The acid in the vinegar can irritate your stomach and should be avoided if you have digestive issues or ulcers. You should also steer clear of ACV if you have kidney disease since your kidneys may not be able to process the excess acid.

ACV is a versatile ingredient in the kitchen. You can use it for sauces, soups, salad dressings and marinades—and even in baking. Apple cider vinegar pairs well with many types of meat and fish.

You can also add a few drops to boiling water when poaching eggs. Here are a few tasty recipes to try using apple cider vinegar: brown rice sushi bowl with salmon and the perfect chopped salad. The best way to manage your diabetes is always to eat a balanced, healthy diet and take your medication as needed.

Burnout Can Be Defeated. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Linked In Share by Email. Maintaining A Healthy Weight Why Is It Important. Sign up for our newsletter! We are here to help! Diabetes Care Community Newsletters Living Well with Diabetes.

Your privacy is important to us. Skip to primary navigation Skip to main content Skip to primary sidebar Skip to footer Self-management News Educational videos. Home » Articles and Blogs » Apple cider vinegar to the rescue? What are the health benefits of apple cider vinegar? Are there any health benefits for people with diabetes?

Read also about 10 foods and herbs that may help to lower your blood sugar. When you eat is important when you have diabetes to help keep your blood sugar levels in check, but so is what you eat. The list of foods and herbs below, have shown promise in helping to lower blood sugar.

Are there any risks to using apple cider vinegar? How can apple cider vinegar be used as part of a diabetes meal plan? Footer Living Well with Diabetes Healthy eating, management, exercise, medication and other diabetes information Subscriber Type Diabetes Digest Healthcare Professionals Better Management.

Kausar et al. showed that consuming 15 ml of ACV for 3 months in patients with type 2 diabetes can lead to a significant reduction in the waist-to-hip ratio Although the waist-to-hip ratio in our study did not significantly decrease after eight weeks of intervention with ACV, it seems that differences in the duration of the intervention could be influential.

One possible mechanism of action of vinegar is lipogenesis reduction by suppressing lipogenic genes in the liver and inhibiting transcription factors influencing the conversion of glucose to fat In addition, the effect of vinegar on weight loss has been mentioned through growing lipolysis by increasing the expression of several lipolytic genes In a study, researchers pointed to a decrease in appetite in subjects who consumed ACV, and as a result, the reason for weight loss was a decrease in food intake Another possible mechanism of vinegar is the reduction of energy intake by lowering the glycemic index of foods It seems these two mentioned factors are not the main mechanisms in reducing anthropometric indices in our study, because by examining the dietary intake, no reduction in daily energy intake was observed in the ACV group.

In the present study, although the result did not show a difference between the two groups in blood pressure after the intervention period, a decreasing tendency was observed in systolic blood pressure. It seems that only two studies have examined the effect of ACV on blood pressure.

Thinathayalan et al. showed that five days of consumption of ACV by medical students reduced diastolic blood pressure The results of this study are different from our results due to differences in subjects and duration of intervention. Gheflati et al. showed that consumption of 20 ml of ACV for eight weeks in patients with T2D and hyperlipidemia did not affect systolic and diastolic blood pressure To the best of our knowledge, there is no other study about the effect of ACV on blood pressure.

We think that the lowering effect of ACV on blood pressure is related to the reduction of anthropometric indices in the present study.

Evidences suggest that a decrease in BMI leads to a reduction in blood pressure, especially systolic blood pressure 31 — Kondo et al. suggested that acetic acid increases calcium absorption, which may trigger the influx of calcium into renin-secreting cells and inhibit renin secretion Therefore, it is possible that foods containing acetic acid such as ACV , can reduce blood pressure.

In addition, we observed an increasing tendency in HDL levels. The results of a study in patients with diabetes showed a significant reduction in FBG, HbA1C, and total cholesterol after consuming ACV The results of a study on overweight and obese subjects were in line with the results of our study.

It showed that consuming 30 ml of ACV per day for 12 weeks along with dietary restriction significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL, and increased HDL compared to subjects who had only dietary restriction In another study, consuming two tablespoons of ACV before going to bed at night reduced fasting glucose in the morning The result of this study was similar to our results because we found a decrease in FBG after consuming ACV.

One of the mechanisms of action of ACV is the effect of acetic acid on disaccharidases and inhibition of their activity and thus a reduction in blood glucose Another mechanism is the inhibition of α-amylase and thus a decrease in blood glucose indices In addition, apple cider vinegar reduces the rate of gastric emptying, which causes a reduction in blood glucose 36 , It seems the effect of ACV on blood glucose indices is greater than the effect of acetic acid alone Examination of diabetic rats showed that ACV could reduce blood glucose indices by increasing glucose uptake by the liver and muscle, inhibiting glycolysis through glucosephosphate accumulation and increasing glycogen synthase 39 — An animal study showed that chlorogenic acid the main polyphenol in ACV inhibits glucosephosphatase in rats.

Inhibition of this enzyme reduces glucose production in both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis processes and leads to a decrease in blood glucose Suggested mechanisms of action of ACV on reducing lipid profile include acetic acid inhibitory effect on enzymes involved in the synthesis of fats, such as ATP citrate-lyase, HMG CoA reductase and fatty acid synthase.

Increased excretion of bile and fecal acids was observed in acetic acid-fed rats. It may be one of the mechanisms of action of ACV in the reduction of cholesterol Another mechanism can be expressed by the ACV effect on weight loss.

Evidences suggest that weight loss can reduce lipid profile and improve blood glucose indices 44 , In this study, a significant decrease in anthropometric indices was observed. One of the limitations of this study is the lack of a placebo.

We could not measure the antioxidant indices of ACV, so it is another limitation of the study. The strengths of this study include the appropriate sample size and duration of intervention. Most of the previous studies had an intervention period less than a month; but in this study, the duration of the intervention was eight weeks, which enabled us to investigate the long-term effects of ACV consumption.

The other strength of the study was using homemade ACV, which could be made at home and showed its improving effect on controlling diabetes. However, more definitive conclusions about the effectiveness of ACV as a functional food in diabetes management need further research, including larger, longer-term studies with diverse populations.

Consuming 30 ml of ACV for eight weeks can improve blood glucose indices, anthropometric indices, lipid profile and systolic blood pressure in adult patients with T2D. It seems that consuming ACV as a functional food along with medications can reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in diabetic patients.

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

M-RE: Investigation, Writing — original draft. The Vice Chancellor for research affairs of the Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences supported the study NRC The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. ACV, apple cider vinegar; ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; BMI, body mass index; EDTA, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HMG CoA, 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein, SD, standard deviation; SPSS, statistical package for social science; TG, triglyceride; T2D, Type 2 diabetes; WHR, waist to hip ratio.

Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, Xu J, Ding Y, Sun X, et al. Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in countries and territories: an analysis from to doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar.

Zheng Y, Ley SH, Hu FB. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Khamseh ME, Sepanlou SG, Hashemi-Madani N, Joukar F, Mehrparvar AH, Faramarzi E, et al. Nationwide prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes and associated risk factors among Iranian adults: analysis of data from PERSIAN cohort study.

Diabetes Ther. Papatheodorou K, Banach M, Bekiari E, Rizzo M, Edmonds M. Complications of diabetes Diabetes Res. Vergès B. Lipid modification in type 2 diabetes: the role of LDL and HDL.

PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Javanbakht M, Mashayekhi A, Baradaran HR, Haghdoost A, Afshin A. Projection of diabetes population size and associated economic burden through in Iran: evidence from micro-simulation Markov model and Bayesian meta-analysis.

PloS One 10 7 :e Palacka P, Kucharska J, Murin J, Dostalova K, Okkelova A, Cizova M, et al. Complementary therapy in diabetic patients with chronic complications: a pilot study.

Bratisl Lek Listy. Morgan J, Mosawy S. The potential of apple cider vinegar in the management of type 2 diabetes. Google Scholar. Petsiou EI, Mitrou PI, Raptis SA, Dimitriadis GD. Effect and mechanisms of action of vinegar on glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and body weight.

Rose V. Apple cider vinegar: history and folklore-composition-medical researchmedicinal, cosmetic, and household uses-commercial and home production. iUniverse , p. Shahidi F, McDonald J, Chandrasekara A, Zhong Y. Phytochemicals of foods, beverages and fruit vinegars: chemistry and health effects.

Asia Pac J. Fahey RL. Health benefits of apple cider vinegar and other common vinegars: A review. Ajaykumar TV, Anandarajagopal K, Jainaf RA, Venkateshan N, Ananth R. Antihyperlipidemics: effect of apple cider vinegar on lipid profiles.

Iman M, Moallem SA, Barahoyee A. Effect of apple cider Vinegar on blood glucose level in diabetic mice. Shishehbor F, Mansoori A, Sarkaki AR, Jalali MT, Latifi SM. Apple cider vinegar attenuates lipid profile in normal and diabetic rats. Pak J. Shishehbor F, Jalali MT, Latifi SM.

Effect of apple cider vinegar on postprandial lipaemia in healthy adults. Iran J. Nosrati HR, Mousavi SE, Sajjadi P, Firoozjahi AR, Moazezi Z. Effect of apple cider vinegar on postprandial blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients treated with hypoglycemic agents. Babol Univ Med. Beheshti Z, Chan YH, Nia HS, Hajihosseini F, Nazari R, Shaabani M.

Influence of apple cider vinegar on blood lipids. Life Sci. Bollinger L, Holden J, Chezem JC. Effects of apple cider vinegar on postprandial blood glucose and satiety. FASEB J. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Khezri SS, Saidpour A, Hosseinzadeh N, Amiri Z. Beneficial effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on weight management, Visceral Adiposity Index and lipid profile in overweight or obese subjects receiving restricted calorie diet: A randomized clinical trial.

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, et al. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes Diabetes Care 46 Suppl 1 :S19— Lamb AR, Wilson E. Vinegar fermentation and home production of cider vinegar. Food-based dietary guidelines for Iran.

Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: country reliability and validity. Sports Exerc. Kausar S, Humayun A, Ahmed Z, Abbas MA, Tahir A. Effect of apple cider vinegar on glycemic control, hyperlipidemia and control on body weight in type 2 diabetes patients.

Health Res. Hadi A, Pourmasoumi M, Najafgholizadeh A, Clark CCT, Esmaillzadeh A. The effect of apple cider vinegar on lipid profiles and glycemic parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

BMC Complement Med. Yamashita H. Biological function of acetic acid-improvement in obesity and glucose tolerance by acetic acid in type 2 diabetic rats.

Food Sci. Östman E, Granfeldt Y, Persson L, Björck I. Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects.

Thinathayalan D, Yuan BT, Kaur J, Albert Y, Yan NJ. The effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on weight, blood pressure, blood glucose level and heart rate of 60 MMMC medical students randomized controlled trial. Gheflati A, Bashiri R, Ghadiri-Anari A, Reza JZ, Kord MT, Nadjarzadeh A.

The effect of apple vinegar consumption on glycemic indices, blood pressure, oxidative stress, and homocysteine in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Hagman E, Danielsson P, Elimam A, Marcus C. The effect of weight loss and weight gain on blood pressure in children and adolescents with obesity.

Reisin E, Abel R, Modan M, Silverberg DS, Eliahou HE, Modan B. Effect of weight loss without salt restriction on the reduction of blood pressure in overweight hypertensive patients. N Engl. Rocchini AP, Katch V, Anderson J, Hinderliter J, Becque D, Martin M, et al.

Blood pressure in obese adolescents: effect of weight loss. Kondo S, Tayama K, Tsukamoto Y, Ikeda K, Yamori Y.

Antihypertensive effects of acetic acid and vinegar on spontaneously hypertensive rats. White AM, Johnston CS. Vinegar ingestion at bedtime moderates waking glucose concentrations in adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30 11 —5.

Hlebowicz J, Darwiche G, Björgell O, Almér LO. Effect of apple cider vinegar on delayed gastric emptying in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study.

BMC Gastroenterol. Liljeberg H, Björck I. Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar. Ogawa N, Satsu H, Watanabe H, Fukaya M, Tsukamoto Y, Miyamoto Y, et al. Acetic acid suppresses the increase in disaccharidase activity that occurs during culture of caco-2 cells.

Fushimi T, Tayama K, Fukaya M, Kitakoshi K, Nakai N, Tsukamoto Y, et al.

While apple cider vinegar does not contain many vitamins or minerals, quality brands may contain some amino acids and antioxidants 1. Apple cider vinegar is made by fermenting the sugar from apples. This turns them into acetic acid, which is a main active ingredient in vinegar and may be responsible for its health benefits.

Vinegar can help kill pathogens, including some strains of bacteria 2 , 3. People have traditionally used vinegar for cleaning and disinfecting , treating nail fungus, lice , warts , and ear infections.

Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, used vinegar to clean wounds more than 2, years ago. Vinegar is also a food preservative.

Studies show it inhibits bacteria like E. coli from growing in and spoiling food 3 , 4. The main substance in vinegar — acetic acid — can kill harmful bacteria or prevent them from multiplying.

It has a history of use as a disinfectant and natural preservative. To date, one of the most convincing applications of vinegar is helping treat type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar levels caused by insulin resistance or the inability to produce insulin 5. However, people without diabetes can also benefit from keeping their blood sugar levels in the typical range, as some researchers believe that high blood sugar levels are a major cause of aging and various chronic diseases 6.

The most effective and healthful way to regulate blood sugar levels is to eat a balanced diet low in refined carbs and sugar, but apple cider vinegar may also have a beneficial effect. A clinical trial suggests apple vinegar consumption may have beneficial effects on the glycemic index and oxidative stress in individuals with diabetes and dyslipidemia 7.

A review of clinical trials found that ACV consumption may benefit glycemic status in adults. Other human studies determined that vinegar may improve insulin function and lower blood sugar levels after meals 9 , Apple cider vinegar is generally recognized as safe.

Apple cider vinegar has shown promise in improving insulin sensitivity and helping lower blood sugar responses after meals. Perhaps surprisingly, studies show that vinegar could help people lose weight.

Several human studies show that vinegar can increase feelings of fullness. This can lead to eating fewer calories and losing weight. One review of research noted that in short-term studies, when participants consumed apple cider vinegar with a meal containing solid foods, they experienced appetite suppression for minutes after the meal.

They also snacked less for 3 to 24 hours after consuming the apple cider vinegar However, the longer-term studies they reviewed showed no relationship between apple cider vinegar and appetite suppression That said, simply adding or subtracting single foods or ingredients rarely has a noticeable effect on weight.

Long-term weight loss is created by adopting helpful and supportive diet and lifestyle habits. Overall, apple cider vinegar may contribute to weight loss by promoting satiety, lowering blood sugar, and reducing insulin levels. Apple cider vinegar only contains about three calories per tablespoon, which is very low.

Some studies suggest that vinegar can increase feelings of fullness and help you eat fewer calories, which may lead to weight loss.

Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death Research suggests that vinegar could possibly improve some of them.

A review of studies in both humans and animals noted that apple cider vinegar may potentially benefit levels of high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol A review of research in humans found that apple cider vinegar may benefit total cholesterol levels 8.

But both reviews pointed to limitations in the quality and size of research available to support these claims. Several animal studies have shown that vinegar can reduce blood triglycerides, cholesterol, and blood pressure. However, there is no strong evidence that it leads to a reduced risk of heart disease in humans.

Some people use apple cider vinegar as a common remedy for skin conditions like dry skin and eczema. The skin is naturally slightly acidic. But it may be less acidic in people with eczema.

On the other hand, alkaline soaps and cleansers could irritate eczema, prompting a flare-up Given its antibacterial properties, diluted apple cider vinegar could, in theory, help prevent skin infections linked to eczema and other skin conditions. Some people use diluted apple cider vinegar in a face wash or toner.

The idea is that it can kill bacteria and prevent spots. However, one study of 22 people with eczema reported that apple cider vinegar soaks did not improve the skin barrier and caused skin irritation However, there is little scientific evidence to support its benefits.

People should not consider apple cider vinegar or any other isolated dietary change to be a quick fix for diabetes. Eating a high-fiber diet that contains the right amount of carbohydrates , protein, and healthful fat, alongside regular physical exercise, are the most effective methods of controlling diabetes.

The type of vinegar that scientists have studied most often for reducing blood glucose levels is apple cider vinegar. However, researchers believe that other kinds of vinegar have the potential to act similarly in the body.

Acetic acid is present in all vinegar, and this is the component that researchers believe influences weight, lipids, and blood sugar management. Some studies use vinegar solutions without stating apple cider vinegar specifically.

For example, one study showed that a 30 milliliter ml vinegar solution that contained 6 percent acetic acid had positive effects on glucose and lipid metabolism.

Theoretically, any vinegar should help improve these levels based on acetic acid concentrations and the impact of that specific component on blood sugar.

Most varieties of food vinegar contain percent acetic acid. However, scientists need to carry out more research to confirm the benefits and effects of different types of vinegar. Natalie Olsen, RD, LD, ACSM EP-C Answers represent the opinions of our medical experts.

All content is strictly informational and should not be considered medical advice. People with diabetes benefit from strategically balancing their diets. In this article, we describe some of the best foods to eat and which types to….

Apple cider vinegar is a common ingredient in foods and dressings. Some small studies and case reports also suggest that apple cider vinegar has a…. In this article, we look at the evidence behind the claims that apple cider vinegar could help with weight loss. We also examine the other possible…. Researchers said baricitinib, a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, showed promise in a clinical trial in helping slow the progression of type 1….

A new review indicates that insulin—used to manage diabetes—can be kept at room temperature for months without losing its potency. My podcast changed me Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health? Why Parkinson's research is zooming in on the gut Tools General Health Drugs A-Z Health Hubs Health Tools Find a Doctor BMI Calculators and Charts Blood Pressure Chart: Ranges and Guide Breast Cancer: Self-Examination Guide Sleep Calculator Quizzes RA Myths vs Facts Type 2 Diabetes: Managing Blood Sugar Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction Connect About Medical News Today Who We Are Our Editorial Process Content Integrity Conscious Language Newsletters Sign Up Follow Us.

Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. Does apple cider vinegar help people with diabetes?

Medically reviewed by Natalie Olsen, R. Apple cider vinegar and diabetes Research Tips Takeaway. How we vet brands and products Medical News Today only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we: Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?

Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence? Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?

We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness. Read more about our vetting process. Was this helpful?

Apple cider vinegar and diabetes. Share on Pinterest Apple cider vinegar may have many benefits for people with diabetes. Complementary therapy in diabetic patients with chronic complications: a pilot study.

Bratisl Lek Listy. Morgan J, Mosawy S. The potential of apple cider vinegar in the management of type 2 diabetes. Google Scholar. Petsiou EI, Mitrou PI, Raptis SA, Dimitriadis GD. Effect and mechanisms of action of vinegar on glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and body weight.

Rose V. Apple cider vinegar: history and folklore-composition-medical researchmedicinal, cosmetic, and household uses-commercial and home production. iUniverse , p. Shahidi F, McDonald J, Chandrasekara A, Zhong Y. Phytochemicals of foods, beverages and fruit vinegars: chemistry and health effects.

Asia Pac J. Fahey RL. Health benefits of apple cider vinegar and other common vinegars: A review. Ajaykumar TV, Anandarajagopal K, Jainaf RA, Venkateshan N, Ananth R. Antihyperlipidemics: effect of apple cider vinegar on lipid profiles. Iman M, Moallem SA, Barahoyee A.

Effect of apple cider Vinegar on blood glucose level in diabetic mice. Shishehbor F, Mansoori A, Sarkaki AR, Jalali MT, Latifi SM. Apple cider vinegar attenuates lipid profile in normal and diabetic rats.

Pak J. Shishehbor F, Jalali MT, Latifi SM. Effect of apple cider vinegar on postprandial lipaemia in healthy adults. Iran J. Nosrati HR, Mousavi SE, Sajjadi P, Firoozjahi AR, Moazezi Z. Effect of apple cider vinegar on postprandial blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients treated with hypoglycemic agents.

Babol Univ Med. Beheshti Z, Chan YH, Nia HS, Hajihosseini F, Nazari R, Shaabani M. Influence of apple cider vinegar on blood lipids.

Life Sci. Bollinger L, Holden J, Chezem JC. Effects of apple cider vinegar on postprandial blood glucose and satiety. FASEB J. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Khezri SS, Saidpour A, Hosseinzadeh N, Amiri Z.

Beneficial effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on weight management, Visceral Adiposity Index and lipid profile in overweight or obese subjects receiving restricted calorie diet: A randomized clinical trial.

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, et al. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes Diabetes Care 46 Suppl 1 :S19— Lamb AR, Wilson E.

Vinegar fermentation and home production of cider vinegar. Food-based dietary guidelines for Iran. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: country reliability and validity.

Sports Exerc. Kausar S, Humayun A, Ahmed Z, Abbas MA, Tahir A. Effect of apple cider vinegar on glycemic control, hyperlipidemia and control on body weight in type 2 diabetes patients. Health Res. Hadi A, Pourmasoumi M, Najafgholizadeh A, Clark CCT, Esmaillzadeh A. The effect of apple cider vinegar on lipid profiles and glycemic parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

BMC Complement Med. Yamashita H. Biological function of acetic acid-improvement in obesity and glucose tolerance by acetic acid in type 2 diabetic rats. Food Sci. Östman E, Granfeldt Y, Persson L, Björck I.

Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects. Thinathayalan D, Yuan BT, Kaur J, Albert Y, Yan NJ.

The effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on weight, blood pressure, blood glucose level and heart rate of 60 MMMC medical students randomized controlled trial. Gheflati A, Bashiri R, Ghadiri-Anari A, Reza JZ, Kord MT, Nadjarzadeh A.

The effect of apple vinegar consumption on glycemic indices, blood pressure, oxidative stress, and homocysteine in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

Hagman E, Danielsson P, Elimam A, Marcus C. The effect of weight loss and weight gain on blood pressure in children and adolescents with obesity. Reisin E, Abel R, Modan M, Silverberg DS, Eliahou HE, Modan B. Effect of weight loss without salt restriction on the reduction of blood pressure in overweight hypertensive patients.

N Engl. Rocchini AP, Katch V, Anderson J, Hinderliter J, Becque D, Martin M, et al. Blood pressure in obese adolescents: effect of weight loss. Kondo S, Tayama K, Tsukamoto Y, Ikeda K, Yamori Y. Antihypertensive effects of acetic acid and vinegar on spontaneously hypertensive rats.

White AM, Johnston CS. Vinegar ingestion at bedtime moderates waking glucose concentrations in adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30 11 —5. Hlebowicz J, Darwiche G, Björgell O, Almér LO. Effect of apple cider vinegar on delayed gastric emptying in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study.

BMC Gastroenterol. Liljeberg H, Björck I. Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar. Ogawa N, Satsu H, Watanabe H, Fukaya M, Tsukamoto Y, Miyamoto Y, et al.

Acetic acid suppresses the increase in disaccharidase activity that occurs during culture of caco-2 cells. Fushimi T, Tayama K, Fukaya M, Kitakoshi K, Nakai N, Tsukamoto Y, et al.

Acetic acid feeding enhances glycogen repletion in liver and skeletal muscle of rats. Fushimi T, Sato Y. Effect of acetic acid feeding on the circadian changes in glycogen and metabolites of glucose and lipid in liver and skeletal muscle of rats. The efficacy of acetic acid for glycogen repletion in rat skeletal muscle after exercise.

Sports Med. Hemmerle H, Burger HJ, Below P, Schubert G, Rippel R, Schindler PW, et al. Chlorogenic acid and synthetic chlorogenic acid derivatives: novel inhibitors of hepatic glucosephosphate translocase.

Fushimi T, Suruga K, Oshima Y, Fukiharu M, Tsukamoto Y, Goda T. Dietary acetic acid reduces serum cholesterol and triacylglycerols in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet.

Layman DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ, Painter JE, Shiue H, Sather C, et al. A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women. Ashtary-Larky D, Ghanavati M, Lamuchi-Deli N, Payami SA, Alavi-Rad S, Boustaninejad M, et al.

Rapid weight loss vs. Slow weight loss: which is more effective on body composition and metabolic risk factors? Keywords: vinegar, blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein. Citation: Jafarirad S, Elahi M-R, Mansoori A, Khanzadeh A and Haghighizadeh M-H The improvement effect of apple cider vinegar as a functional food on anthropometric indices, blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Diabetes Healthc. Received: 04 September ; Accepted: 30 October ; Published: 13 November Copyright © Jafarirad, Elahi, Mansoori, Khanzadeh and Haghighizadeh. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY.

The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

ir ; sjafarirad gmail. An Integrated Approach: Nutrition Strategies for People with Diabetes.