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Fungineers Thor300 Controller ReviewChitosan for nanofibers -
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As mentioned, the article encapsulated the Newcastle disease virus vaccine and was subsequently subjected to in vitro and in vivo testing. This particular chitosan derivative has been deemed safe regarding membrane toxicity and may serve as a beneficial vehicle for hydrophobic cancer medications.
Considerable emphasis has been placed on the hydroxyapatite—chitosan composite material, which has potential applications as a bone-filling material for guided tissue regeneration.
A promising application of chitosan—calcium phosphate cement has been discovered. A mixture of chitosan or chitosan glycerophosphate, calcium phosphate, and citric acid resulted in the development of an injectable self-hardening system suitable for bone repair or filling applications.
Chitosan, a polycationic substance considered pseudo-natural, is utilized in the creation of electrostatic complexes with both synthetic and natural polymers such as alginate.
These complexes are commonly employed as anti-thrombogenic materials for controlled release, encapsulation of drugs, immobilization of enzymes and cells, and as gene carriers.
This substance is utilized to provide support to medications or regulate drug release. Its properties include cytocompatibility, nontoxicity, biodegradability, mechanical suitability, physiological inertness, antibacterial characteristics, hydrophilic nature, gel-forming abilities, protein affinity, and mucoadhesiveness.
Chitosan's molecular weight and functional groups play a significant role in inhibiting bacterial and fungal growth. Small oligomeric chitosan, as opposed to large molecular weight chitosan, can quickly enter the cell membrane of a bacterium, preventing cell development by blocking RNA transcription.
Lastly, the text highlights various instances where tissue engineering and drug delivery have been applied. Chitosan can be processed more efficiently than chitin in various forms, such as sponges, capsules, or nanoparticles, depending on the specific system being tested and the intended purpose of its administration.
In contrast to a high DDA, a low DDA causes an increase in the release of osteoprotegerin and sclerostin. Furthermore, compared to chitosan with a comparable DDA but a lower molecular weight MW , a high DDA and high MW have been demonstrated to enhance the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6, but decrease osteopontin secretion.
Therefore, altering DDA and MW gives a method to modify chitosan to meet specific industrial or medicinal needs. On the other hand, deacetylation removes acetyl groups, altering MW, which must be considered when developing chitosan-based products.
Molecules with a low MW and DDA are much more reactive than substrates but more susceptible to biological and chemical decay. Molecules with a lower MW degrade more quickly than those with a higher molecular weight. Today, one of the unique processes for making nanofibers is electrospinning.
Compared to other methods, electrospinning is efficient for creating polymeric fibers that are sub-micron or nanoscale in size.
It also has several advantages, including the ease with which bioactive compounds can be incorporated into the nanofibers and the lack of heat during the process, which is crucial for sensitive materials. Electrospun nanofibers are a novel class of materials with several potential applications in the biomedical sector.
Due to their high porosity and surface area, these nanofibers are ideal for biomedical applications. The electrospun chitosan-based nanofibers produced had unusual properties such as a high surface area to volume ratio, high porosity, and tiny pore size.
Due to these characteristics, these nanofibers may be used for various purposes, such as tissue engineering, medication delivery, wound dressing, and membranes. The easiest method has been determined to be surface coating, in particular. Due to their structural and chemical resemblance to the natural ECM, chitosan nanofibers are particularly common in tissue regeneration.
The nanostructure closely resembles the ECM and offers more surface area for the delivery of biotherapeutics. Another important use for nanofibers is anticipated to be in filtration, metal ion recovery, catalysts, protective clothing, and power storage. Equipment for electrospinning is currently being commercialized quickly.
Different types of electrospinning techniques have been developed to circumvent the limitations of the traditional electrospinning method Table 1. Chitosan is challenging to make into a submicron-sized fibrous form because of its rigid D -glucosamine repeat units and propensity to establish inter or intramolecular hydrogen bonds, resulting in low solubility in pure water and other ordinary organic solvents.
Because primary amines are protonated when the pH is lowered, it has been shown that chitosan is more water-soluble. The most typical pH adjustment agent has been acetic acid. Pure chitosan has been successfully electrospun using a solvent with a high concentration of acetic acid in water.
The electrospinning technique enables the fabrication of chitosan nanofibers; however, it encounters various challenges, such as the limited availability of appropriate solvents for the process and numerous factors that impact the quality and yield of the nanofibers.
The procedure of electrospinning chitosan is multifaceted due to the unique properties of this polymer in solution, including its polycationic nature, high molecular weight, and the broad range of molecular weights. Several parameters, including molecular weight, solvents, electric field voltage, the inner tip and collector gap, and feed rate, influence the electrospinning process and product quality.
To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no marketable product of interactive biopolymeric nanofibers on the market, despite the positive potential of these fibrous materials for biomedical applications, which several relevant studies have supported.
Due to potential difficulties with large-scale electrospinning of biopolymers, biocompatibility issues resulting from contaminants like cross-linkers and leftover solvents in the fibers, and potentially immunogenic responses brought on by such substances, notably because biopolymer chitosan is rarely water soluble, they must be dissolved in hazardous, very acidic solvents such as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropanol and TFA for electrospinning.
Alongside manufacturing, sophisticated testing methods for the generated nanofiber systems must be established and validated to allow dependable assessment and rapid translation of these devices into clinical applications. Electrospinning is a potential method for producing submicron fibers, often known as nanofibers, from the laboratory to the industrial level.
Many publications have described the synthesis, characterization, and uses of nanofibers. Nanomaterials generally have a high surface area, which benefits applications in several industries.
Due to their biocompatibility, adhesion, and sterility, electrospun nanofibers have attracted great interest in the biomedical area, 77—79 applications include filters, protective garments, membranes, sensors, energy storage devices, and catalysis.
Nanofibers are now viable for wound dressing materials, scaffold materials, drug delivery systems, filtration membranes, and catalysts for reduction, oxidation, and coupling processes.
Nanofibers are used in batteries and fuel cells as novel materials with higher energy storage capacity. Although the great majority of reported uses are in the biomedical, photocatalytic, and sensor fields, emphasis should be placed on renewable energy storage devices and catalysts for synthesizing organic molecules, medicines, and specialty chemicals.
The fibers may significantly delay the medication release in liposomes. For instance, gentamicin-loaded maleimide liposomes were grafted on the surface of CS fibers by covalent processes after Monteiro et al. treated the surface of the fibers with various thiolation chemicals.
According to in vitro tests, E. coli , P. aeruginosa , and S. aureus are all susceptible to the antibacterial activity of gentamicin released from liposomes immobilized at the surface of electrospun fibers. Since these pathogens are a frequent source of local infections, our findings indicate that the proposed nanostructured delivery method has promise for wound management applications.
It may also be employed to eradicate these pathogens. Chemical modification has also been applied to improve the solubility and spinnability of chitosan. Chemically altered chitosan derivatives include hexanoyl chitosan, PEGylated chitosan, carboxyethyl chitosan, and quaternized chitosan.
Collagen, gelatin, cellulose, PEO, PVA, , PCL, , and poly lactide- co -glycolide are among the co-spinning agents that have been extensively studied by research teams throughout the globe.
This study concentrates on the most recent advancements in chitosan-based nanofibers, their derivatives, blends, and composites to highlight natural polymers' future significance and potential usage in intelligent materials.
This article discusses the difficulties, patterns, and possible uses of nanofibers made from chitosan for biomedical purposes. Zhou et al. in created bi-component nanofiber scaffolds of photo-crosslinked maleilated CS—methacrylate polyvinyl alcohol MCS-MPVA with improved water stability by electrospinning an aqueous MCS-MPVA solution and subsequent photopolymerization.
According to the results of a water stability test, the photocrosslinked matrix with a 10 : 90 ratio of MCS-MPVA maintained the exceptional integrity of the fibrous structure. The photocrosslinked nanofiber scaffolds showed excellent cellular compatibility and might be employed as a wound dressing, according to an investigation of their cytotoxicity on L cells.
They also looked at their cytotoxicity, drug release, antibacterial, thermal, morphological, mechanical, and other qualities. The results showed no significant changes in the thermal and morphological characteristics of the mats and integrated the drug evenly along the nanofibers. The drug release profile within the first two hours revealed a burst delivery, demonstrating significant antibacterial action on E.
coli and S. aureus , and S. The generated drug-loaded nanofiber scaffolds showed high cytocompatibility in an indirect, in vitro MTT experiment. A scratch assay further supported this, suggesting that the scaffold may be employed as an antibacterial dressing for healing.
Many compounds have been included within their structures to boost their antibacterial capabilities. An example of a polymeric antimicrobial covering facilitates the movement and transformation of fibroblasts and functions as a physical barrier to prevent microorganisms from entering the wound.
Due to the open wound's susceptibility to bacterial contamination, the inflammatory phase is prolonged, and the production of metalloproteinases is elevated. These metalloproteinases prevent new granulation tissue growth while degrading ECM components.
The antimicrobial dressing is a physical barrier to block the entry of infections into the wound and kills invasive germs by covering the wound bed.
The antimicrobial coating also promotes the immune system, fibroblast, and keratinocyte migration, which aids in the healing process. coated insulin-delivery CS nanoparticles onto electrospun polycaprolactone—collagen PCL—C to create a potential wound care material.
The insulin-loaded nanoparticles were created using the ionic gelation procedure and then adhered to the strands. Numerous dressing characteristics were examined, including surface wettability, water vapor permeability, blood compatibility, and mechanical qualities.
They employed a full-thickness excisional wound model to evaluate the in vivo healing potential of the dressings. Their findings showed that the manufactured scaffolds could help treat wounds in clinical settings. According to their research, adding insulin—chitosan particles improved blood compatibility, water absorption, and PCL—C hydrophilicity.
Based on the macroscopic and histological findings, the insulin-containing dressing performed better than the PCL—C and negative control groups in wound healing.
The advanced nanofiber material had a beneficial impact on the healing of wounds. Sasmal and colleagues created TXA-loaded CS—PVA electrospun nanofibers for hemorrhage control applications.
The findings support the function of chitosan in hemostasis by showing that the entire blood-clotting duration of pure CS—PVA nanofibrous membranes reduced from ± 10 s to ± 6 s with an increasing amount of CS. Additionally, clotting time and plasma recalcification time were dramatically shortened when TXA was added to CS nanofibers, demonstrating the enormous potential of TXA-loaded CS nanofibers for managing civil and military hemostasis.
Additionally, Leonhardt and colleagues observed the development of nanostructures in chitosan mats by assembling CS inside a hydrogel carrier template produced from cyclodextrin by proton exchange and complexation. The assembled CS was highly entangled with 9. Compared to commercially available absorbable hemostatic dressings, the CS-based composite hydrogels result in significantly less blood loss and faster time to hemostasis.
According to SEM findings, each platform exhibited a solidly linked, porous structure. The median pore size, porosity, and water permeability of the composite scaffolds rose with greater starch incorporation, whereas the trend for stiffness and compressive modulus was the reverse.
It was discovered via the cultivation of osteoblast-like cells MG63 upon these scaffolds that a more excellent starch content increased cell viability.
In addition, the cells covered the platforms in a single layer by spreading and adhering well. The standard cholesterol-lowering drug simvastatin has demonstrated a promising capacity for bone repair. Ghadri et al. Using an electrospinning process, they created nanofibrous CS membranes with a random fiber orientation and then put simvastatin into them in a sterile environment.
Its exceptional qualities make it a desirable choice for many currently interesting applications. Chitosan is a peculiar type of biopolymer, and the presence of primary amines throughout its backbone structure gives it advantageous physicochemical characteristics and unique interactions with proteins, cells, and other living things.
It offers several inherently beneficial qualities, including non-toxicity, antibacterial activity, and biodegradability. The most well-known, influential, and commonly used method for creating chitosan nanofibers is electrospinning.
These nanofibers are emerging materials in the biological sectors because of their many benefits, including enhanced porosity, mechanical properties, improved surface functions, high surface area, multi-scale pore size distribution, and intrinsic beneficial features.
One of the quickest-growing areas in the life sciences, functionalized chitosan-based electrospun nanofiber research, has recently produced novel drug delivery systems and enhanced scaffolds for regenerative medicine, wound dressings, and antibacterial coatings.
Here, we critically review the evolution of CS-based nanofibers and talk about recent advancements in several biomedical fields, emphasizing discoveries and research findings. According to numerous research studies, chitosan nanofibers are ideal materials for various biomedical applications.
Tamilarasi, G. Sabarees, K. Manikandan, S. Gouthaman, V. Alagarsamy and V. Solomon, Mater. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3. You can use material from this article in other publications without requesting further permissions from the RSC, provided that the correct acknowledgement is given.
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The potential of the nannofibers structure naonfibers utilized banofibers CGM data analysis Chitoosan, which are promising materials for wound dressings. Here, we prepared wound dressings constituting polycaprolactone Chitosan for nanofibers Interval training adaptations chitosan CS. SEM images confirmed the nanofibrous CGM data analysis of samples with ± 5 to ± 25 nm in average diameter. Elemental analysis of nanofibers showed a good distribution of ZnO along nanofibers which not only caused decreasing in nanofiber diameter but also increased tensile strength of nanofibers up to 2. ZnO nanoparticles also facilitated the interaction of nanofibers with water, and this led to the highest water vapor transition rate, which was equal to 0.
Chitosan for nanofibers -
treated the surface of the fibers with various thiolation chemicals. According to in vitro tests, E. coli , P. aeruginosa , and S. aureus are all susceptible to the antibacterial activity of gentamicin released from liposomes immobilized at the surface of electrospun fibers.
Since these pathogens are a frequent source of local infections, our findings indicate that the proposed nanostructured delivery method has promise for wound management applications.
It may also be employed to eradicate these pathogens. Chemical modification has also been applied to improve the solubility and spinnability of chitosan. Chemically altered chitosan derivatives include hexanoyl chitosan, PEGylated chitosan, carboxyethyl chitosan, and quaternized chitosan.
Collagen, gelatin, cellulose, PEO, PVA, , PCL, , and poly lactide- co -glycolide are among the co-spinning agents that have been extensively studied by research teams throughout the globe. This study concentrates on the most recent advancements in chitosan-based nanofibers, their derivatives, blends, and composites to highlight natural polymers' future significance and potential usage in intelligent materials.
This article discusses the difficulties, patterns, and possible uses of nanofibers made from chitosan for biomedical purposes. Zhou et al. in created bi-component nanofiber scaffolds of photo-crosslinked maleilated CS—methacrylate polyvinyl alcohol MCS-MPVA with improved water stability by electrospinning an aqueous MCS-MPVA solution and subsequent photopolymerization.
According to the results of a water stability test, the photocrosslinked matrix with a 10 : 90 ratio of MCS-MPVA maintained the exceptional integrity of the fibrous structure. The photocrosslinked nanofiber scaffolds showed excellent cellular compatibility and might be employed as a wound dressing, according to an investigation of their cytotoxicity on L cells.
They also looked at their cytotoxicity, drug release, antibacterial, thermal, morphological, mechanical, and other qualities. The results showed no significant changes in the thermal and morphological characteristics of the mats and integrated the drug evenly along the nanofibers.
The drug release profile within the first two hours revealed a burst delivery, demonstrating significant antibacterial action on E. coli and S. aureus , and S. The generated drug-loaded nanofiber scaffolds showed high cytocompatibility in an indirect, in vitro MTT experiment.
A scratch assay further supported this, suggesting that the scaffold may be employed as an antibacterial dressing for healing.
Many compounds have been included within their structures to boost their antibacterial capabilities. An example of a polymeric antimicrobial covering facilitates the movement and transformation of fibroblasts and functions as a physical barrier to prevent microorganisms from entering the wound.
Due to the open wound's susceptibility to bacterial contamination, the inflammatory phase is prolonged, and the production of metalloproteinases is elevated. These metalloproteinases prevent new granulation tissue growth while degrading ECM components.
The antimicrobial dressing is a physical barrier to block the entry of infections into the wound and kills invasive germs by covering the wound bed. The antimicrobial coating also promotes the immune system, fibroblast, and keratinocyte migration, which aids in the healing process.
coated insulin-delivery CS nanoparticles onto electrospun polycaprolactone—collagen PCL—C to create a potential wound care material. The insulin-loaded nanoparticles were created using the ionic gelation procedure and then adhered to the strands.
Numerous dressing characteristics were examined, including surface wettability, water vapor permeability, blood compatibility, and mechanical qualities.
They employed a full-thickness excisional wound model to evaluate the in vivo healing potential of the dressings. Their findings showed that the manufactured scaffolds could help treat wounds in clinical settings.
According to their research, adding insulin—chitosan particles improved blood compatibility, water absorption, and PCL—C hydrophilicity. Based on the macroscopic and histological findings, the insulin-containing dressing performed better than the PCL—C and negative control groups in wound healing.
The advanced nanofiber material had a beneficial impact on the healing of wounds. Sasmal and colleagues created TXA-loaded CS—PVA electrospun nanofibers for hemorrhage control applications. The findings support the function of chitosan in hemostasis by showing that the entire blood-clotting duration of pure CS—PVA nanofibrous membranes reduced from ± 10 s to ± 6 s with an increasing amount of CS.
Additionally, clotting time and plasma recalcification time were dramatically shortened when TXA was added to CS nanofibers, demonstrating the enormous potential of TXA-loaded CS nanofibers for managing civil and military hemostasis.
Additionally, Leonhardt and colleagues observed the development of nanostructures in chitosan mats by assembling CS inside a hydrogel carrier template produced from cyclodextrin by proton exchange and complexation.
The assembled CS was highly entangled with 9. Compared to commercially available absorbable hemostatic dressings, the CS-based composite hydrogels result in significantly less blood loss and faster time to hemostasis.
According to SEM findings, each platform exhibited a solidly linked, porous structure. The median pore size, porosity, and water permeability of the composite scaffolds rose with greater starch incorporation, whereas the trend for stiffness and compressive modulus was the reverse.
It was discovered via the cultivation of osteoblast-like cells MG63 upon these scaffolds that a more excellent starch content increased cell viability.
In addition, the cells covered the platforms in a single layer by spreading and adhering well. The standard cholesterol-lowering drug simvastatin has demonstrated a promising capacity for bone repair.
Ghadri et al. Using an electrospinning process, they created nanofibrous CS membranes with a random fiber orientation and then put simvastatin into them in a sterile environment. An implanted membrane covered a critical-sized calvarial deficiency with an 8 mm diameter.
Simvastatin-loaded CS membranes were utilized as the experimental material, and two groups were employed as controls non-loaded CS membranes. Using micro-computed tomography micro-CT , researchers looked at the growth of bone from a histological point of view at 4 and 8 weeks.
Both groups had excellent biocompatibility throughout the healing period, with only a mild to moderate inflammatory response.
The histology and micro-CT analysis findings demonstrated that the reference and experimental membranes formed bone in calvarial lesions as early as 4 weeks. At 8 weeks, the histology findings in both groups revealed newly created bone bridges, consolidating calvarial deficiencies, and partial radiographic defect coverage.
As a protective barrier for guided bone healing applications, biodegradable CS nanofibrous membranes containing simvastatin displayed a high regenerative ability.
Due to these membranes' large surface area, nanofibers could be used to distribute biological mediators to specific regions.
The surgical method known as guided bone regeneration GBR is routinely used to improve the alveolar bone abnormalities typically seen in patients who are missing teeth. Various non-resorbable and resorbable barrier membranes are employed in GBR treatments to stop soft tissue infiltration and promote the creation of skeletal tissue.
Compared to unmodified fibers in aqueous conditions, the produced BCS membranes demonstrated an overall degree of substitution of 1. Researchers discovered the BCS nanofiber membranes to be cell occlusive and enhance fibroblasts' adhesion and growth in vitro.
The BCS nanofiber membranes were found to have a significantly better protective barrier than commercially available collagen membranes in vivo , with little soft tissue permeation through the membranes, and to dramatically accelerate bone regeneration in a rat calvarial critical-size abnormality over a 12 week healing period.
They discovered that BCS nanofibers had enhanced stability in an aquatic medium with less swelling, better fiber shape, and stable mechanical characteristics than unmodified CS nanofibers. Nanofibers mimicked the extracellular matrix structure of the produced fibrous membranes. The addition of CaP considerably improved the membranes' capacity for mineralization.
Additionally, chitosan nanofibers were created utilizing deacetylation and self-assembly methods. According to the findings, neurons grown on 4 nm chitosan nanofiber scaffolds demonstrated substantial neurite extension and arborization since day 3 compared to day 1. Still, no additional neurite elaboration was seen on the 12 nm nanofiber surface.
After 7 days of culture, Chitosan derivatives and nanofibrous chitosan may be utilized to create dressing scaffolds with specific antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics.
By electrospinning or blow spinning, researchers can create skin-friendly dressing filters based on those nanofiber membranes, producing a functionalized nanofiber layer for tissue regeneration, skin therapy, and other cosmeceutical applications.
These filters generally contain preservatives, drugs, and active healing agents. Researchers improved immobilized lipase's stability toward pH, temperature, reuse, and storage. These findings suggest that the exceptional biocompatibility of the CS nanofibrous membranes makes them a good support for enzyme immobilization.
Applications for biosensors may leverage this technology. The chitosan nanofiber mats demonstrated excellent erosion stability in water and a strong adsorption affinity for metal ions in aqueous solutions after being neutralized with potassium carbonate.
The adsorption outcomes of Cu II and Pb II closely resemble the Langmuir isotherm, suggesting that the nanofiber mats' adsorption process was limited to a monolayer. The equilibrium adsorption capacities of Cu II and Pb II were found to be The published maximum values of chitosan microspheres The electrospun nanofiber mats made of chitosan exhibit a notable capacity for adsorption, indicating their potential for effectively filtering and neutralizing hazardous metal ions and microorganisms.
Furthermore, these mats retain chitosan's inherent properties, including biocompatibility, nonantigenicity, bioactivity, hydrophilicity, and non-toxicity. Electrospinning in conjunction with 3D printing technology will enable the creation of complex organ structures, even though neuronal and vascular architecture and many heterogeneous cells present significant problems in intricate bioengineering and organ models.
Future research should focus on developing 3D scaffolds combined with growth factors, high viability cells, and enhanced infiltration. Therefore, a new era of tissue and organ rejuvenation will be ushered in by ongoing research and development as well as the creation of cutting-edge electrospinning technologies.
The current review reveals a lot of scientific data available to support the essential characteristics and biocompatibility of chitosan electrospun composite biomaterials for various purposes in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Several biocompatible and biodegradable synthetic materials might be directly electrospun into nanofibers for application in tissue engineering via electrospinning. The degradation of chitosan-based fibrous materials may be adjusted since the degradation profile is directly connected to the polymer's specific chemical composition and the fibers' hierarchical architecture.
This feature offers considerable potential for sustainable food, cosmeceutical, and medicinal uses, mainly if it can be regulated and activated. Tissue engineering is a significant area where chitosan-based nanofibers will be used.
For the treatment of wounds and as replacements for tissue grafts, materials scientists are developing ever-more sophisticated materials. Although fiber spinning is undoubtedly a flexible method for producing sub-micron fibers, it still has drawbacks, such as the issues with repeatability brought on by the massive number of regulated factors that ultimately affect the dimensions and shape of the desired result.
We will likely see a shift from the use of collagen fibers for medical use in favor of more sustainable biomaterials like chitosan because of increased regulatory restrictions, particularly in Europe, the European Tissue and Cells Directive, and the new Medical Device Regulation MDR.
Multidimensional chitosan-based materials with structures that resemble specific characteristics of actual tissues might be created with a combination of cutting-edge fabrication techniques such as sub-micron fiber spinning and 3D printing techniques.
These materials have shown exceptional biological features in addition to having great compressive strength, viscoelastic capabilities, and the ability for sustained release and resorption. These characteristics make chitosan-based materials appropriate as a starting point for creating the newest class of intelligent materials for use in tissue engineering.
Although chitosan-based micro- and nanofibers have successfully scaled up and entered several clinical studies, problems with the large-scale manufacturing of sub-micron chitosan fibers remain.
Commercially successful in the medical sector, sub-micron chitosan fibers must overcome difficulties such as homogeneity of raw resources, repeatability, regulatory barriers, and manufacturing expense.
Table 5 demonstrates challenges and possible solutions for future work. View PDF Version Previous Article Next Article. DOI: Received 5th January , Accepted 29th June Parameters of different kinetic models for the release profile of Cur-containing electrospun samples.
The antibacterial activity of electrospun nanofibers against two types of bacteria, Escherichia coli E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus S.
aureus , was investigated Figure As expected, pure PCL15 did not show any inhibition. The results showed that the incorporation of CS into the PCL scaffold was effective in increasing the antibacterial efficiency against both bacteria.
The PCL15CS3 scaffold had an antibacterial efficiency of coli and S. aureus , respectively. This is due to the interaction of NH 2 groups of CS with PCL chains.
Antibacterial efficiency of the electrospun samples against E. aureus bacteria after 24 h. ZnO nanoparticles had different effects on the antibacterial activity of the scaffolds against bacteria, increasing antibacterial activity against E.
coli while decreasing antibacterial effectiveness against S. It means that ZnO had a better performance against E. coli bacteria, which is due to their thin-walled nature Bakhsheshi-Rad et al.
Incorporation of Cur to PCL15CS3ZnO1 produced greater antibacterial activity against both bacteria. For example, PCL15CS3ZnO1Cur3 provided an antibacterial efficiency of aureus bacteria, respectively. These findings demonstrated that all nanofibers had appropriate antibacterial activity, making them viable scaffolds for use in wound dressings.
In order to study the cell viability of electrospun scaffolds, L cells were cultured directly on the nanofibers for 24 h. The cell viability of electrospun nanofibers is shown in Figure However, cell viability is decreased by the addition of ZnO and Cur.
In other words, Cur inhibited the proliferation and survival of L cells in a dose-dependent manner. The cell morphology on the electrospun nanofibers is illustrated in Figure Despite the pure PCL15 sample having high cell adhesion, there were undesirable cell distributions on the electrospun mat.
The increase in cell adhesion on PCL15CS3 nanofibers is due to the polysaccharide structure of CS and its higher hydrophilicity compared to PCL. Cell shrinking and the spherical phenotype of cells are early signs of apoptosis.
According to this phenomenon, ZnO nanoparticles and Cur decreased cell adhesion and cell distribution which is in agreement with MTT results. SEM images of L fibroblast cells on the electrospun nanofibers of A PCL15, B PCL15CS3, C PCL15CS3ZnO1, D PCL15CS3ZnO1Cur1, and E PCL15CS3ZnO1Cur3 after 7 days cell seeding.
Afterward, Cur and ZnO were incorporated into the electrospun nanofibers, and their structural, physicomechanical, antibacterial activity, and in vitro properties were investigated. SEM analysis showed smooth nanofibers with a bead-free morphology.
The elemental analysis also proved a good distribution of ZnO in scaffolds. The Cur drug released rapidly and reached a steady state about 24 h. The Peppas model provided the best fitting results on experimental data.
Simultaneous incorporation of Cs, ZnO, and Cur effectively inhibited bacterial growth. The outcomes showed that electrospun nanofibers made of PCL, CS, ZnO, and Cur had a high potential for use as wound dressings.
PM: Investigation, data curation, formal analysis, writing-original draft, HN: Methodology, conceptualization, supervision, project administration, ZA: Methodology, conceptualization, supervision, AR: Conceptualization, validation, formal analysis, Writing—review and editing.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Afshar, S. Preparation and characterization of electrospun poly lactic acid -chitosan core-shell nanofibers with a new solvent system.
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E-mail: vrajasolomon gmail. Nanofiberss demonstrates exceptional qualities that enable a variety of Chitosan for nanofibers. Because of this, chitosan-based biomaterials have nanofibefs Chitosan for nanofibers over time and have the potential to Chitosam alter the material's properties, CGM data analysis to the development of unique features. Chitosan is a biopolymer from renewable resources obtained from crabs, lobsters, turtles, shrimp, insects, and food waste. Its exceptional qualities make it a desirable choice for many currently interesting applications. Chitosan is a peculiar type of biopolymer, and the presence of primary amines throughout its backbone structure gives it advantageous physicochemical characteristics and unique interactions with proteins, cells, and other living things.
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