Nat Rev Drug Discov. Article CAS Google Scholar. Levy SB. The antibiotic paradox: how the misuse of antibiotics destroys their curative powers.

In: MA: Perseus publishing; Google Scholar. Dahanukur SA, Kulkarni RA, Rege NN. Pharmacology of medicinal plants and natural products.

Ind J Pharmacol. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar. Rawani A, Pal S, Chandra G. Evaluation of antibacterial properties of four plant extracts against human pathogens.

Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Article Google Scholar. Chatterjee SK, Bhattacharjee I, Chandra G. Bactericidal activities of some common herbs in India. Pharm Biol. Abraham J, Chakraborty P, Chacko AM, Khare K.

Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effects of Pistia stratiotes leaves. Bhattacharya K, Burman S, Nandi S, Roy P, Chatterjee D, Chandra G. Phytochemical extractions from the leaves of Ravenala madagasariensis from Sundarban area and its effect on southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus S ay larvae.

J Mosq Res. Singh A, Bhattacharya K, Chandra G. Efficacy of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Solanaceae leaf extracts as larvicide against malarial vector Anopheles stephensi Liston Int J pharma bio Sci. Mukherjee D, Bhattacharya K, Chandra G.

Extracts of edible pods of Moringa oleifera lam. Moringaceae as novel antibacterial agent against some pathogenic bacteria. Int J Pharma Bio Sci ; 6 3 : B — Dellavalle PD, Cabrera A, Alem D, Larrañaga P, Ferreira F, Rizza MD.

Antifungal activity of medicinal plant extracts against phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria spp. Chil J Agri Res. Baroni S, Suzuki-Kemmelmeier F, Caparroz-Assef SM, Cuman RKN, Bersani-Amado CA.

Effect of crude extracts of leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius Yacon on glycemia in diabetic rats. Braz J Pharm Sci.

World Health Organization. International classification of diseases: 9 th ninth revision. In: Basic tabulation list with alphabetic index; Cragg GM, Newman DJ, Snader KM. Natural products in drug discovery and development. J Nat Prod. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar.

Zwetlana A, Nandini M, Dorcas K. Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plant extracts on gram negative bacteria. J Med Plant Stud. Abere TA, Agoreyo FO. BMC Complement and Altern Med. Combretum roxburghii Spreng. The Plant List: A working list of all plant species.

Accessed 19 July Sanyal MN. Flora of Bankura District West Bengal, Begum T, Amit Sarker A, Akhter S. Comparative study on Combretum and Terminalia species of the Combretaceae family.

Chopra NR, Nayar S L, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants including the supplement. CSIR, New Delhi. Bhatnagar S, Sunita Sahoo S, Mohapatra AK, and Behera DR. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of medicinal plant Combretum roxburghii family: Combretaceae. Singha Ray A, Bhattacharya K, Chandra G.

Target specific larvicidal effect of Capparis zeylanica Capparaceae foliages against filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say Int J pharm bio Sci. Bhattacharya K, Chandra G. Phagodeterrence, larvicidal and oviposition deterrence activity of Tragia involucrata L. Euphorbiaceae root extractives against vector of lymphatic filariasis Culex quinquefasciatus Diptera: Culicidae.

Asian Pac J Trop Dis. Bhattacharjee I, Chatterjee SK, Ghosh A, Chandra G. Antibacterial activities of some plant extracts used in Indian traditional folk medicine. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial disc susceptibility tests.

Approved standard NCCLS Publications M2-A5. Villanova, PA, USA. Ncube NS, Afolayan AJ, Okoh AI. Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends.

Afr J Biotechnol. Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods. Sofowora A. Medicinal plants and medicine in Africa.

Spectrum Books Ltd Ibadan. Mukhtar S, Ghori I. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of garlic, cinnamon and turmeric against Escherichia coli ATCC and Bacillus subtilis DSM Int J Appl Biol Pharm.

Abkhoo J, Jahani S. Antibacterial effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of medicinal plants against pathogenic strains. Int J Inf Secur. Bitchagno GTM, Fonkeng LS, Kopa TK, Tala MF, Wabo HK, Tume CB, Kuiate JR. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract and compounds from fruits of Tectona grandis Verbenaceae.

Sharma S, Dangi MS, Wadhwa S, Daniel V, Tiwari A. Antibacterial activity of Cassia tora leaves. Dubey S, Sinha DK, Murugan MS, Singh PL, Siddiqui MZ, Prasad N, Vadhana AP, Bhardwaj M, Singh BR. Antimicrobial activity of Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of common edible gums against pathogenic Bacteria of animal and human health significance.

CAS Google Scholar. Rabe T, Staden JV. Antibacterial activity of south African plants used for medicinal purposes. J Ethnopharmacol. Kumar M. Antibacterial activity of Combretum indicum L. DeFeilipps flower extracts against gram positive and gram-negative human pathogenic bacteria.

J Pharm Pharm Sci. Oghenejobo M, Oghenejobo BUS, Uvieghara KE, Omughele E. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of the fractionated leaf extracts of Combretum racemosum. Sch Acad J Pharm.

Panda SK, Mohanta YK, Padhi L, Park YH, Mohanta TK, Bae H. Large scale screening of ethnomedicinal plants for identification of potential antibacterial compounds. Hideyuki I, Koji Y, Tae-Hoon K, Khennouf S, Gharzouli K, Yoshida T.

Dimeric and trimeric hydrolysable tannins from Quercus coccifera and Quercus suber. Meng Z, Zhou Y, Lu J, Sugahara K, Xu S, Kodama H. Effects of five flavonoid compounds isolated from Quercus dentata on superoxide generation in human neutrophils and phosphorelatioion of neutrophil proteins.

Clin Chim Acta. Agarwal VS. Drugs plants of India. Ludhiana: Kalyani Publishers. Zahner H. The need for new antibiotics: possible ways forward.

Hunter PA. Fifty years of antimicrobials: past perspectives and future trends. Proceedings of Fifty-Third Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Download references. The authors are grateful to Professor Dr. Ambarish Mukherjee, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan for taxonomical authentication of the plant.

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article However, raw data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Mosquito, Microbiology and Nanotechnology Research Units, Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal, , India.

Department of Zoology, Durgapur Government College, JN Avenue, Durgapur, , India. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.

SB collected the plant material, prepared the extracts, carried out the experiment and wrote the first draft of the manuscript.

KB and DM analyzed the data, conducted statistical analysis and IR analysis and helped in manuscript preparation. GC designed the experiment, supervised the work, and helped in critical revision of the manuscript.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Goutam Chandra. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.

Reprints and permissions. Burman, S. et al. Antibacterial efficacy of leaf extracts of Combretum album Pers. against some pathogenic bacteria. BMC Complement Altern Med 18 , Download citation.

Received : 24 January Accepted : 26 June Published : 11 July Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content.

Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Research article Open access Published: 11 July Antibacterial efficacy of leaf extracts of Combretum album Pers. Abstract Background Plant derived medicines show significant contributions to mankind in treating infections of pathogenic bacteria.

Methods Antibacterial activity was evaluated against seven bacterial strains by determining minimum inhibitory concentration MIC and zone of inhibition.

Conclusions All the tested leaf extracts showed promising antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Background Pathogenic bacteria are often showing resistance to antibiotics available in markets for treating bacterial infections due to their indiscriminate uses [ 1 ].

Methods Plant material Fresh mature leaves of Combretum album Pers. Preparation of crude extract Fresh leaves were collected and rinsed well in distilled water and excess water was soaked on a paper towel.

Preparation of hot aqueous extract For preparation of hot aqueous extract 50 g of unspotted leaves were minced and boiled in ml of distilled water for 30 min [ 22 ]. Preparation of cold aqueous extract For preparation of cold aqueous extract 50 g of chopped leaves were soaked into ml of cold water in a stopper bottle in ratio [ 23 ].

Preparation of ethanol extract For preparation of ethanolic extract, fresh and cleaned leaves were shed dried for 14 days. Microorganisms tested The tested microorganisms were comprised of three human pathogenic bacterial strains [ 24 ] i.

Determination of antibacterial assay Inoculum standardization All bacterial strains were inoculated in Müeller-Hinton broth pH 7. Assay of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method Antimicrobial activity of the crude and solvent extracts was determined by the Agar well diffusion method [ 23 ].

Antibiotic susceptibility test Antibiogram was done by disc diffusion method using standard antimicrobial sensitivity testing antibiotics obtained from Hi-Media Laboratories Limited, Bombay were use. Minimum inhibitory concentration MIC Standard methods of antimicrobial susceptibility test approved by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Science NCCLS [ 25 ] for testing conventional drugs cannot be exactly applicable to plant extracts.

Phytochemical screening Phytochemical analysis was done using the protocols by Harbone and Sofowora [ 27 , 28 ] for testing the presence of tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids, anthroquinones and flavonoids in ethanolic extract of C.

Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer FTIR analysis Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer FTIR is the most reliable tool for identifying the types of chemical bonds functional groups in the plant extracts.

Results Leaf extracts of C. Table 1 Antibacterial Bioassay of different extracts of leaves of Combretum album and susceptibility test of some standard antibiotics Full size table. Table 2 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of different leaf extracts of C. album Full size table.

Table 3 Secondary metabolites obtained in Combretum album leaves Full size table. Full size image. Discussion Presence of effective phytochemicals in higher plants has been known for their antibacterial activity.

Conclusions Increase in resistance to commercially available antibiotics projects major dilemma in the treatment of bacterial infections throughout the world. Abbreviations DMSO: Dimethyl Sulfoxide FTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration SD: Standard Deviation.

References Coates A, Hu YM, Bax R, Page C. Article CAS Google Scholar Levy SB. Google Scholar Dahanukur SA, Kulkarni RA, Rege NN. Google Scholar Cowan MM.

Among all four bacteria, only S. enteric exposed more sensitivity to hydro-alcoholic extract of licorice and aqueous extracts of myrtle and Aloe vera compared to penicillin 22, 20 and 20 mm vs.

Also, P. aeruginosa showed similar sensitivity to aqueous extract of Aloe vera compared to penicillin 20 mm vs. The minimum inhibitory concentration MIC was studied on eight different plant extracts including both aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts using different concentration against different bacteria Figure 1.

The OD nm of bacterial growth contained the plant extracts compared with growth of bacterial culture, which contained no extracts. Moreover, for each bacterium, different concentration of penicillin was tested as the control.

The turbidity of the cultures with the OD nm less than 0. The results showed that all extracts could inhibit the growth of all four tested bacteria but with different sensitivity. aureus for the first two extracts , E. coli , P. aeruginosa , and S. In addition, the MIC values of hydro-alcoholic extract of mint and aqueous extract of henna and myrtle to inhibit.

Samples were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Culture bacteria containing no plant extract or antibiotics were considered as control. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration MIC of Aqueous and Hydro-Alcoholic Plant Extracts Against Four Tested Bacteria.

aureus , E. coli and S. The MIC of aqueous Aloe vera and mint against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus ; the MIC of this extract against Gram negative P. Four different combinations of effective herbal extracts were tested to overcome the resistance of Gram-positive S.

aureus and Gram-negative P. aeruginosa bacteria Table 2. Results showed that combination of myrtle, henna, and Aloe vera were more effective than the other treatments by displaying the inhibition zone of 15 and 21 mm against the growth of P.

aureus , respectively. However, the result of the first experiment showed myrtle, henna and Aloe vera individually caused 28, 20, and 17 mm diameter of inhibition zone on S. aureus culture. Therefore, it can be concluded that theses extracts contained compounds which presented antagonist effect on growth inhibition of tested bacteria.

The same effect was observed to study the combination of extracts on P. aeruginosa even lower diameter of inhibition zone on P. aeruginosa culture was detected. a The data are in millimeter and recorded after 24 hours incubation of agar plates at 37 °C.

Increasing the number of multi-drug resistance pathogenic microbes in human and animal as well as unwanted side effects of certain antibiotics has encouraged enormous interest to search for new antimicrobial drugs of plant origin [ 26 ].

All of the four tested bacteria in this study approximately responded to water extract distillation and hydro-alcoholic extracts with greater result for hydro-alcoholic extract.

However, it has been reported by many researchers that hydro-alcoholic extract, compared to the aqueous extract, is more effective and has a superior inhibitory influence [ 27 ]. The present investigation showed that water extract distillation and hydro-alcoholic extract of coriander had no effect on Gram-negative bacteria.

However, Kubo et al. Antibacterial activity of coriander is due to the presence of alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes [ 29 ]. In a survey, Toroglu [ 30 ] reported the inhibitory effect of coriander on different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

In addition, Lo Cantore et al. Another study reported that volatile compounds of coriander could possess bactericidal activity against Salmonella cholera [ 32 ]. Dorman et al.

Manderfeld et al. However, in the present research, both water extract distillation and hydro-alcoholic extract of parsley did not show appropriate antibacterial properties.

In this study, S. However, the hydro-alcoholic extracts of these two plants could only inhibit the growth of S. aureus and not the Gram-negative bacteria. According to Abouhosseini Tabari et al. One of the mint components is hydrophobic, which could disintegrate the bacterial cell wall and cause disruption in their structure and permeation.

Sabahat et al. In addition, in another study regarding the antimicrobial effects of mint essence, Aridogan et al. aureus and E. Also, Iscan et al. aureus and two Gram-negative E. aeruginosa bacteria. However, Shan et al.

aureus culture compared to the E. coli , which was observed in the present study. Derwich et al. Myrtle and henna are two herbs with many bioactive compounds. Polyphenols are common compounds in myrtle and henna that have antioxidant and antibacterial effects [ 26 ].

Nevertheless, in the current study, the most antibacterial effect of myrtle was for hydro-alcoholic extract, while henna was affected by water extract distillation. enteric and E. By taking into account 20 of ethanol extracts plants species, which are Yemeni traditional herbals to treat infectious diseases, Ali et al.

Moreover, Baba-Moussa et al. Quinonic compounds from henna were studied in-vitro for antimicrobial properties.

Genotoxic studies on lawsone or hennotannic acid , which is a dye present in the leaves of the henna plant, showed a weak bacterial mutagen for Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 and more clearly mutagenic for straining TA However, Kirkland and Marzin [ 40 ] stated that the weight of evidence revealed henna possess no genotoxic risk to the consumer.

Similarly, Thakur et al. Cinnamon has many bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavones, phenols, quinones, terpenoids, glycosides, and tannins known to possess antibacterial activity [ 41 ]. Selecting appropriate solvent to extract the antibacterial compound from plant is crucial because inhibition zone of water extract distillation of cinnamon in the present study was remarkable especially on S.

aureus , which is similar to the study done by Buru et al. The same result with Nitalikar et al. enteric by displaying a wide inhibition zone. Jastaniah [ 1 ] studied the proper antibacterial effect of phenolic compound of oleander and olive leaves, however, in the present research, only the hydro-alcoholic extracts of these two leaves could inhibit the growth of S.

aureus and S. Antibacterial activity of oleander on certain Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was studied and considerable antimicrobial activity was found [ 11 ]. The antimicrobial activity may be due to a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have antimicrobial activities [ 7 ].

Also, Aloe vera leaf was recognized as increasing collagen building, but its antibacterial effect was not negligible. Mannans, polymannans, anthraquinone c-glycosides, anthrones, anthraquinones, and various lectins are recognized as bioactive compound of Aloe vera [ 15 ].

In the present study, aqueous aloe vera extract demonstrated a good antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa , S. enteric and S. enteric growth. It can be found that the antimicrobial agents are presented in the extracts.

However, the synergistic effect study showed that the mixture of these extracts could reduce their inhibitory effects. Abouhosseini Tabari et al. Even this combination managed to reduce the antimicrobial activity and the inhibition was less than mint and eucalyptus essence individually.

This result might be due to some components in mint and eucalyptus essences, which are antagonists and might neutralize each other and weaken their antimicrobial activity. To sum up, Gram-negative bacteria show more resistance to the available antibiotics [ 43 ].

Comparative study on the cell wall structures of bacteria reveals that Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan in their cell wall composition while Gram-negative bacteria have only a thin layer of peptidoglycan, but rich in lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharides in their cell structure.

Thus, Gram negative bacteria are more resistant [ 43 ]. Hence, the effects of antimicrobial agent against Gram positives bacteria were more tangible than those against the Gram negatives. It seems obviously that the active compounds belong to the lipophilic group rather than to the hydrophilic one [ 26 ].

Plant extracts contained a very complex structure with the active ingredients present in the form of natural organic compounds. The process of extraction for a particular compound is dependent on the solubility of the component in the solvent water or organic solvent.

The process and extraction system are constantly different with every product and compound. The crude extracts of the tested plants demonstrated good potential antibacterial activities. The potential to develop antimicrobial compounds from higher plants appears rewarding as it will propel to the expansion of a phytomedicine to turn against multidrug resistant microbes.

Jastaniah SD. The antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts, commonly used by Saudi people, against multidrug resistant bacteria. Life Sci J. Mill Robertson FC, Onyeka CI, Tay SCK, Walana W. In vitro antimicrobila activity of antibact, and herbal medicinal productt against standard and clonical bacterila isolates.

J Med Plants Res. Bisht R, Katiyar A, Singh R, Mittal P. Antibiotic resistance a global issue of concern. Asian J Pharm Clin Res.

Ushimaru PI, Silva M, Di Stasi LC, Barbosa L, Fernandes Junior A. Antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extracts. Braz J Microbiol. Amer S, Aly MM, Sabbagh S. Biocontrol of dermatophytes using some plant extracts and actinomycetes filtrates.

Egypt J Biotech. Mahmoud YA, Ebrahium MK, Aly MM. Influence of some plant extracts and microbioagents on some physiological traits of faba bean infected with Botrytis faba. Turkish J Bot. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents.

Clin Microbiol Rev. Zohourian TH, Quitain AT, Sasaki M, Goto M. Polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities of Lawsonia inermis leaf extracts obtained by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. J Microw Power Electromagn Energy. Cao XZ, You JM, Li SX, Zhang YL. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts from Coriandrum sativum.

Int J Food Nutr Saf. Dorman HJ, Lantto TA, Raasmaja A, Hiltunen R. Antioxidant, pro-oxidant and cytotoxic properties of parsley. Food Funct. Hussain MA, Gorsi MS. Antimicrobial activity of Nerium oleander Linn.

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Pharmacognosy Res. Abouhosseini Tabari M, Youssefi MR, Ghasemi F, Ghias Tabari R, Haji Esmaili R, Yousefi Behzadi M. Comparison of antibacterial effects of Eucalyptus essence, Mint essence and combination of them on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolates.

Middle East J Sci Res. Uma DB, Ho CW, Wan Anaida WM. Optimization of extraction parameters of total phenolic compounds from Henna, Lawsonia inermis leaves. Sains Malays. Irshad S, Butt M, Younus H. In vitro antibacterial activity of Aloe barbadensis Miller, Aloe vera. Int Res J Pharm. Asgarpanah J.

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Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Olea europaea L. fruits and leaves. Food Sci Technol Int. Roychowdhury S, Wolf G, Keilhoff G, Bagchi D, Horn T. Nitric Oxide. Nitalikar MM, Munde KC, Dhore BV, Shikalgar SN. Studies of antibacterial activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract.

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Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, J Infect Dis. Derwich E, Benziane Z, Boukir A. Chemical composition and In vitro antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Cedrus atlantica.

Int J Agric Biol. Brown DF, Edwards DI, Hawkey PM, Morrison D, Ridgway GL, Towner KJ, et al. Guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis and susceptibility testing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA.

J Antimicrob Chemother. Mueller JH, Hinton J. A protein free medium for primary isolation of the gonococcus and meningococcus.

The compounds responsible for this antibacterial activity though not investigated, preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract exposed the presence of tannin, alkaloid and flavonoid compounds and the presence of alcoholic, amine, carboxylic acids and aromatic groups was revealed by FTIR analysis which supports these findings.

According to Hideyuki et al. Thus it can be inferred that antibacterial properties of C. album leaf may be attributed to the individual or combined effect of the above mentioned chemical groups [ 40 , 41 ].

The antibacterial potency of the plants is thought to be due to functional groups like alcoholic, aromatic, amine and carbo-acids present in tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids detected by FTIR analysis which can be extracted from this plant and used in herbal drug preparations valuable for the treatment of many bacteria borne diseases and this should be fully explored in proper approach.

This finding could also emphatically contribute to increase the therapeutic value of the particular chemicals in the plant which can be acted as antibacterial agents. The findings of the present study offer the ethnomedical use of this plant by the pharmaceutical industries.

Further studies are needed to pin point the active ingredient responsible for antibacterial activity. Increase in resistance to commercially available antibiotics projects major dilemma in the treatment of bacterial infections throughout the world.

Based on the above investigation it can be concluded that leaves of C. album can be a potential source for herbal drug preparations against pathogenic bacteria. In Future phytochemical group wise screening and isolation of bio-active compounds will be further investigated to develop as a new therapeutic agent to fight infectious diseases.

Coates A, Hu YM, Bax R, Page C. The future challenges facing the development of new antimicrobial drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov. Article CAS Google Scholar. Levy SB. The antibiotic paradox: how the misuse of antibiotics destroys their curative powers. In: MA: Perseus publishing; Google Scholar.

Dahanukur SA, Kulkarni RA, Rege NN. Pharmacology of medicinal plants and natural products. Ind J Pharmacol. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar. Rawani A, Pal S, Chandra G. Evaluation of antibacterial properties of four plant extracts against human pathogens.

Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Article Google Scholar. Chatterjee SK, Bhattacharjee I, Chandra G. Bactericidal activities of some common herbs in India. Pharm Biol. Abraham J, Chakraborty P, Chacko AM, Khare K. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effects of Pistia stratiotes leaves.

Bhattacharya K, Burman S, Nandi S, Roy P, Chatterjee D, Chandra G. Phytochemical extractions from the leaves of Ravenala madagasariensis from Sundarban area and its effect on southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus S ay larvae. J Mosq Res. Singh A, Bhattacharya K, Chandra G.

Efficacy of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Solanaceae leaf extracts as larvicide against malarial vector Anopheles stephensi Liston Int J pharma bio Sci. Mukherjee D, Bhattacharya K, Chandra G.

Extracts of edible pods of Moringa oleifera lam. Moringaceae as novel antibacterial agent against some pathogenic bacteria. Int J Pharma Bio Sci ; 6 3 : B — Dellavalle PD, Cabrera A, Alem D, Larrañaga P, Ferreira F, Rizza MD.

Antifungal activity of medicinal plant extracts against phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria spp. Chil J Agri Res. Baroni S, Suzuki-Kemmelmeier F, Caparroz-Assef SM, Cuman RKN, Bersani-Amado CA.

Effect of crude extracts of leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius Yacon on glycemia in diabetic rats. Braz J Pharm Sci.

World Health Organization. International classification of diseases: 9 th ninth revision. In: Basic tabulation list with alphabetic index; Cragg GM, Newman DJ, Snader KM.

Natural products in drug discovery and development. J Nat Prod. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar. Zwetlana A, Nandini M, Dorcas K. Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plant extracts on gram negative bacteria. J Med Plant Stud. Abere TA, Agoreyo FO. BMC Complement and Altern Med. Combretum roxburghii Spreng.

The Plant List: A working list of all plant species. Accessed 19 July Sanyal MN. Flora of Bankura District West Bengal, Begum T, Amit Sarker A, Akhter S. Comparative study on Combretum and Terminalia species of the Combretaceae family. Chopra NR, Nayar S L, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants including the supplement.

CSIR, New Delhi. Bhatnagar S, Sunita Sahoo S, Mohapatra AK, and Behera DR. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of medicinal plant Combretum roxburghii family: Combretaceae. Singha Ray A, Bhattacharya K, Chandra G. Target specific larvicidal effect of Capparis zeylanica Capparaceae foliages against filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say Int J pharm bio Sci.

Bhattacharya K, Chandra G. Phagodeterrence, larvicidal and oviposition deterrence activity of Tragia involucrata L. Euphorbiaceae root extractives against vector of lymphatic filariasis Culex quinquefasciatus Diptera: Culicidae.

Asian Pac J Trop Dis. Bhattacharjee I, Chatterjee SK, Ghosh A, Chandra G. Antibacterial activities of some plant extracts used in Indian traditional folk medicine. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial disc susceptibility tests. Approved standard NCCLS Publications M2-A5.

Villanova, PA, USA. Ncube NS, Afolayan AJ, Okoh AI. Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends.

Afr J Biotechnol. Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods. Sofowora A. Medicinal plants and medicine in Africa. Spectrum Books Ltd Ibadan. Mukhtar S, Ghori I. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of garlic, cinnamon and turmeric against Escherichia coli ATCC and Bacillus subtilis DSM Int J Appl Biol Pharm.

Abkhoo J, Jahani S. Antibacterial effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of medicinal plants against pathogenic strains. Int J Inf Secur. Bitchagno GTM, Fonkeng LS, Kopa TK, Tala MF, Wabo HK, Tume CB, Kuiate JR. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract and compounds from fruits of Tectona grandis Verbenaceae.

Sharma S, Dangi MS, Wadhwa S, Daniel V, Tiwari A. Antibacterial activity of Cassia tora leaves. Dubey S, Sinha DK, Murugan MS, Singh PL, Siddiqui MZ, Prasad N, Vadhana AP, Bhardwaj M, Singh BR.

Antimicrobial activity of Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of common edible gums against pathogenic Bacteria of animal and human health significance. CAS Google Scholar.

Rabe T, Staden JV. Antibacterial activity of south African plants used for medicinal purposes. J Ethnopharmacol. Kumar M. Antibacterial activity of Combretum indicum L. DeFeilipps flower extracts against gram positive and gram-negative human pathogenic bacteria.

J Pharm Pharm Sci. Oghenejobo M, Oghenejobo BUS, Uvieghara KE, Omughele E. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of the fractionated leaf extracts of Combretum racemosum.

Sch Acad J Pharm. Panda SK, Mohanta YK, Padhi L, Park YH, Mohanta TK, Bae H. Large scale screening of ethnomedicinal plants for identification of potential antibacterial compounds.

Hideyuki I, Koji Y, Tae-Hoon K, Khennouf S, Gharzouli K, Yoshida T. Dimeric and trimeric hydrolysable tannins from Quercus coccifera and Quercus suber.

Meng Z, Zhou Y, Lu J, Sugahara K, Xu S, Kodama H. Effects of five flavonoid compounds isolated from Quercus dentata on superoxide generation in human neutrophils and phosphorelatioion of neutrophil proteins. Clin Chim Acta. Agarwal VS. Drugs plants of India. Ludhiana: Kalyani Publishers.

Zahner H. The need for new antibiotics: possible ways forward. Hunter PA. Fifty years of antimicrobials: past perspectives and future trends. Proceedings of Fifty-Third Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Download references. The authors are grateful to Professor Dr. Ambarish Mukherjee, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan for taxonomical authentication of the plant.

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article However, raw data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Mosquito, Microbiology and Nanotechnology Research Units, Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal, , India.

Department of Zoology, Durgapur Government College, JN Avenue, Durgapur, , India. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. SB collected the plant material, prepared the extracts, carried out the experiment and wrote the first draft of the manuscript.

KB and DM analyzed the data, conducted statistical analysis and IR analysis and helped in manuscript preparation. GC designed the experiment, supervised the work, and helped in critical revision of the manuscript.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Goutam Chandra. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Burman, S. et al. Antibacterial efficacy of leaf extracts of Combretum album Pers. against some pathogenic bacteria. BMC Complement Altern Med 18 , Download citation.

Received : 24 January Accepted : 26 June Published : 11 July Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search.

Download PDF. Research article Open access Published: 11 July Antibacterial efficacy of leaf extracts of Combretum album Pers. Abstract Background Plant derived medicines show significant contributions to mankind in treating infections of pathogenic bacteria.

Methods Antibacterial activity was evaluated against seven bacterial strains by determining minimum inhibitory concentration MIC and zone of inhibition. Conclusions All the tested leaf extracts showed promising antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

Background Pathogenic bacteria are often showing resistance to antibiotics available in markets for treating bacterial infections due to their indiscriminate uses [ 1 ].

Methods Plant material Fresh mature leaves of Combretum album Pers. Preparation of crude extract Fresh leaves were collected and rinsed well in distilled water and excess water was soaked on a paper towel. Preparation of hot aqueous extract For preparation of hot aqueous extract 50 g of unspotted leaves were minced and boiled in ml of distilled water for 30 min [ 22 ].

Preparation of cold aqueous extract For preparation of cold aqueous extract 50 g of chopped leaves were soaked into ml of cold water in a stopper bottle in ratio [ 23 ]. Preparation of ethanol extract For preparation of ethanolic extract, fresh and cleaned leaves were shed dried for 14 days.

Microorganisms tested The tested microorganisms were comprised of three human pathogenic bacterial strains [ 24 ] i. Determination of antibacterial assay Inoculum standardization All bacterial strains were inoculated in Müeller-Hinton broth pH 7.

Assay of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method Antimicrobial activity of the crude and solvent extracts was determined by the Agar well diffusion method [ 23 ]. Antibiotic susceptibility test Antibiogram was done by disc diffusion method using standard antimicrobial sensitivity testing antibiotics obtained from Hi-Media Laboratories Limited, Bombay were use.

Minimum inhibitory concentration MIC Standard methods of antimicrobial susceptibility test approved by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Science NCCLS [ 25 ] for testing conventional drugs cannot be exactly applicable to plant extracts. Phytochemical screening Phytochemical analysis was done using the protocols by Harbone and Sofowora [ 27 , 28 ] for testing the presence of tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids, anthroquinones and flavonoids in ethanolic extract of C.

Moreover, they also had the highest activity rate against antibiotic resistant bacteria, which was On the other hand, the extracts from sage and yarrow did not show any anti-microbial activity.

One of the microorganism that showed susceptibility to these extracts was C. The susceptibility of this yeast to different plant extracts has been documented in the literature 3,23,24,29, Some of the extracts of phytochemicals tested were active against B.

Such results were not totally unexpected since these bacteria form resting spores and are more resistant to environmental conditions than any other tested bacteria.

The microorganism E. coli , which is already known to be multi-resistant to drugs, was also resistant to the plant extracts tested. It was susceptible only to benzoic acid and cinnamic acid. On the other hand, P. aeruginosa 11 , which is also resistant to different antibiotics, had its growth inhibited by the extracts from clove, jambolan, pomegranate and thyme.

Such results are very interesting, because this bacterium was isolated from a hospital environment and its control is very difficult by therapeutic means.

Studies regarding the mode of action for these compounds in the bacterial cell should be done. The microorganism susceptibility to different extracts did not correlated with the susceptibility or resistance to a particular antibiotic within the same specie.

It was clear that bacteria within the same specie, which are susceptible to drugs, showed the higher susceptibility to extracts than those of resistant species. This fact was evident for S.

aureus numbers 1 and Among the phytochemicals, the eugenol, which is extracted from cloves, showed the highest antimicrobial activity. However, when it was associated with cinnamic acid, no activity against resistant bacteria was observed. On the other hand, the benzoic acid, which presented low activity against the investigated bacteria, was the only one that inhibited the resistant ones, while farnesol did not restrain the growth of any tested bacteria.

The data obtained, through the determination of MIC, from the association of antibiotics with extracts or with phytochemicals to observe any synergistic effect are presented in Table 3 and Fig. The results revealed variability in the inhibitory concentrations of each extract for given bacteria.

The lowest variation was observed for eugenol, perhaps due to its purity. Saxena et al. Evaluation of the synergistic effect of antibiotics and plant extracts or phytochemicals on the resistant bacteria samples. Even though the MIC for seven bacterial samples were determined, only five of them were considered for the synergism experiments Table 4.

This was due to the loss of the resistance for a few antibiotics observed in S. aureus 14 and Shigella spp 9 bacteria, probably because of the loss of plasmids, where the resistance genes are usually located. This was because the resistance to at least one of these drugs was common in all the bacteria tested.

A synergistic effect was observed for P. aeruginosa 11 , which is resistant to 19 different antibiotics. This occurred during the association of antibiotics with extracts from clove, jambolan, pomegranate and thyme.

Moreover, this effect was also observed for K. Furthermore, the growth of Proteus spp. Synergistic effects resulting from the combination of antibiotics with extracts were documented in the literature They studied the association of anacardic acid and totarol with methicillin to inhibit strains of S.

aureus resistant to methicillin MRSA. No synergetic effect was observed when different concentrations of extracts from lemon balm, clove and eugenol were combined with ampicillin to inhibit the growth of K.

pneumoniae 7 and E. aerogenes The use of plants to heal diseases, including infectious one, has been extensively applied by people. Data from the literature as well as our results reveal the great potential of plants for therapeutic treatment, in spite of the fact that they have not been completely investigated.

Therefore, more studies need to be conducted to search for new compounds. Once extracted, and before being used in new therapeutic treatments, they should have their toxicity tested in vivo. Bioassays 10, 29 have demonstrated the toxicity of extracts from different plants.

Therefore, our results revealed the importance of plant extracts when associated with antibiotics, to control resistant bacteria, which are becoming a threat to human health. Furthermore, in a few cases, these plant extracts were active against antibiotic resistant bacteria under very low concentration, thus minimizing the possible toxic effects.

Plant extracts have great potential as antimicrobial compounds against microorganisms. Thus, they can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by resistant microbes.

The synergistic effect from the association of antibiotic with plant extracts against resistant bacteria leads to new choices for the treatment of infectious diseases.

This effect enables the use of the respective antibiotic when it is no longer effective by itself during therapeutic treatment. Na avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana através do método de difusão em agar, foram utilizadas 14 amostras de microrganismos: 1 levedura Candida albicans , 5 bactérias sensíveis Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus spp e 8 bactérias resistentes a antibióticos isoladas de ambiente hospitalar 2 amostras diferentes de Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella spp , Proteus spp , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus.

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plant extracts activity; medicinal plants; antimicrobial activity. atividade de extratos de plantas; plantas medicinais; atividade antimicrobiana. Silva 1 1 Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil.

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