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10 Genius Products You Didn't Know You roomroom.info Now!Antimicrobial finished products -
Active antimicrobial textiles act against microbes and destroy it whereas the surface structure of passive material creates negative influence on the living environments of microorganisms. Must exhibit broad spectrum of activity against bacterial and fungal species It must be non — toxic to consumer and environment Should not cause irritation and allergy Durable to washing, dry-cleaning and hot pressing.
Should not affect the strength, appearance and handle of the fabric Should not kill the residence flora on the skin of the wearerSelective activity against undesirable micro organisms Must not have any side effects for the producer, consumer and environment.
Easily applicable. Antimicrobial agents used in textile industry are of two types:Natural and synthetic. The sources of natural antimicrobial agents are medicinal plants, marine and terrestrial organisms, including fungi and bacteria.
Herbs including Aloe Vera, Marigold and Neem extract have antimicrobial activity. Compounds extracted from different parts of plants such as bark, leaves, roots and flowers containing common coloring materials such as tannin, flavonoids and quinonoids exhibit strong antimicrobial properties.
These antimicrobials are eco-friendly and non-toxic. Neem Azadirachta indica , belong to the family Meliaceae mahogany. The bioactive substances of neem are present in all parts of the tree, but for extraction generally the bark, leaves, seed and roots are used.
The neem extract has a potential to inhibit the growth of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Aloe vera Aloe barbadensis belongs to the family Liliaceae. Aloe vera gelis widely used as a skin care product.
Aloe Vera exhibits antimicrobial properties, hence it is utilised for medical textile applications, such as wound dressings, etc. Achyranthus aspera Prickly Chaff Flower is the commonly used medicinal plant which possesses antimicrobial activity and act against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Tulsi Osmium basilicum belongs to Labiacea family. Tulsi leaves are used as antimicrobial, insecticidal and antiprotozoal agent. Curcumin, a yellow pigment present in turmeric possess antimicrobial property.
It exhibits bactericidal activity. Chitin, a poly β- -N-acetyl-D-glucosamine is a natural polysaccharide. Chitin is found in many naturally occurring creatures such as yeast, fungi, bacteria and it is the prime constituent in the exoskeleton of crustaceans like crab, shrimp and insects.
It is the most abundantly found polymer second only to cellulose. Chitosan has inherent antibacterial activity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The positively charged chitosan interacts with negatively charged residues at the cell wall of fungi or bacteria.
The interaction changes cell permeability and causes the leakage of intracellular substances. It wraps the fibroin fibres with successive sticky layers that aid in cocoon formation.
During the degumming process, sericin is removed. Sericin has antibacterial, UV resistant, oxidative resistant and moisturizing properties. Natural dyes. Natural dyes obtained from various plants possess anti-microbial properties.
Pomegranate Punica granatum is a potent antimicrobial agent due to the presence of tannins. Tannins possess antimicrobial activity against wide range of bacteria and fungi. Henna rich in naphthoquinones and walnut rich in juglone exhibit antibacterial and antifungal activity. The antimicrobial activity of the textile substrate impregnated with the natural dyes depends on the dye uptake and the presence of functional groups.
Synthetic antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial agents that are manufactured by chemical synthesis are called as synthetic antimicrobial agents. Synthetic agents are further classified into organic and inorganic agents.
Many organic compounds are used as antimicrobial agents including drugs and chemotherapeutic agents. Triclosan, a derivative of diphenyl ether reveals broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. It degrades bacterial cell membrane and inhibits a specific enzyme that the bacterium needs for its survival.
It has bacteriostatic activity against a wide range of bacteria. QAC based antimicrobial agent, forms a covalent bond with the fabric. When a microbe approaches the fabric the free end of the QAC molecule reacts with the cell wall and causes leakage of the microbial cell and causes cell death.
The halide form of PHMB i. PHMB form hydrogen bonds with cellulosic fibers. When the fabric treated with PHMB comes in contact with a bacterium, the biocide interacts with the surface of the bacteria. This results in the leakage of inner material and causes death of the bacterium.
Monomethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin MDMH. MDMH is a hydantoin derivative. It protects cellulosic fabrics from bacterial attack by cleaving the bacterial cell membrane and thereby inhibiting the growth of bacteria.
It is covalently bonded with the fabric. It exhibits good antibacterial activityagainst both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Silver is an important tbroad-spectrum antimicrobial agent and is widely used in textiles.
Silver is generally safe and effective in controlling bacteria. Blending of silver with the polymer during or prior to extrusion of fibre and fibre or fabric coating are the two important methods for incorporating silver in textiles.
Silver is inert in metallic form but ionic silver is effective against several different microorganisms including E. coli, Candida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Silver in ionic form is commonly applied on fabrics used in wound dressings.
Silver ions destroy the bacterial cells by inhibiting the enzymes found in cell membranes. Silver ions interfere with bacterial electron transport and inhibit DNA replication. Nanosilver has gained attention in its application to textiles.
The nanosilver particles are effective because of the large surface area to mass ratio and modified surface charge. Copper is an important disinfecting agent that is used from time immemorial. Copper is added during fibre formation or it is applied on the surface of textile materials.
It is a safe antimicrobial agent but it is not as efficient as silver. Zinc exhibits antimicrobial activity. Fabric with zinc sulphate exhibited antibacterial activity against S.
aureus and E. Zinc nanoparticles zinc oxide also acts as effective antimicrobials. Antimicrobial agents are generally applied to textile products as final finishing process whereas in some cases, it is applied in the fiber stage.
For synthetic fibers, the antimicrobial agent is incorporated during extraction. The textile fabrics can be finished with antimicrobial agents by different methods. But the durability of the finish is poor because of weak linkages between the fibers and antimicrobial agents. In this method the fabric is immersed in aqueous solution containing antimicrobial agents for 5 mins and padded through squeeze rolls.
The fabrics are then dried and cured at specific temperature and time. This method enables the movement of finishing agents from the solution on to the fabric until it is completely exhausted. This method is particularly suitable for nonwoven fabrics. It is an important technique for imparting functional finishes to textile materials.
The capsules formed are applied to fibres by padding, impregnation, exhaust and spraying techniques. Durability of the finish is higher when compared to other techniques as the biomaterial form an integral part of the fibre. This method is costly as it requires distinct polymerization units.
Antimicrobial activity was retained even after 25 washes whereas the fabric coated with neem extract retained the antimicrobial activity only upto 10 washes.
cross linking agents are used to link bioactive substances and fibremicro encapsulation of antimicrobial agents on the surface of the fibre covalent bond formation between fibre and antimicrobial agents copolymerization on to the fibre.
Numerous methods are used to assess the antibacterial activity namely agar diffusion, quantitative analysis, soil burial, humidity chamber and fouling tests respectively. Agar diffusion test is a preliminary test to identify the diffusive antimicrobial finish and is not appropriate for non-diffusive finishes.
In quantitative analysis, the difference between the bacterial count of the finished and unfinished material is assessed. The anti-fungal activity of the textile material is determined by three methods:.
Anti-bacterial finish is used in apparel and sportswear. The anti-bacterial finished undergarments prevent skin related diseases and urinary tract infection. It is also desirable for baby clothing as their thin skin is permeable and highly sensitive to microbes.
Antimicrobial finish is given to industrial fabrics like tents and ropes to protect it from mildew and rotting, to home furnishing textiles such as carpets, shower curtains and upholstery, to textiles used in museums, hospitals, hotels, crowded public places and schools as they have the risk of getting infection.
In addition, triclosan has contaminated the sea, lake, and groundwater and has reached the food chain, especially from foods such as seafood; triclosan enters the human body [ 53 ]. Studies have shown that triclosan affects androgens in the male body and estrogen in the female body.
Triclosan was found to affect the transport between the fetus and the placenta in the bodies of pregnant sheep, which has been reported that this can cause abnormal development.
It has also been reported that triclosan can trigger breast cancers, especially in females. A number of studies on rabbits have been reported to reduce the sperm count in male rabbits and cause tissue destruction in reproductive organs, disrupting masculinity hormones [ 53 ].
The thyroid is known to have vital effects on development and metabolism. The thyroid hormone is a highly effective hormone in the development of fetuses and young children.
Studies have shown that triclosan lowers thyroid hormone levels in rabbits and changes metamorphosis time in frogs [ 53 , 58 ]. Water supplies all over the world have been contaminated with triclosan due to wide commercial use in commercial products.
In a — study conducted in the United States, samples from different water sources were examined in terms of 95 different chemicals, and as a result, one of the chemicals with the highest concentration was triclosan. Again, the researchers found a very high amount of triclosan in the bodies of marine creatures in particular.
The Environmental Protection Agency reported that some of the triclosan in the environment was disrupted by the effect of ultraviolet rays and turned into toxic dioxins. It is reported that the access of dioxins to the food chain will have bad consequences [ 52 ].
Because the demolition products of triclosan are also toxic [ 59 ]. Again, the formation of cancer is associated with triclosan exposure [ 59 ]. Bio-functionalization of textiles with natural bioactive agents with antimicrobial properties is becoming increasingly important because they are not toxic, skin, and environment-friendly.
These antimicrobial compounds extracted from most plants are phenols, polyphenols simple phenols, phenolic acids, quinines, flavonoids, tannin, coumarin, etc. Most of these substances obtained from plants are colorful and are natural antimicrobial dyes and pigments used for the dyeing of both natural and synthetic fibers [ 30 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ].
Eco-friendly pigments can be obtained with fermentation of bacteria and fungi [ 30 , 66 , 67 ]. Different methods are mentioned in the literature to increase washing habits of bioactive vegetable-based antimicrobial compounds uncinated on textile fiber: resin application with cross-binding agent, glyoxal, and glycol [ 30 , 68 ]; sol-gel matrix of liquid bioactive compounds, such as essential oils [ 30 , 69 ]; and application with microcaps or with the pad-dry-cure method [ 30 , 70 , 71 , 72 ].
Hydrogen peroxide is a natural antimicrobial produced against invasive bacteria in human cells. It is also found in honey as a preservative.
Antimicrobial activity of hydrogen peroxide against bacteria, mold, fungi, algae, and viruses is known. The finishing processes and substances with hydrogen peroxide have become popular and commercialized in recent years [ 14 ]. It is thought that the importance of antimicrobial-effective herbal such as vegetable wastes etc.
and animal-derived natural materials will increase for reducing the waste load production, during its lifetime, and at the end of its lifespan and engaging in more environment-friendly manufacturing [ 14 ]. While the textile industry initially met traditional human needs such as dressing with yarn and fabric production and home textiles, today due to rising living standards, textiles have become much more technological and functional with diversified human requirements.
It is also an important industry sector for both countries in the growth and development process rather than traditional textile production and countries that have completed their development rather than high technological textile production. However, despite all these advantages, the textile industry causes a large amount of waste and environmental pollution.
At different stages of textile production, numerous chemicals and auxiliary substances are used, many of which are toxic and harmful to the environment and human beings. As a result of these production stages, a large amount of solid, liquid, gas, and sludge form waste is exposed and causes pollution.
Noise pollution is also another negative result of the textile industry. Textile finishing operations are the processes where high amounts of water are used, so high amounts of wastewater with high chemical load occur. Therefore, the biggest problem of the textile industry is this wastewater burden.
Textile wastewater needs to be properly purified to reduce environmental damage. In this context, the selection of chemicals and dyes with less environmental damage or environment-friendly finishing operations is also important in this context.
Any textile product has been subjected to washing, dry cleaning, and ironing many times during its service life. With each wash, the active chemical finishing agent in its structure is mixed into washing water, which then threatens the entire ecosystem by mixing into the sea, lakes, and underground waters, and is consequently used by water and soil plants contaminated with antimicrobial lice chemicals to be included in the food chain.
Again, the seas and rivers contaminated with antimicrobial substances threaten water creatures and the human health as a result of consuming these creatures. Studies on antimicrobial textiles have focused mainly on the synthesis of antimicrobial matter and its performance against microorganisms and washing durability.
Antimicrobial agents derived from natural sources are safe for human and the environment, but the spectrum of activity and efficiency is not as good as the synthetic ones.
To achieve this, more research work is needed in the field. Hence, natural antimicrobial agents derived from plant sources would be of prime importance in the future [ 75 ].
It is so urgent to protect and conserve the natural ecosystem of the earth, thereby restoring the global sustainability. Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.
Edited by Ayşegül Körlü. Open access peer-reviewed chapter The Waste Problem of Antimicrobial Finishing Written By Candan Akca. DOWNLOAD FOR FREE Share Cite Cite this chapter There are two ways to cite this chapter:.
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Chapter metrics overview Chapter Downloads View Full Metrics. Impact of this chapter. Abstract Growing awareness of health and hygiene has increased the demand for bioactive or antimicrobial textiles.
Keywords antimicrobial finishing heavy metal silver triclosan waste environment pollution toxicology. Introduction The foundations of the textile industry were laid in Britain; spinning and weaving technologies developed here.
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Productts Hydration strategies for hot weather sports have poducts been Antimicrobial finished products in the Anntimicrobial industry, to proeucts benefit of consumers Antimicrobiaal manufacturers alike. With the multitude of options available to Energy boosting tips for hikers, having products Hydration strategies for hot weather sports using antimicrobial textiles offers freshness Optimal training. Textiles with ifnished antimicrobial finish prevent degradation caused by bacteria, mold, and mildew. This leads to products lasting longer, providing value to consumers. Bacteria and certain microbes cause not only wear and tear to textiles but also unpleasant odors and staining. Antibacterial textiles help to lessen that and are particularly useful with clothing and products that are exposed to sweat and humidity. In many industries, especially healthcare, having antimicrobial textile products that help to minimize microbes is a huge benefit. Whether finshed are Satiety benefits of water manufacturer of the textiles, Tinished supplier, or finshed retailer selling the finished garments, there is one crucial aspect you need to pay Satiety benefits of water to — the hygiene and health proeucts with the textiles. Let us look Sprinting nutrition guidelines this in a little more detail. You are well aware of the different steps involved in the production of a garment. As the raw material both natural and man-made gets converted into the final product available on the store shelves, it undergoes numerous chemical treatments. While the production processes have evolved over the past decades to minimize the use of chemicals, they are still abundantly used. The chemical reactions have desirable effects on the overall outcome, and hence their use continues. However, these chemical reactions are also a significant cause for the growth of microorganisms on the textile.
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