Anti-ulcer properties -
After dissection and removal of the stomach, gastric juice was collected. Than it was centrifuged for 5 min at × g, while the supernatant was separated and used to analyze for pH, gastric juice volume, and total acidity. Total acid was estimated by titrating against 0.
Gastric mucus content was determined using the method described by Corne et al. The stomach was removed, opened along the lesser curvature, and rinsed with cold saline.
The levels of superoxide dismutase SOD , glutathione reductase GR , glutathione peroxidase GP , catalase CAT , malondialdehyde MDA and nitrite were determined using a commercially available ELISA kit Cayman, USA [ 30 ]. All the grouped data were presented as mean ± standard error of the mean SEM.
The percentage of inhibition was Anti-ulcer effects of virgin coconut oil VCO on cold-stress-induced rats. Comparatively, the percentage of inhibition for the omeprazole-treated group was As reported above, similar trends were observed for the piroxicam-induced ulcer model.
The highest UI 3. Anti-ulcer effects of virgin coconut oil VCO on piroxicam-induced rats. In the pylorus experimental model, VCO evoked gastric acid secretion in rats. The gastric juice induced by VCO showed significant reduction of total acidity and ulcer scoring.
On the other hand, the total acid, for the negative control reported as The gastric mucus content of pylorus ligation negative control rats was 4. The pH for the negative control group was found to be 2. The UI for the negative control group was 4. The percentage of inhibition noted for the positive control group versus the pylorus-ligated group was Anti-ulcer effects of virgin coconut oil VCO on pylorus ligated model.
negative control. The level of PGE 2 content in the negative control was Anti-ulcer effect of virgin coconut oil VCO on prostaglandin E 2 PGE 2 synthesis. Different factors are involved in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer in human beings such as chronic use of NSAIDs, stress, H.
pylori infection, alcohol consumption, smoking and inappropriate dietary lifestyle. Although various kinds of medication are available to treat peptic ulcer disease such as H-2 receptor antagonist, proton pump inhibitors PPIs , antacids and anti-muscarinics [ 32 ], most of them cause side effects to patients, yet do not providing a complete recovery [ 33 ].
Earlier studies revealed the effectiveness of VCO in treating ulcer in animal models [ 13 , 19 ]. In the last decade, the exploitation of VCO for their fatty acid and vitamin E composition followed by antioxidant properties and their effects on various ailments have been reported by researchers [ 15 , 16 ].
There has been growing interest and attention on VCO and their potential effects on humans include anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, hypocholesterolemic [ 16 ] and anti-ulcer effect.
To the best of our knowledge, no detailed study has been conducted on different ulcer models that elucidated the possible mechanism. Therefore, the present study was designed to further evaluate the antiulcer activity of VCO compared to a standard drug omeprazole.
For this purpose, the effects of VCO were evaluated using different ulcer models induced by cold restraint stress, ethanol, piroxicam NSAIDs , ethanol and pylorus ligation. Moreover, the effects of VCO on the gastric secretions from a pylorus-ligated model, level of PGE 2 secretion from a piroxicam model and antioxidant assays from an ethanol-induced model were also studied.
Omeprazole is an extensively used anti-ulcer drug belonging to proton pump inhibitors PPIs , to treat peptic ulcer disease caused by stress, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and by H. pylori infections [ 34 ]. However, another study revealed that omeprazole acts as a potent antioxidant to scavenge the oxygen free radical and prevents oxidative damage by increasing lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, in an experiment conducted using three different ulcer models, stress, indomethacin-induced and pylorus ligation-induced models [ 35 ].
Thus, in the present investigation omeprazole was chosen as the standard drug for the positive control treated group. Stress-induced ulcer may be caused by histamine secretion by the parietal cells.
In addition, presence of reactive oxygen species ROS due to stress also may provoke damage to he stomach leading to ulceration. Apart from that, acid and pepsin-associated factors also play a role in the pathogenesis of stress-induced ulcer.
Increase in generation of ROS during stress will lead to oxidative damage and cause injury to the mucosal layer. Stress-induced ulcer also leads to a decrease in mucus production. This finding indicates that VCO may enhance mucus secretion and also play a role in suppressing formation of ROS.
As VCO has been reported to contain high anti-oxidant properties followed by flavonoid and other fatty acid components, VCO might contribute to the opposing effect [ 8 ]. From the present investigation, the increase in the levels of GSH and nitrite corresponding to the reduction in MDA, CAT, SOD and GP shown by VCO suggests that there is a strong correlation of its antiulcer activity with the free radical scavenging activity, similar to omeprazole [ 35 ].
Several previous studies have reported on the pathogenesis of ethanol in ulcer induction. It has been proven that exposure to ethanol leads to gastric lesions and mucosal damage [ 36 ]. Similarly, another study mentioned that the occurrence of cellular damage caused by ethanol exposure is dose dependent.
The higher the dose of ethanol, the greater is the damage to the mucosal layer [ 37 ]. Moreover, the involvement of oxygen-derived free radicals has been associated with ethanol-induced ulceration.
Ethanol-induced ulcers are also strongly related to the generation of leukotriene C4 and mast cell secretory products, which also alter the mucosal permeability, reduce gastric mucus and cause severe damage to the gastric mucosal layer [ 38 ].
Therefore, the above information suggests that an agent with high antioxidant properties such as VCO can act as a protectant for the mucosal layer by protecting against necrotizing agents such as ethanol.
This indicates that VCO displays a defensive characteristic against ethanol. As similar trend was observed in cold restraint stress-induced ulcer. The increase in the levels of GSH and nitrite corresponding to the reduction in MDA, CAT, SOD and GP shown by VCO may also be associated with its defensive action in the ethanol-induced model.
Piroxicam is a known anti-inflammatory drug widely prescribed for patients but it produces side effects and induces ulcer. NSAIDs act via inhibition of cyclooxygenase COX -1 and COX-2 enzymes, which leads to accumulation of intracellular arachidonic acid that inhibits PG synthesis [ 7 ].
Alteration in the PG level promotes acid secretion in the mucosa which disturbs the gastric equilibrium, increases the neutrophil infiltration, induces TNF-α expression and disrupts the balance between nitric oxide NO and other free radical expression [ 39 ].
As PG plays an important role in preventing mucosal injury and shows a protective role via enhancing bicarbonate and mucus production, it is important to prevent the suppression of PG.
These results suggest the possibilities of PG and mucus involvement in the anti-ulcer activity of VCO. Pylorus ligation is a procedure used in enhancing the secretion of gastric acid and breakdown of the gastric mucosal barrier [ 40 ]. This indicates that VCO possesses a protective role in inhibiting ulceration.
Again, the enhanced production of PG as well as up-regulation and down-regulation of antioxidants observed might also be responsible for their anti-ulcerogenic effect. A previous study reported the presence of phenols, flavonoids, and vitamin E in VCO, which highlights its high antioxidant properties [ 9 ].
Furthermore, presence of some fatty acid components such as lauric acid might also contribute to the effective role of VCO in preventing ulceration.
In conclusion, virgin coconut oil shows potential gastro-protective activity among different kinds of ulcer models. As pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease is associated with various factors, VCO can be considered as a potential therapy to be used for treating and preventing this ailment.
Current issue Archive Manuscripts accepted About the Journal Editorial office Editorial board Abstracting and indexing Subscription Contact Ethical standards and procedures Most read articles Instructions for authors Article Processing Charge APC Regulations of paying article processing charge APC.
Manuscripts accepted. About the Journal Editorial office Editorial board Abstracting and indexing Subscription Contact Ethical standards and procedures Most read articles. Instructions for authors Article Processing Charge APC Regulations of paying article processing charge APC.
Current issue. Study of the mechanism of anti-ulcer effects of virgin coconut oil on gastric ulcer-induced rat model. Jie Meng 1. Taoping Chen 1. Yu Zhao 2. Sucai Lu 1. Huiling Yu 1. Ying Chang 1.
Dalei Chen 1. Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China. Introduction: This study aims to evaluate the gastro-protective effects of virgin coconut oil VCO on different ulcer models as compared to the standard drug omeprazole.
Animals were pre-treated for 7 days and ulcers were induced with cold restraint stress, piroxicam, ethanol and pylorus ligation. On day eight, animals were sacrificed and ulcer scores were determined based on macroscopic evaluation.
The gastric volume, pH, total acidity and mucus content were measured in the pylorus-ligated model. The levels of antioxidants were determined from the gastric tissue homogenates.
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RM, SA, TB, SUA and MD performed all of the experiments in the laboratory. Data collection, analysis, graphical representation and interpretation were done by RM and MSR.
Article was written by RM and RB. Critical revision of the article was done by RHT, AH, and MS. Critical statistical analysis was done by RB. MSR made the necessary corrections in the write up.
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Department of Pharmacy, Primeasia University, Dhaka, , Bangladesh. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, , Bangladesh. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, , Bangladesh. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, , India.
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Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and gastric anti-ulcer activity of Phyllanthus niruri L. Euphorbiaceae leaves in experimental rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 17 , Download citation.
Adaptogen digestive remedy Oxidative stress management is Anti-ukcer multifactorial and Anti-ulcer properties disease [ L-carnitine and hormonal balance ]. Based on a systematic review, it has propertie pointed out that the annual incidence Oxidative stress management of peptic ulcer was estimated prkperties 0. Generally, ulceration occurs due to Oxidative stress management in Sweet potato and quinoa salad normal gastric equilibrium, which Anti-uler caused by either Propertiex or diminished mucosal resistance [ 4 Anti-jlcer. Moreover, some of Oxidative stress management predisposing factors associated with the disease development include inadequate dietetic habits such as smoking or alcohol, duration of starvation, nature of food ingested, persistent infection with H. pylorithe use of acetylsalicylic acid ASA and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDsdisruption of mucosal barrier due to stress, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and finally genetic, hereditary factors leading to higher chances of acquiring duodenal ulcers for people with a family history of the disease besides having type-O blood group [ 5 ]. Treatments for peptic ulcer that are widely used in clinical practice are muscarinic antagonists pirenzepineantacids aluminium hydroxide and magnesium trisilicatehistamine-H-2 receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidineproton pump inhibitors omeprazole and lansoprazole and antimicrobial agents in order to eradicate H. Proeprties Duan-Fang Best antioxidant supplements Hunan University of Anti-ulcer properties Medicine Hunan China. ISSN Print : ISSN Oxidative stress management : Anti-jlcer DOI: Background: Propertiea ulcer is Anti-ulcfr deep gastrointestinal porperties disorder Oxidative stress management involves the entire mucosal thickness and can even penetrate the muscular mucosa. Nowadays, several plants and compounds derived from it have been screened for their antiulcer activity. In the last few years, there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine. This field has gained popularity in both developing and developed countries because of their natural origin and less side effects.
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