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A Chem. Keywords : reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, natural antioxidants, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, aging, antioxidant defense. Citation: Sharifi-Rad M, Anil Kumar NV, Zucca P, Varoni EM, Dini L, Panzarini E, Rajkovic J, Tsouh Fokou PV, Azzini E, Peluso I, Prakash Mishra A, Nigam M, El Rayess Y, Beyrouthy ME, Polito L, Iriti M, Martins N, Martorell M, Docea AO, Setzer WN, Calina D, Cho WC and Sharifi-Rad J Lifestyle, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Back and Forth in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Diseases.

Received: 16 April ; Accepted: 27 May ; Published: 02 July Copyright © Sharifi-Rad, Anil Kumar, Zucca, Varoni, Dini, Panzarini, Rajkovic, Tsouh Fokou, Azzini, Peluso, Prakash Mishra, Nigam, El Rayess, Beyrouthy, Polito, Iriti, Martins, Martorell, Docea, Setzer, Calina, Cho and Sharifi-Rad.

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Lifestyle, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Back and Forth in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Diseases. Mehdi Sharifi-Rad 1 Nanjangud V. Introduction Many natural biological processes in our bodies, such as breathing, digesting food, metabolize alcohol and drugs, and turning fats into energy produce harmful compounds called free radicals.

Chronic Diseases Influenced by ROS-Modalities of Action The ROS Sources Free radicals are generally produced as a result of the influence of external factors, such as pollution, cigarette smoke, or internally, as a result of intracellular metabolism if the antioxidant mechanisms are overwhelmed Figure 1.

Figure 5. Chemical structures of Lipoic acid, Melatonin, Coenzyme Q Consequently, compounds with antioxidant properties are being studied to see if they can serve as possible treatments for HD. Free radicals are atoms or molecules that are highly reactive with other cellular structures because they contain unpaired electrons.

Free radicals are natural by-products of ongoing biochemical reactions in the body, including ordinary metabolic processes and immune system responses. Free radical-generating substances can be found in the food we eat, the drugs and medicines we take, the air we breathe, and the water we drink.

These substances include fried foods, alcohol, tobacco smoke, pesticides, air pollutants, and many more. Free radicals can cause damage to parts of cells such as proteins, DNA Usually abbreviated as DNA, which is the 'instruction manual' that directs the growth and development of the cells and body.

DNA is made of nucleotide building blocks arranged in a long chain. When ionizing radiation hits an atom or a molecule in a cell, an electron may be lost, leading to the formation of a free radical. The production of abnormally high levels of free radicals is the mechanism by which ionizing radiation kills cells.

Free radicals that contain the element oxygen are the most common type of free radicals produced in living tissue. Antioxidants are chemicals that interact with and neutralize free radicals , thus preventing them from causing damage.

The body makes some of the antioxidants that it uses to neutralize free radicals. These antioxidants are called endogenous antioxidants.

However, the body relies on external exogenous sources, primarily the diet, to obtain the rest of the antioxidants it needs. These exogenous antioxidants are commonly called dietary antioxidants. Fruits, vegetables, and grains are rich sources of dietary antioxidants. Some dietary antioxidants are also available as dietary supplements 1 , 3.

Examples of dietary antioxidants include beta-carotene , lycopene , and vitamins A, C, and E alpha-tocopherol.

The mineral element selenium is often thought to be a dietary antioxidant, but the antioxidant effects of selenium are most likely due to the antioxidant activity of proteins that have this element as an essential component i.

In laboratory and animal studies , the presence of increased levels of exogenous antioxidants has been shown to prevent the types of free radical damage that have been associated with cancer development. Therefore, researchers have investigated whether taking dietary antioxidant supplements can help lower the risk of developing or dying from cancer in humans.

Many observational studies , including case—control studies and cohort studies , have been conducted to investigate whether the use of dietary antioxidant supplements is associated with reduced risks of cancer in humans.

Overall, these studies have yielded mixed results 5. Because observational studies cannot adequately control for biases that might influence study outcomes, the results of any individual observational study must be viewed with caution.

Randomized controlled clinical trials , however, lack most of the biases that limit the reliability of observational studies. To date, nine randomized controlled trials of dietary antioxidant supplements for cancer prevention have been conducted worldwide.

Many of the trials were sponsored by the National Cancer Institute.

Aside from impaired energy production, damage to the Clelular leads also radicala increased production of toxic daamge called free radicals. Compounds rsdicals Free radicals and oxidative damage to lipids act as free Minerals for muscle recovery scavengers by initiating reactions that make radicaks radicals non-toxic to damagf. Evidence indicates that damage by free radicals is a contributing factor to the pathology of HD. Consequently, compounds with antioxidant properties are being studied to see if they can serve as possible treatments for HD. Free radicals are atoms or molecules that are highly reactive with other cellular structures because they contain unpaired electrons. Free radicals are natural by-products of ongoing biochemical reactions in the body, including ordinary metabolic processes and immune system responses.

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7 Herbs That Protect Eyes and Repair Vision Introduction: Free radicals dxmage reactive oxygen frde that constantly circulate through the body and occur as a side effect Free radicals and oxidative damage to lipids many reactions that take place Radiccals the Refillable automotive fluids body. Under normal conditions, they are damagr from the Ceolular by antioxidant processes. If these natural mechanisms are disrupted, radicals accumulate in excess and contribute to the development of many diseases. Results: According to the analysed studies, this comprehensive review provided a recent update on oxidative stress, free radicals and antioxidants and their impact on the pathophysiology of human diseases. Discussion: To counteract the condition of oxidative stress, synthetic antioxidants must be provided from external sources to supplement the antioxidant defense mechanism internally. Because of their therapeutic potential and natural origin, medicinal plants have been reported as the main source of natural antioxidants phytocompounds. Some non-enzymatic phytocompounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and glutathione, along with some vitamins have been reported to possess strong antioxidant activities in vivo and in vitro studies.