama K, Aoki N, Okubo T, Iso H. Randomized controlled trial for an effect of green tea-extract powder supplementation on glucose abnormalities.

Gross G, Meyer KG, Pres H, Thielert C, Tawfik H, Mescheder A. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Hartley L, Flowers N, Holmes J, et al. Green and black tea for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.

Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Hsu CH, Liao YL, Lin SC, Tsai TH, Huang CJ, Chou P. Does supplementation with green tea extract improve insulin resistance in obese type 2 diabetics?

A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Altern Med Rev. Inoue M, Tajima K, Mizutani M, et al. Regular consumption of green tea and the risk of breast cancer recurrence: follow-up study from the Hospital-based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center HERPACC , Japan.

Cancer Lett. Jian L, Xie LP, Lee AH, Binns CW. Protective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: a case-control study in southeast China.

Int J Cancer Jan 1, ; 1 Jiao H, Hu G, Gu D, Ni X. Having a promising efficacy on type II diabetes, it's definitely a green tea time. Curr Med Chem. Jin X, Zheng RH, Li YM. Green tea consumption and liver disease: a systematic review.

Liver Int. Kato A, Minoshima Y, Yamamoto J, Adachi I, Watson AA, Nash RJ. Protective effects of dietary chamomile tea on diabetic complications. J Agric Food Chem. Khalesi S, Sun J, Buys N, et al. Green tea catechins and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Eur J Nutr. Kimura K, Ozeki M, Juneja LR, Ohira H. L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses. Biol Psychol. Koo SI, Noh SK. Green tea as inhibitor of the intestinal absorption of lipids: potential mechanism for its lipid-lowering effect. J Nutr Biochem.

Kovacs EM, Lejeune MP, Nijs I, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Effects of green tea on weight maintenance after body-weight loss. Mar 1, ;91 3 Kuriyama S, Shimazu T, Ohmori K, Kikuchi N, Nakaya N, Nishino Y, Tsubono Y, Tsuji I. Green tea consumption and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, cancer and all causes in Japan: the Ohsaki study.

Lee W, Min WK, Chun S, Lee YW, Park H, Lee do H, Lee YK, Son JE. Long-term effects of green tea ingestion on atherosclerotic biological markers in smokers. Clin Biochem. Jan 1, ;38 1 Liu K, Zhou R, Wang B, et al.

Effect of green tea on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of 17 randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. Low Dog T, Riley D, Carter T. Traditional and alternative therapies for breast cancer. Alt Ther. Miura Y, Chiba T, Tomita I, et al. Tea catechins prevent the development of atherosclerosis in apoprotein E-deficient mice.

J Nutr. Nagao T, Hase T, Tokimitsu I. A green tea extract high in catechins reduces body fat and cardiovascular risks in humans. Obesity Silver Spring. Khaswar Syamsu. Currently, he is focusing on studying the development of various nanocellulose-based products from microbes and plants. Farah Fahma.

Farah Fahma is an Associate Professor in the Department of Agroindustrial Technology at IPB University, Indonesia. She received her PhD degree from the Department of Biomaterial Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.

She did her post-Doctoral research at the Laboratory of Plant Material Science, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.

Her research interests are cellulose and nanocellulose based products and value-added utilization of agricultural biomass. Khaswar Syamsu is a Professor in Bioprocess Engineering at the Department of Agroindustrial Technology, IPB University in which he is also the head of Bioindustry Lab and Division.

He received his PhD in Chemical Engineering Biochemical Engineering from the University of Queensland. His research interest is bioproduct development. Jaydee Cabral.

She received her PhD in Biomedical Sciences from Eastern Virginia Medical School and Old Dominion University, USA. She is an expert in biomaterials, bioengineering, and chemical biology which combines 3D bioprinting and regenerative medicine to guide cells to make more complex living structures.

She played a key role in the development of a commercialized, post-surgical, wound healing hydrogel, Chitogel®. Her research resides at the interface of chemistry, microbiology, and bioengineering with the goal of developing novel medical devices for various biomedical applications.

Daniel Pletzer. He received his PhD from the Jacobs University Bremen, Germany. His research focuses on intractable high-density infections such as typified by skin abscesses.

His research interests are centred around antimicrobial resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and nanomedicines. Currently, his team is working on novel approaches to combat hard-to-treat clinical bacterial isolates involved in multidrug resistance, biofilm infections, and persistence specifically in skin infections.

Marsia Gustiananda. Marsia Gustiananda is an assistant professor in the Biomedicine Department at the Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Indonesia.

She received her PhD in Medical Sciences from John Curtin School of Medical Research JCSMR -Australian National University. Her research spans the field of virology, immunology, cancer immunology, and cell signalling with main interest in the identification of T-cell epitopes from pathogenic agents and cancer antigens using combine methods of immunoinformatics and immunology assay.

The availability of abundant natural biopolymers leads to the optimization of cellulose hydrogels' application in DDSs and tissue engineering. In modern wound care, wound dressings are expected to be able to maintain wound moisture while being able to absorb excess exudate.

Even though they have shown their biocompatibility, these natural biopolymers have limitations in absorbing wound fluid e. Low cost due to abundant availability which depends also on process technology and modifications. High hydrophilicity, especially after being modified, so it has a high exudate absorption capacity.

Of the many types of cellulose available, BC has been widely studied in medical biomaterial applications, is biocompatible with living tissue, and could support tissue growth due to its nanopore structure, good mechanical properties, and features that mimic the skin extracellular matrix ECM.

The 3D structural property of BC is supported by its superior physicochemistry, as its nano-size allows it to store the drug before it is released at the target site. In addition, the nanometer pore size and high hydrophilicity allow the added benefit of absorbing excess wound exudate.

Biofilms and antibiotic resistance are often the main problems in choosing drugs to heal chronically infected wounds. In the long-term, topical antibiotics alter the microbiological environment attached to the skin and alter the bacteriology of the anterior nares and oropharynx, resulting in the emergence of resistant pathogens.

Therefore, the topical route offers several advantages in avoiding systemic toxicity and side effects, decreased induction of bacterial resistance, and high concentrations of antibacterial agents at the site of infection.

Cellulose on its own does not contain active constituents that would act as antimicrobials or antioxidants. Antimicrobial activity, growth factor delivery, exogenous cell therapy, and biocompatible and biodegradable matrix construction play a role in designing high-tech dressings.

Some stimulant plants, such as coffee and tea, contain naturally active ingredients for wound healing and are available in abundance in natural ingredients or herbal products sold commercially. They provide a stimulant effect when consumed, but these plants can also be helpful as cheap topical drugs to accelerate wound healing.

Active constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, essential oils, saponins, and other bioactive phytochemicals are the key to the potential of stimulant plants to repair damaged skin tissue.

The active phytochemicals of plant stimulants are very complex, making it difficult to determine the specific constituents that contribute to wound healing.

However, some specific constituents were found to contribute to the acceleration of wound healing activity, such as chlorogenic acid in coffee and green tea polyphenols. On the other hand, caffeine has shown contradictory characteristics, namely accelerating and inhibiting wound healing simultaneously.

The combination of cellulose-based wound dressings as a natural, sustainable biopolymer and medicinal medium with natural active ingredients from stimulant plants as a source of antimicrobials and antioxidants could enhance wound healing. This article reviews the potential combination of cellulose biopolymers and plant stimulants as natural, bioactive wound dressings.

BC is superior to vegetable cellulose due to its high porosity, purity, permeability to gases and liquids, water absorption, mechanical resistance, and biocompatibility.

It allows modification to obtain local drug delivery features and an antibacterial response. Cellulose-based wound dressings have been widely developed by forming composite dressings with other polymers.

For example, Harkins et al. It effectively inhibited the growth of vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis ATCC and E.

coli ATCC BC soaked in chitosan, followed by a freeze-drying process, showed no cytotoxicity, inhibited S. aureus and E. coli , and accelerated epithelialization and regeneration of wound tissue in a rat model. BC and montmorillonite nanocomposites, which have antimicrobial activity against S.

coli , have been developed and applied as a dressing to accelerate tissue regeneration for wound healing. Using crosslinking and freeze-drying methods, Yin et al.

Nanocellulose significantly improved the hydrogel properties and played a vital role in displaying the appropriate rheological and swelling responses.

NIH-3T3 cells were able to adhere, proliferate, and grow in these hydrogel composites. These studies show that cellulose composites increase the multifunctionality of the developed biomaterial and increase their potential use as bioactive wound dressings.

Commercialized, modern wound dressings are made of biopolymers containing active compounds. Nanocellulose fibers containing chemicals, biochemically APIs, or even stem cells can be used as a delivery vehicle for wound dressings. Cellulose might be an excellent DDS due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, abundance, and unique encapsulation properties.

Hydrogels, based on cellulose, can be easily prepared through physical interactions van der Waals, hydrogen bonds, mechanical chain entanglement, electronic associations, or hydrophobic or chemical crosslinking using cross-linker agents. However, these fibers are not fully biodegradable in the human body because of the absence of cellulase enzymes.

Physical interactions: through charge interactions between ionic polymers and charged drugs. Covalent bonding: drugs are covalently conjugated to the hydrogel matrix, the release of which is controlled by the chemical or enzymatic cleavage rate of the polymer—drug bond.

Interpenetrating Polymer Networks IPNs : the second hydrogel network is polymerized in the pre-polymer hydrogel by immersing the pre-polymerized hydrogel into the monomer solution and polymerization initiator.

Composite Hydrogels: drug encapsulated microparticles are added to the hydrogel network. The difference in the drug solubility impacts the ease of dispersion in the cellulose matrix.

BC is one type of cellulose utilized for topical drug delivery. Modification before and after the drug loading changes the physicochemical properties of the BC matrix. It is influenced by the chemical structure, loaded drug concentration, and surface modifier concentration.

This surface modification has been studied in drug models in the form of famotidine which is poorly soluble in water, and tizanidine which is very soluble in water.

Glutaraldehyde as a binding agent for the BC hydrogel formation and gelatin are also considered good candidates for DDSs. Cellulose esters also play an essential role in modern drug delivery technology due to their very low toxicity, having endogenous dietary components as a byproduct of their decomposition process, stability, film strength, high water permeability, compatibility with various active ingredients, high T g , and the ability to form micro-and nanoparticles.

Based on studies in Tables 1 and 2 , cellulose can be inserted or bound with various drug models such as active ingredients in oils and extracts, metal oxides, and commercially available antibiotics.

When using metal oxides as model drugs, paying attention to their effects they accumulate in tissues is essential. Future studies expect to focus on dispersing and binding the drug in the cellulose matrix so that the release time is slow and follows the rate of tissue regeneration needed.

The future challenge is to produce drug release kinetics using compatible raw materials that offer cheap and reliable process technology. Yuwono et al. All wounds were treated using topical coffee grounds as wound dressings which were changed every four weeks until they healed.

In this study, coffee grounds were used as a new paradigm in wound management due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, pleasing odor, increased wound dressing longevity, absorption capacity to maintain a moist wound environment, autolytic debridement capacity, cost-effectiveness, and minimal adverse reactions.

The coffee's pharmacological properties are due to its high polyphenol content, such as chlorogenic and caffeic acid, diterpenes kahweol and cafestol , melanoidin, and trigonelline.

The constituents contribute to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-cancer, chemoprotective, and hepatoprotective effects.

Lania et al. However, more work is still needed to identify the most active molecule and the mechanism of action of coffee oil. On the other hand, coffee has an anti-angiogenesis effect due to cafestol and kahweol.

Therefore, anti-angiogenic compounds in coffee are promising for treating cancer. Cafestol provides benefits through various biological activities, including antitumorigenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Cafestol inhibits human umbilical vascular endothelial cell angiogenesis by influencing proliferation, migration, and tube formation. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in coffee that serves as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in wound healing mechanisms.

Furthermore, the study confirmed that caffeine could limit keratinocyte cell proliferation depending on the dose. Moreover, differentiation and cell adhesion remained unaffected in single layer cultures treated with different caffeine doses.

Caffeine has also been shown to inhibit epithelialization in human ex vivo studies. Several studies in animal models showed the biocompatibility of the active ingredients of coffee in providing wound-healing effects.

Setyawan et al. aureus infected wounds using macroscopic indicators dry wounds, non-hyperemic wound edges, and average leukocyte count in male Wistar rats. There was a significant difference in healing infected wounds using coffee grounds compared to honey.

The healing time of infected wounds using coffee grounds is faster than using honey 3. Coffee plus honey was the most effective treatment modality for persistent post-infectious cough PPC. Histopathological studies on thirty-six New Zealand white rabbits supported the wound healing activity of green coffee bean extracts.

Shahriari et al. The effectiveness of coffee in healing acute and chronic wounds has been proven by Yuwono et al. A total of wound patients suffering from type-2 diabetes mellitus 90 cases , autoimmune disorder 1 case juvenile rheumatoid arthritis , burns 6 cases , post amputation wounds in Buerger's disease 15 cases , cellulitis 6 cases , venous malformations 10 cases , and deep femoral soft tissue injuries 2 cases were studied.

They have identified that the healing of diabetic wounds by coffee grounds depends on the size and depth of the wound. Wound drying occurs at week 8, and skin epithelial closure occurs at week 12—16, depending on the size of the wound. In juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients, soft tissue and skin covered the wound with a typical scar by the eighth week.

In the case of venous malformations Klippel—Trenaunay syndrome , ground coffee could stop bleeding from the subcutaneous layer at week 8, which was difficult to stop with tight sutures only.

A low pH environment can suppress bacterial growth, control infection, release oxygen, alter protease activity, reduce the bacterial end product toxicity, and promote epithelialization and angiogenesis. Acids for topical application, including citric acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, boric acid, and alginic acid, have been reported to control infection and promote wound healing.

Coffee has a pH ranging from 4. Although a wound pH of 4—6 creates an unfavorable environment for bacterial growth, this will reduce the chances of inflammatory complications.

Arimbi and Yuwono 96 have reported the clinical effect of coffee acidity on wound healing mechanisms. Besides that, the pH profiles of healthy skin and acute and chronic wounds differ significantly. Chronic wounds have an alkaline pH, whereas healthy skin has a slightly acidic pH.

Although pH affects protease production and bacterial proliferation in wounds, there is little evidence to suggest an effect on ECM synthesis and degradation.

The function of topical antioxidants in coffee grounds is critical in diabetic or autoimmune ulcers e. The methanol extract from coffee was proven to scavenge the increase in free radicals by the DPPH test, thereby contributing to anti-inflammatory activity.

The antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of coffee ground biomass and chlorogenic acid can accelerate wound healing by controlling overexposure to wound oxidative bed stress.

Chlorogenic acid also reduced the level of lipid peroxidation. Therefore, chlorogenic acid, one of the most extensive constituents of coffee, is a good candidate for diabetic wound management both for topical application and dietary intake.

Caffeine or caffeic acid provides an antibacterial effect against S. coli OH7. pneumonia , A. baumannii , P. aeruginosa , and E. cloacae and S. Trigonelline, caffeine, and protocatechuic acid were natural antimicrobial agents against S. coli , P. mirabilis , P. aeruginosa , K. pneumoniae , A.

baumannii , E. faecalis , S. aureus , and B. In addition, the coffee extract is known to inhibit the growth of C. albicans , , possibly due to the effect of caffeine. Most of the compounds showed significant potency against C. neoformans and Candida species. The 4,5-dihydroxyl group in the quinic acid group is required for activity, and introducing a free amino group increases activity against A.

da Silva tested the antifungal activity of chlorogenic acid against fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida spp. Chlorogenic acid can decrease cell viability, increase mitochondrial depolarization potential and reactive oxygen species production, DNA fragmentation, and phosphatidylserine externalization, which indicate apoptotic processes.

In addition, chlorogenic acid showed a significant interaction with the ALS3 active site residue of C. albicans , which is vital in the process of adhesion and resistance to fluconazole.

In addition, it was also reported that the lower concentration of coffee ground extracts 0. krusei and C. Tea polyphenols can support the mechanism of wound healing. Green tea contains catechins, polyphenolic or flavonoid compounds, polysaccharide conjugates, amino acids, caffeine, and vitamins.

Theaflavins and thearubigins are commonly found in black tea. Epigallocatechingallate is the most common green tea catechin. Collagen sponges containing epigallocatechingallate at low concentrations improved diabetic rats' wound healing by accelerating angiogenesis and re-epithelialization and increased cellular reorganization of granulation tissue by triggering cellular reorganization by triggering myofibroblast activity.

Epigallocatechingallate affects transforming growth factor -β1 in the collagen gel contraction inhabited by fibroblast cells through myofibroblast differentiation and expression of connective tissue growth factor genes; and reduces the expression of collagen type I gene regulation.

Several composite products from tea constituents have been investigated for wound healing. Shahrahmani et al. An electrospinning technique by Sadri et al. When tested in a mouse model, a composite based on polyethylene oxide, green tea, and chitosan showed the best healing effect compared to other wound dressings.

In this composite, GTE helped reduce inflammation, keep the wound surface moist, and increase the rate of wound healing. Qin et al. The combination of epigallocatechin gallate with gold nanoparticles and lipoic acid was shown to significantly accelerate wound healing in rat skin through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Kim et al. Several studies utilizing tea in wound healing mechanisms are summarized in Table 3. The total antioxidant capacity of tea is not related to the specific type of polyphenol but rather to the combined activity of various antioxidants.

Green tea has higher antioxidants than black tea.

Jump to Wound healing catechins Wouund. Contact Us. Citation Tags HERO ID. Reference Type. Journal Article. Different effects of catechin on angiogenesis and inflammation depending on VEGF levels. Author s. BMC Complementary Medicine and Wound healing catechins volume Fueling your fitness routineArticle number: Cite this article. Metrics details. Although chronic wounds are devastating and caatechins Wound healing catechins Woound at catechinz levels, chronic wound research is still far behind. Chronic wound treatment is often less efficient due to delay in diagnosis and treatment, non-specific treatment mainly due to lack of knowledge of wound healing or healing resistance genes. We aimed to use phytoextracts possessing excellent anti-inflammatory properties to regulate the unbalanced levels of cytokines responsible for increased inflammation.