Carbohydrate Addiction, K. Resveratrol shows neuroprotective effect against prooerties of Anti-inflammatkry Rahman et al. Creating Polypheols regulations is challenging due to the multitude Antifungal therapy for fungal nail infections compounds, the limited evidence from human studies, and variability in the polyphenol content of foods. Surprisingly, the researchers did not observe the same effects in the volunteers with kidney diseases, which could be explained due to the altered composition of their gut microbiota.

Polyphenols and anti-inflammatory properties -

They inactivate NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and modulate mitogen-activated protein Kinase MAPk and arachidonic acids pathways. They can suppress toll-like receptor TLR and pro-inflammatory genes' expression.

Their antioxidant activity and ability to inhibit enzymes involved in the production of eicosanoids contribute as well to their anti-inflammation properties. They inhibit certain enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species ROS production like xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase NOX while they upregulate other endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase SOD , catalase, and glutathione GSH peroxidase Px.

Furthermore, they inhibit phospholipase A2 PLA2 , cyclooxygenase COX and lipoxygenase LOX leading to a reduction in the production of prostaglandins PGs and leukotrienes LTs and inflammation antagonism. The effects of these biologically active compounds on the immune system are associated with extended health benefits for different chronic inflammatory diseases.

Studies of plant extracts and compounds show that polyphenols can play a beneficial role in the prevention and the progress of chronic diseases related to inflammation such as diabetes, obesity, neurodegeneration, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases, among other conditions.

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Please enable JavaScript to access the full features of the site or access our non-JavaScript page. Issue 13, , Issue in Progress. From the journal: RSC Advances. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols extracted from Ilex latifolia Thunb.

This article is Open Access. Please wait while we load your content Something went wrong. Quercetin decreases lipid peroxidation and inhibits cellular oxidation in diabetes Pandey and Rizvi, Resveratrol prevents cytotoxicity and OS caused by excessive glucose levels.

Resveratrol decreases diabetes-induced kidney alterations diabetic nephropathy and thereby increases renal disorder and OS in diabetic rats. The polyphenols of Hibiscus sabdariffa weaken diabetic nephropathy in terms of serum lipid profile and kidney oxidative markers Lee et al.

sabdariffa also contains flavonoids, protocatechuic acid, and anthocyanins. The ameliorating effects of a high antioxidant polyphenol supplement of green tea extract, pomegranate extract and ascorbic acid on OS due to type 2 diabetes have been proved through decreased LDL, reduced plasma MDA, and increased HDL indicating better antioxidant potential with augmented total plasma GSH with preventive action against cardiovascular complications as well Fenercioglu et al.

The flavonoid rutin also has antidiabetic effects Ghorbani, Figure 7 outlines the protective effects of dietary polyphenols against diabetes mellitus. FIGURE 7. Protective roles of dietary polyphenols against diabetes. The occurrence of cancer or malignant diseases is augmented with OS along with an increase in the amount of free radicals like ROS causing biomolecular DNA and tissue damages.

Studies suggest that a diet that includes regular consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in polyphenols such as catechins, resveratrol, ellagic acid, naringenin, quercetin etc.

significantly lowers the risk of developing many cancers. The chemopreventive action of polyphenols includes estrogenic and antiestrogenic involvement, antiproliferation, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis activation, oxidation resistance, induction of detoxification enzymes, host immune system regulation, anti-inflammatory activity, and improvements in cellular signaling García-Lafuente et al.

Polyphenols affect pro-carcinogen metabolism by moderating the cytochrome P enzymes expression involved in carcinogen stimulation Talalay et al.

Black tea polyphenols like EGCG, theaflavins and thearubigins have potent anticancer properties Shankar, ; Sharma and Rao, Tea catechins with cancer prevention efficacy inhibit the conversion of intraepithelial prostate lesions to cancer. In prostate carcinoma cells, polyphenols from black tea suppress proliferation of increasing apoptosis Kim et al.

The emergence of multi-drug resistant MDR pathogens has become a global threat and a cause of significant morbidity and mortality around the world. Augmenting the OS pathway and induction of ROS formation has emerged as potential antimicrobial target in recent times.

Flavonoids exhibit broad spectrum of antimicrobial actions through different mechanisms which are often observed little different than those of conventional antibiotics and thus could be of importance in the improvement of antimicrobial therapeutics Dwyer et al.

During bacterial infection, the host immune response leads to inflammation due to the generation of ROS, and consequently leading to OS. Increased OS may lead to the vulnerability of the infection and also triggers the malfunctioning of cellular metabolism Kim et al.

Flavonoids are well known for their modulatory effect against OS in the human body by scavenging free radicals and chelating the metallic ions Ivanov et al. It is reported that many antibacterial drugs kill bacteria by activation of ROS pathways, whereas, a mild amount of ROS is proven to be beneficial to the microorganism for their signaling mechanisms.

The therapeutic role of antioxidant polyphenols in mitigating OS-related tissue damage and inflammations in bacterial and viral infections is well defined. Black tea polyphenols have in vitro antiviral properties Wu et al. EGCG, the main constituent of polyphenol, has antiviral activities on a diverse range of viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus and hepatitis C virus Steinmann et al.

Polyphenolic compounds that have been reported in very preliminary in silico and in vitro studies to exhibit anti-SARS-CoV activity include quercetin, acacetin, apigenin, baicalein, hesperidin, morin, rutin, naringin, naringenin, — -catechin, — -catechin gallate, — - gallocatechin gallate, diosmin, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, silibinin, silymarin, orientin, curcumin, and oroxylin A Sharma and Rao, ; Suzuki et al.

Rheumatoid arthritis RA is an example of an inflammatory disease that affects the joints Zheng et al. The production of ROS in injured joints promotes inflammatory reactions. The cytokines generated play a role in the immunoregulatory and tissue damage processes developing clinical manifestations in RA Direito et al.

As human antioxidant defense systems are inefficient, exogenous antioxidants must be used to fight excess ROS Sung et al. Polyphenols have the ability to regulate the inflammatory pathways of common arthropathies such as gout, osteoarthritis and RA. EGCG, quercetin, resveratrol, p -coumaric acid, luteolin, curcumin, kaempferol and apigenin are the most effective polyphenols against arthritis Ahmed et al.

Tea flavanols like EGCG are useful in RA Jin et al. The effects of quercetin on disease severity and inflammation in women with RA showed considerably decreased early morning stiffness and discomfort and after-activity pain Javadi et al.

The protective effects of dietary polyphenols against cancer, infectious illness and inflammatory diseases are depicted in Figure 8.

FIGURE 8. Protective effects of dietary polyphenols against cancer, infectious illness and inflammatory diseases. Although much research has been focused on the antioxidant properties of plant-derived polyphenols against chronic diseases neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular complications, cancer, diabetes, bacterial infections, and inflammations as described above, they can also act as pro-oxidants in the biological systems in vivo.

The pro-oxidative action of polyphenols depends on certain factors such as their solubility characteristics, chelating behavior, metal-reducing potential etc. and the pH at the site of action Babich et al. A variety of dietary polyphenols including gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, myricetin, rutin, kaempferol, resveratrol, catechins, EGCG etc.

exhibit such dual antioxidant and pro-oxidative roles. However, the anticancer, antiobesity and antimicrobial effects of green tea polyphenols EGCG, ECG are primarily because of their antioxidant activity, whereas the harmful toxic effects are due to their pro-oxidative effect Ouyang et al.

The pro-oxidant effect of EGCG major ingredient of tea is observed at considerably higher dose than that of the dose required for antioxidant action. The pro-oxidant capacity of tea polyphenols is such that they directly lead to the generation of ROS, and indirectly induces apoptosis and death of cancer cells León-González et al.

The grape seed extract exhibits in vivo pro-oxidant activity to an appreciable extent depending on dose, duration of administration, and other dietary components.

As pro-oxidant molecules, polyphenols can exert cytotoxic effects against cancer cells by achieving toxic levels of ROS. Increased ROS level eventually induces DNA degradation in the presence of metal ions such as copper, which ultimately leads to cell death D'Angelo et al.

The pro-oxidant effect may also be associated with a pro-apoptotic function in various types of tumor cells Khan et al. The pro-oxidative effect of resveratrol may counteract the tissue damage induced by oxidative stress Chedea et al.

Further, polyphenols including flavonoids and anthocyanins also play a potential pro-oxidant role and protects our body from severe cellular oxidative stress. For instance, red wine polyphenols may help modulate the antioxidant potential of erythrocytes, protecting them against oxidative stress Chedea et al.

Food phenolics are gaining importance in research as they have the potential to improve human health. Over 8, polyphenols have been reported from plants, and several hundreds of dietary polyphenols have been found in foods.

Owing to their potent antioxidant capacity because of the presence of hydroxyl groups in their structures, polyphenols can effectively scavenge ROS and thus fight against OS induced pathological conditions or human diseases.

Evidence from diverse in vitro studies discussed here supports that dietary sourced polyphenols plays a potential protective role in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, CVDs, diabetes, cancer, inflammation-related diseases, and infectious illness.

However, prospective further research with adequate pre-clinical and clinical investigations could lead to the development dietary polyphenolic compounds as potent therapeutic candidates against various chronic human diseases.

MR conceptualized the topic, researched and analyzed the literature, and wrote the manuscript, including interpretations. SK and SP analyzed background literature and drafted portions of the manuscript. AD, JK, AD, MAA, MNA and FA revised the manuscript critically for the intellectual content.

PD and RD provided substantial scholarly support in literature review, data curation and interpretation. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript, ensured the accuracy and integrity of the work, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research, Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia for providing Grant through project number COVIDIRMC.

Authors sincerely thank Sagarika Chandra for her kind help in editing figures of the manuscript. Abba, Y. Antiviral Activity of Resveratrol against Human and Animal Viruses.

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Dietary polyphenols including phenolic anti-inflamatory, flavonoids, Polyphenolz, tannins, lignans, stilbenes, and anthocyanidins are widely found in grains, Plyphenols, pulses, Metformin and insulin sensitivity, Antifungal therapy for fungal nail infections, fruits, chocolates, and propertiea like fruit juices, tea, coffee anr wine. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence antj-inflammatory suggest Antifungal therapy for fungal nail infections long term consumption of diets anf in polyphenols offer protection against the development of various chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases CVDscancer, diabetes, inflammatory disorders and infectious illness. Increased intake of foods containing polyphenols for example, quercetin, epigallocatechingallate, resveratrol, cyanidin etc. It has been suggested that the antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols plays a pivotal role in the prevention of OS-induced human diseases. This review specifically focuses a current understanding on the dietary sources of polyphenols and their protective effects including mechanisms of action against various major human diseases. This narrative mini- review summarizes current Antifungal therapy for fungal nail infections of the role of Polypnenols in Importance of nutrition outcomes—and non-communicable diseases Antifungal therapy for fungal nail infections discusses the implications of this evidence anti-inlammatory public health, and for future directions for public health practice, policy, and research. The propertids cited originate mainly from animal models and feeding experiments, Antifungal therapy for fungal nail infections well as human cohort and case-control anti-ifnlammatory. Hypothesized anc effects of polyphenols in acute and chronic diseases, including obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, are evaluated. Potential harmful effects of some polyphenols are also considered, counterbalanced with the limited evidence of harm in the research literature. Recent international governmental regulations are discussed, as the safety and health claims of only a few specific polyphenolic compounds have been officially sanctioned. The implications of food processing on the bioavailability of polyphenols are also assessed, in addition to the health claims and marketing of polyphenols as a functional food. Finally, this mini-review asserts the need for increased regulation and guidelines for polyphenol consumption and supplementation in order to ensure consumers remain safe and informed about polyphenols.