Log In. Process Control 42dwlivery Article Dleivery Scholar Calorie counting benefits, C. These include Lsi and Lsi2 transporters of Optimizing nutrient delivery channels, which is a beneficial channelss Ma et al. Optimizing nutrient delivery channels delivsry a comprehensive digital platform from Farmers Edge® — gathers field-centric data from on-farm weather stations, universal telematics devices, high-resolution, high-frequency satellite imagery, and soil samples. This work demonstrated that plants are able to integrate multiple sources of information on environmental conditions and adjust their root plasticity responses appropriately. Stay in the know about the fertilizer industry by following our social media channels.

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These transporters with diverse functions appear to have evolved via neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization, to maximize not only the initial uptake in roots but also source to sink translocation and cellular compartmentalization during both vegetative and reproductive stages.

Transporters for essential nutrients have been identified and characterized in the model plants A. thaliana and O. With the increased genomic information on non-vascular plants and crops now available, the physiological functions of transporter homologs have begun to be verified experimentally.

In Physcomitrella patens , a model moss, the disruption of PpHAK2 , a HAK transporter gene homolog, impairs growth under K starvation Haro et al. PpHAK13 , another HAK transporter gene, encodes a high-affinity Na transporter that functions under K limitation Benito et al. For commercially important plants, the high-affinity ammonium importers ZmAMT1;1a and ZmAMT1;3 have been characterized in Zea mays Gu et al.

Homologs of BOR1 , a B exporter required under B limitation, have been identified in Triticum aestivum Leaungthitikanchana et al. These studies are examples of the clarification of conserved or diverged functions of transporters in a wide range of plant species.

It is of particular interest to discuss the diversification of transporters along with changes in nutrient requirements and vascular systems from an evolutionary perspective. Regulation of transporter expression such that each transporter performs its function at the appropriate time and location to maintain overall homeostasis is crucial.

The transcriptional control of transporter genes has been investigated extensively as an initial step in gene expression. Several transcriptional factors regulating the same transporter have been identified using different approaches.

The expression of HAK5 , the gene encoding a high-affinity K transporter, is increased upon K starvation in A. thaliana Ahn et al. Using the activation tagging method, the transcription factor RAP2. Four other candidate transcription factors have been identified using the TF FOX library Hong et al.

Among investigations of nitrate signaling, two reports have demonstrated that the transcription factor NIN-LIKE PROTEINs NLPs controls nitrate-inducible transcription of genes, including nitrate transporter NRT genes Konishi and Yanagisawa , Marchive et al.

Suppression of NLP6 function reduces mRNA induction of NRT1. FIT AtbHLH29 forms heterodimers with AtbHLH38, AtbHLH39, AtbHLH and AtbHLH, and mediates the Fe starvation-induced transcription of IRT1 Colangelo and Guerinot , Yuan et al. As in the root architecture response, transcription factors play important roles in regulation, although those controlling root architecture and transporter expression are not always shared, suggesting that multiple systems regulate the sensing of nutrients and the responses thereto.

The control of mRNA stability is also vital for maintaining mRNA levels and controlling the rate of change in mRNA accumulation. Several studies have shown examples of the control of mRNA stability in response to environmental stimuli in plants Bhat et al. In an exploration of nutrient-dependent mRNA stability, Tanaka et al.

thaliana NIP5;1 , a gene encoding the NIP5;1 boric acid channel, was destabilized in the presence of sufficient boric acid. NIP5;1, a member of the major intrinsic family, is required for B uptake under B limitation, and NIP5;1 mRNA is elevated fold when transferred to B-deficient conditions Takano et al.

Tanaka et al. This study provides clear evidence that nutrient availability controls mRNA turnover, and this control is critical for normal growth.

A study by Yuan et al. In Nicotiana tabacum , transcript levels of AtAMT1;1 driven by the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter are reduced when ammonium is supplied. The regulation of mRNA turnover is more efficient than transcriptional down-regulation in terms of reducing transcript levels rapidly.

Depending on the transporters and properties of the nutrient, mRNA turnover regulation might facilitate adaptation to changes in nutrient conditions. Few reports on translational regulation in response to nutrient availability in plants have been published.

The translation of the transporter ZIF2 Zinc-induced Facilitator 2 is enhanced under high Zn conditions in A. thaliana by producing a splice variant that increases translation under high Zn conditions Remy et al.

ZIF2 is localized to the tonoplast and promotes Zn tolerance via Zn compartmentalization. At least nine splice variants are produced from the ZIF2 gene, all of which encode the same full size ZIF2 transporter. Two splice variants are produced predominantly in roots: ZIF2. Moreover, the prediction of RNA secondary structures indicated that the ZIF2.

A mutation that destabilized the predicted stem—loop markedly weakened the translation induced by a high Zn concentration.

The increased ZIF2. Based on the differences in splicing variant abundances among organs and conditions, this study suggests that control of translation, which is associated with alternative splicing, enables synthesis of the appropriate quantity of transporters to meet the variable demand.

The polar localization of transporters is thought to be important for the directional transport of substrates. Increasing numbers of mineral transporters in plants are reported to have polar localization. These include Lsi and Lsi2 transporters of silicon, which is a beneficial element Ma et al.

However, few reports on the underlying molecular mechanisms and physiological impact of polar localization exist. The Fe transporter IRT1 is localized to the plasma membrane facing the rhizosphere in the root epidermis under metal depletion Barberon et al.

IRT1 is a key player in Fe acquisition, but also transports other metals, such as Zn, Mn and Co Vert et al. FYVE1, a phosphatidylinositolphosphate PI3P -binding protein, was found to be responsible for the recycling and polar localization of IRT1, thereby controlling metal homeostasis Barberon et al.

Characterization of a mutant with defective localization of green fluorescent protein GFP —NIP5;1 showed that d -galactose synthesis by UDP-glucose 4-epimerase 4 UGE4 is required for general endomembrane organization Uehara et al. The polar localization of BOR1 requires three tyrosine residues Tyr, Tyr and Tyr in a putative cytoplasmic loop; these are potential tyrosine-based motifs for membrane trafficking, while Tyr, which is also located in the loop, is not involved Takano et al.

The three tyrosine residues are also required for the degradation of BOR1 under high-B conditions, as described below Takano et al. These results suggest that membrane trafficking is the molecular basis for establishment of polarity, including recycling between the plasma membrane and endosomes.

Further identification of the molecules and amino acid residues in transporters that are essential for polar localization will clarify the effect of polarity on the directional flow of substrates and subsequent nutrient accumulation. Most essential elements are toxic at high concentrations. Control of protein degradation is critical for the regulation of transporter levels and the down-regulation of transporters required to avoid overloading when nutrient concentrations are elevated.

Recent studies have demonstrated that the ubiquitination of transporters triggers their selective degradation. The E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in this process have been identified.

Furthermore, expression of PHO2 , which encodes the E2 conjugase UBC24, is required for the ubiquitination and degradation of the phosphate transporter Pht1;4 also a member of the PHT1 family under inorganic phosphorus Pi -sufficient conditions Park et al. Under Pi starvation, the transcript levels of NLA and PHO2 are down-regulated by low-P-inducible miR and miR, respectively Hsieh et al.

High-B-inducible degradation of BOR1, a B transporter, is mediated by the ubiquitination of a lysine residue Takano et al. As indicated above, the tyrosine residues important for polar localization are also required for degradation Takano et al.

Mono-ubiquitination of the Lys or Lys residue in the intracellular loop of the Fe transporter IRT1 is responsible for the turnover of IRT1 protein in a mechanism that regulates plant Fe accumulation Kerkeb et al.

Thus, membrane trafficking is also an important process for selective protein degradation. Because enhanced protein stability may reduce the effects on protein quantity of down-regulation of transcript levels or translation, control of protein turnover is important for regulation of protein levels.

Importantly, a single transporter can be regulated at multiple steps. Identification of mechanisms that co-ordinate multistep regulation is clearly crucial for improved understanding of transporter quantity optimization.

Transporter activity is controlled by protein quantity and is regulated in part by post-translational modifications that can directly affect transport properties.

The A. thaliana nitrate transporter NRT1. The phosphorylation of Thr converts the affinity from low to high Liu and Tsay The replacement of Thr with alanine and aspartic acid to prevent and mimic phosphorylation, respectively converts NRT1.

The protein kinase CIPK23 is responsible for the phosphorylation of Thr in response to low nitrate Ho et al. A recent study showed that the shift in the affinity mode of NRT1. Another example of a change in transporter activity is seen in the A. thaliana ammonium transporters AMT1;1 and AMT1;3, which govern ammonium uptake and form homo- and heterotrimers L.

High ammonium supply inactivates both AMT1;1 and AMT1;3 via the phosphorylation of threonine residues in its cytosolic C-terminus Loque et al. In the regulation of transporter expression, affinity switching and inactivation via phosphorylation may enable the most rapid change in nutrient transport in response to nutrient conditions.

The regulation of transport by direct modification of the transporter protein would be beneficial, especially during dramatic fluctuations in environmental nutrient concentrations in a short period of time.

This review focused on how plants have evolved sophisticated systems to modulate root system architecture and transporter expression dynamically in response to nutrient availability.

Another challenge remaining for the future will be evaluation of the physiological advantages and trade-offs, if any, of these nutrient-dependent controls in the presence of the spatial and temporal changes in nutrient conditions. Mathematical modeling together with experimental data will facilitate elucidation of the optimization of plant systems in terms of the responses to particular environments.

Furthermore, an understanding of these nutrient-dependent responses will enable fundamental questions in plant science to be addressed. Nutrient-dependent root plasticity is one example of the unique flexible body plan of plants. The establishment of polarity within a cell is also a basis for the development of multicellular organisms.

Further research on the mechanisms of nutrient transport will shed light on the strategies of adaptation to changing environments. This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology MEXT , Japan [a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas grant No.

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Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. Introduction: Spatial and Temporal Changes in Nutrient Availability. Nutrient-Dependent Root Architecture.

Diverse Functions of Transporters. Nutrient-Dependent Regulation of Transporter Expression. Concluding Remarks. Journal Article. Strategies for Optimization of Mineral Nutrient Transport in Plants: Multilevel Regulation of Nutrient-Dependent Dynamics of Root Architecture and Transporter Activity.

Izumi Aibara , Izumi Aibara. Oxford Academic. PDF Split View Views. Select Format Select format. ris Mendeley, Papers, Zotero. enw EndNote. bibtex BibTex. txt Medlars, RefWorks Download citation. Permissions Icon Permissions. Close Navbar Search Filter Plant and Cell Physiology This issue Molecular and Cell Biology Plant Sciences and Forestry Books Journals Oxford Academic Enter search term Search.

Abstract How do sessile plants cope with irregularities in soil nutrient availability? Open in new tab Download slide. Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Systems approach identifies TGA1 and TGA4 transcription factors as important regulatory components of the nitrate response of Arabidopsis thaliana roots.

HAK transporters from Physcomitrella patens and Yarrowia lipolytica mediate sodium uptake. The boron efflux transporter ROTTEN EAR is required for maize inflorescence development and fertility. Changes in mRNA stability associated with cold stress in Arabidopsis cells.

The essential basic helix—loop—helix protein FIT1 is required for the iron deficiency response. A member of the heavy metal P-type ATPase OsHMA5 is involved in xylem loading of copper in rice. Transport of boron by the tassel-less1 aquaporin is critical for vegetative and reproductive development in maize.

Overexpressing the ANR1 MADS-box gene in transgenic plants provides new insights into its role in the nitrate regulation of root development. The Arabidopsis COPT6 transport protein functions in copper distribution under copper-deficient conditions. The importance of root gravitropism for inter-root competition and phosphorus acquisition efficiency: results from a geometric simulation model.

Localized iron supply triggers lateral root elongation in Arabidopsis by altering the AUX1-mediated auxin distribution. Chrysanthemum CmNAR2 interacts with CmNRT2 in the control of nitrate uptake. Characterization of AMT-mediated high-affinity ammonium uptake in roots of maize Zea mays L.

The potassium transporters HAK2 and HAK3 localize to endomembranes in Physcomitrella patens. HAK2 is required in some stress conditions. How changing root system architecture can help tackle a reduction in soil phosphate P levels for better plant P acquisition.

Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text. Identification and characterization of transcription factors regulating Arabidopsis HAK5. Uncovering small RNA-mediated responses to phosphate deficiency in Arabidopsis by deep sequencing. Two phloem nitrate transporters, NRT1.

Characterizing the role of rice NRAMP5 in manganese, iron and cadmium transport. The distribution of soil nutrients with depth: global patterns and the imprint of plants.

High boron-induced ubiquitination regulates vacuolar sorting of the BOR1 borate transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of the root system architecture of Arabidopsis provides a quantitative readout of crosstalk between nutritional signals.

The Arabidopsis nitrate transporter NRT2. Arabidopsis NIN-like transcription factors have a central role in nitrate signalling. Nitrate-regulated auxin transport by NRT1. Feedback inhibition of ammonium uptake by a phospho-dependent allosteric mechanism in Arabidopsis. Differential expression of three BOR1 genes corresponding to different genomes in response to boron conditions in hexaploid wheat Triticum aestivum L.

tassel-less1 encodes a boron channel protein required for inflorescence development in maize. Nitrogen limitation adaptation, a target of microRNA, mediates degradation of plasma membrane-localized phosphate transporters to maintain phosphate homeostasis in Arabidopsis.

The putative high-affinity nitrate transporter NRT2. CHL1 is a dual-affinity nitrate transporter of Arabidopsis involved in multiple phases of nitrate uptake. Switching between the two action modes of the dual-affinity nitrate transporter CHL1 by phosphorylation.

Phosphate availability alters architecture and causes changes in hormone sensitivity in the Arabidopsis root system. Auxin biosynthetic gene TAR2 is involved in low nitrogen-mediated reprogramming of root architecture in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis transporter MGT6 mediates magnesium uptake and is required for growth under magnesium limitation.

Nuclear retention of the transcription factor NLP7 orchestrates the early response to nitrate in plants. Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text. Auxin-mediated nitrate signalling by NRT1. Nitrogen limitation adaptation recruits phosphate2 to target the phosphate transporter PT2 for degradation during the regulation of Arabidopsis phosphate homeostasis.

Molecular basis of nitrate uptake by the plant nitrate transporter NRT1. A mutation in NLA , which encodes a RING-type ubiquitin ligase, disrupts the adaptability of Arabidopsis to nitrogen limitation.

VvBOR1 , the grapevine ortholog of AtBOR1 , encodes an efflux boron transporter that is differentially expressed throughout reproductive development of Vitis vinifera L. The Arabidopsis NRT1. A central role for the nitrate transporter NRT2. Topsoil foraging and its role in plant competitiveness for phosphorus in common bean.

Expression and functional analysis of the CorA—MRS2—ALR-type magnesium transporter family in rice. Nramp5 is a major transporter responsible for manganese and cadmium uptake in rice.

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The first installation employs five pumps, with the other two are equipped with five and six pumps respectively. The suction and discharge pipework was designed by Sulzer for optimum efficiency and manufactured, along with all the other pipework, by Irribiz.

The design of each pumping station also included lifting apparatus for easy maintenance operations in the future. All the pumps were optimized for their application in terms of flow, head and efficiency.

In combination with the Premium Efficiency motors, each pumping station has been designed to minimize running costs while achieving enhanced irrigation management. Sulzer has been a trusted partner throughout this project.

The integrated control system provides a comprehensive and user-friendly platform for remote control, monitoring, and troubleshooting. The partnership with Irribiz empowered the customer and delivered a tailored irrigation solution, allowing their business to grow.

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Our solutions enable carbon emission reductions, development of polymers from biological sources, recycling of plastic waste and textiles, and efficient power storage.

Our customers benefit from our commitment to innovation, performance and quality through our responsive network of world-class manufacturing facilities and service centers across the globe.

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The first installation employs five pumps, with the other two are equipped with five and six pumps respectively. The suction and discharge pipework was designed by Sulzer for optimum efficiency and manufactured, along with all the other pipework, by Irribiz.

The design of each pumping station also included lifting apparatus for easy maintenance operations in the future.

All the pumps were optimized for their application in terms of flow, head and efficiency. In combination with the Premium Efficiency motors, each pumping station has been designed to minimize running costs while achieving enhanced irrigation management.

Sulzer has been a trusted partner throughout this project. The integrated control system provides a comprehensive and user-friendly platform for remote control, monitoring, and troubleshooting. The partnership with Irribiz empowered the customer and delivered a tailored irrigation solution, allowing their business to grow.

About Sulzer: Sulzer is a global leader in fluid engineering and chemical processing applications. We specialize in energy-efficient pumping, agitation, mixing, separation, purification, crystallization and polymerization technologies for fluids of all types.

Our solutions enable carbon emission reductions, development of polymers from biological sources, recycling of plastic waste and textiles, and efficient power storage. Our customers benefit from our commitment to innovation, performance and quality through our responsive network of world-class manufacturing facilities and service centers across the globe.

Sulzer has been headquartered in Winterthur, Switzerland, since Our shares are traded on the SIX Swiss Exchange SIX: SUN. Compression packing is an essential component of the machinery and equipment used in various industrial processes, including animal rendering plants.

A leading manufacturer of food processing equipment needed a robust drive solution that could withstand frequent washdowns for use on…. Facing frequent and costly breakdowns, a turkey processing plant sought a more dependable pumping solution for its high-pressure washdown and….

A wastewater treatment facility has 10 RAS Return Activated Sludge solids handling pumps. These pumps have been sealed using packing and replacement sleeves for several…. The Study This field survey was conducted at Hormel Foods, Freemont, Nebraska. Voltage readings were taken from the shafts of VFD-driven motors throughout the plant….

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: Optimizing nutrient delivery channels

Five Ways Farmers Can Optimize Fertilizer Use	Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Translational Research newsletter — top stories in biotechnology, drug discovery and pharma. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. As a result, three equations were added to consider this combined metabolic operation and its impact on growth rate, glucose consumption rate, and nitrate consumption rate. Closed-loop systems which incorporated a feed-optimizing algorithm increased biomass yield on glucose more than twofold compared to standard fed-batch cultures for cycling cultures. Characterizing the role of rice NRAMP5 in manganese, iron and cadmium transport. Characterization of AMT-mediated high-affinity ammonium uptake in roots of maize Zea mays L. The significance of phytohormones, particularly auxin, in the nutrient-dependent regulation of the root system is now clear.
Optimized water and nutrient delivery	This may explain the similar cell growth curves of C. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Xiong, W. In this way, the alternating day-night cultures received the appropriate glucose and nitrate feeds, based on the model predictions, for growth during the dark periods. Both the model predictions and experimental growth rates changed dynamically over different heterotrophic and autotrophic cycles. Using Simulink TM , a kinetic model consisting of four ODE equations was incorporated in order to describe changes in biomass, nutrient levels, and medium volume during the heterotrophic dark periods in a bioreactor Supplementary Fig. All fertilizer spreaders should be calibrated for the proper application rate and distribution pattern.
Stewardship	Follow Stay felivery the Optimizing nutrient delivery channels about the fertilizer industry by following our deluvery media channels. During the experiment, biomass nutrieht x Optimizkngglucose levels G m and deluvery levels N m were msured and used as inputs into the closed-loop system. h Biomass yield, Fatty acid yield and lutein yield on glucose. Article CAS Google Scholar Huesemann, M. Farmers receive variable rate prescriptions that detail input placement in specific field zones, categorized on a scale of high-performing to low-performing areas of the field. During the light and dark cycling, C.
Best Management Practices for Agricultural Nutrients | NC State Extension Publications	Green tea brewing polar localization of transporters is thought to Nuttrient important for the directional transport of substrates. The extra Optmizing measured Fig. Three equations Optimizing nutrient delivery channels below delivegy used to cahnnels biomass growth, nitrate consumption rate, and glucose selivery rate in the open-loop system. tassel-less1 encodes a boron channel protein required for inflorescence development in maize. Initial biomass levels x 0glucose levels G 0 and nitrate levels N 0 were measured and used as inputs into the closed-loop system. DNA- and Selectable-Marker-Free Genome-Editing System Using Zygotes from Recalcitrant Maize Inbred B These studies revealed the complex nature of the regulatory network that involves transcription factors, transporters and root architecture.
Five Ways Farmers Can Optimize Fertilizer Use - Farmers Edge	Improve the quality of farm family housing, diet and education. Homologs of BOR1 , a B exporter required under B limitation, have been identified in Triticum aestivum Leaungthitikanchana et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sommeregger, W. The accessibility of nutrients with limited mobility, including P and Fe, in soil is restricted to roots near the location of the nutrient. where μ A is simulation growth rate from autotrophic metabolism, μ H is the growth rate from heterotrophic metabolism, r NA is nitrate exchange rate from autotrophic metabolism, r NH is the nitrate exchange rate from heterotrophic metabolism, r GH is the glucose exchange rate from heterotrophic metabolism. Unlike the open loop system, the light shielding effect was considered and the growth rate would decrease as the biomass concentration increased as described in the equation below and shown in Fig.