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After the study, we will distribute the results via social media to the participants. This study will be funded by grants from Tehran University of Medical Sciences TUMS No.
Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Ld, lipid droplets; Ml, Muscle layer; Gc, Goblet cell; Gv, Gut villus. In addition, we examined pH and lysozyme activity of hindgut content in three groups Table 5.
Table 5. The evaluation of gut structure and physiological environment in intestinal samples of this study. We assessed gut permeability using the paracellular tracer FITC-dextran just prior to the end of the experiment.
We also examined the relative mRNA levels of genes related to gut permeability Figure 7F. Figure 8. The evaluation of gut inflammation in three treatments.
A Histological results of hindgut by hematoxylin and eosin staining, Original magnification is ×; B Relative mRNA levels of pNF- κ B and PAI ; C Relative mRNA levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor α TNF- α and IL-I β.
C0 group and C10 group demonstrate the normal physiological features of the gut villus, whereas C20 group shows severe pathological changes.
Ic, Inflammatory cell; Ml, Muscle layer; Gc, Goblet cell; Gv, Gut villus. Up to now, many nutritional factors have been reported to affect gut microbial community structure, including resistant starch Warren et al.
The novelty of the present work lies in the comprehensive characterization of gut microbial communities in Chinese perch after being fed with different contents of gelatinized starch diets and their correlation with gut health.
In the present study, gut microbial community diversity of Chinese perch was significantly decreased after feeding with high-starch diet, suggesting that supplementation of gelatinized starch to diet can also reshape gut microbiota, just like high-fructose, and high-glucose and high-fat diets Li et al.
However, the change trend of gut microbiota composition in Chinese perch was significantly different from that in mammals after feeding with high carbohydrate diet. In mice, Firmicutes -to- Bacteroidetes ratios and proportions of Proteobacteria are significantly were increased Do et al.
Our results indicated that the proportion of Tenericutes was increased gradually with the increase in dietary gelatinized starch content, and that Tenericutes became the absolute dominant bacteria in gut micro-organisms after long-term feeding with high dietary gelatinized starch in Chinese perch, thus the growth space of other bacteria was compressed to a certain extent, result in no significant increase in the proportion of Firmicutes -to- Bacteroidetes ratios or proportions of Proteobacteria.
As a representative species of Tenericutes , Mycoplasma is a kind of bacteria using carbohydrate as main energy substance Gupta et al. Mycoplasma is rare in gut microbial community of mammalian when animals are under normal feeding or high carbohydrates feeding.
However, Mycoplasma is common species in gut microbial community of aquatic animals Dong et al. We speculated that this might be due to the fact that carbohydrate is the first energy substance for mammals and can be rapidly absorbed and utilized, while it is not the first energy substance for fish Wilson, Since most fishes are extremely intolerant to carbohydrate and cannot quickly absorb and use it, mycoplasma make full use of sufficient carbohydrate as the main source of energy to propagate rapidly and influence the abundance of other bacteria.
High carbohydrate diet-induced damage in gut might be associated with the changes in gut microbiota and permeability in mammals. However, the key role of gut microbiota and related metabolites in the process of high carbohydrate diet-induced inflammation has not been well-elucidated.
Our study indicated that the relative abundances of Gram-negative bacteria and butyric acid-producing bacteria were also significantly decreased due to the proliferation of Tenericutes , which had a great impact on gut health in the high gelatinized starch diet group. Gram-negative bacteria are the main source of LPS Cani et al.
In mammals, the change in gut microbiota composition can increase LPS production level by Gram-negative bacteria Szabo, However, our study showed the opposite result that the change in gut microbiota composition significantly decreased LPS content in chyme in high gelatinized starch diet group, compared with control group, which was beneficial to the gut health to a certain extent.
Butyrate is an important energy source for gut enterocytes Chen et al. Lack of butyric acid can result in gut permeability increase Wu et al. In this experiment, the gut permeability was significantly increased, and butyrate content was sharply decreased due to the reduction in the relative abundance of butyric acid producing bacteria.
In addition, high gelatinized starch diets caused gut lipid metabolism disorders in Chinese perch, further resulting in the deposition of a large amount of lipid droplets in gut, which might have a direct effect on gut structure and gut function. Based on these results, it could be concluded that butyric acid deficiency and gut lipid droplet excessive accumulation cause an increase in gut permeability, thus causing more LPS to penetrate into the plasma, finally causing inflammation infiltration in the gut tract Figure 9B.
Our finding is consistent with the results of LPS-induced inflammatory infiltration in mammals Kim et al. Further, this study provides more details about the relationship between gut microbiota and gut health. Mycoplasma and butyric acid-producing bacteria play a key role in the whole process in non-mammals.
The mechanism underlying destroying gut health by high-starch diet was elaborated in non-mammals for first time. This study may provide data basis for the effective application of butyric acid-producing bacteria or butyric acid in high-starch diet.
Figure 9. Mechanism by which different contents of gelatinized starch diet influence the gut health. High gelatinized starch diets cause gut microbial changes and lipid metabolism disorders, which further leads to inflammation. However, the moderate amount of gelatinized starch in diets is beneficial to the health of gut Figure 9A.
The health of gut is largely determined by the acidity and alkalinity of gut environment Kohl et al. Previous study has reported that in an alkaline environment, the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria, was decreased, that of harmful bacteria was increased, resulting in gut immune function decline Jeurissen et al.
In this experiment, moderate gelatinized starch diets caused an increase in gut microbiota diversity relative to control group, and the relative abundance of many beneficial bacteria was significantly improved relative to control group at genera level, including Lactococcus , Lactobacillus , Geobacillus , Clostridium , Bifidobacterium , and so on.
We also found that the pH of gut chyme was decreased significantly and lactic acid content was increased significantly in C10 group, with the increase in relative abundance of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria.
Thus, a weakly acidic environment occurred in gut, which in turn promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria and the formation of a virtuous circle Sissons, In such a good environment, gut wall thickness and villus length was increased, and the gut absorption surface area was expanded, which was beneficial to the nutrient absorption in gut Sissons, According to the predictive functional profiles of microbial communities determined by PICRUSt analysis, the top ten most abundant functions were shown in Figure 5 , and the obvious differences in level 3 KEGG pathways were observed among the three groups Table 4.
Membrane transport pathways, such as transporters and ABC transporters, are essential for cell survival and growth and crucial for the survival of microbiota in gut ecosystem Lyons et al. The research demonstrated that such predicted transporter functions were connected with nutrient-associated changes in gut microbiota composition Odamaki et al.
In this experiment, the proportion of transporters was significantly increased in moderate gelatinized starch diet group, while this change was reversed in the high gelatinized starch diet group.
This indicated that the addition of gelatinized starch to diet was important for the changes in the microbiota of gut, and that the addition of an appropriate amount of gelatinized starch was beneficial to gut microbiota, enabling the microbial community to utilize the nutrients better in gut by enhancing membrane transport pathways.
The level of energy metabolism and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins in gut microbiota are related to the growth of gut microbiota and the state of body.
One previous study has shown that high-grain diets lead to gut inflammation and dramatical increase in energy metabolism pathway levels of gut microbiota in goats Zhang et al. Another study has reported that energy metabolic pathways in gut microbiota were significantly increased in spring samples, which could facilitate a Tibetan Macaques Macaca thibetana recovery from acute energy loss experienced during winter Sun et al.
In addition, the metabolism level of cofactors and vitamins in late-instar Spodoptera littoralis in gut microbiota was significantly higher than that in the early instar larva Chen et al.
These studies suggested that gut microbiota might respond to stimuli from the inside or outside of the body by significantly increasing energy metabolism and the metabolism of coenzyme factors and vitamins. Our results further demonstrate that microbiota play a key role in the gut damage caused by the high-carbohydrate diet.
Our findings make the targeted regulation of gut microbiota possible to mitigate the damage caused by the increase in starch content in feed of fish. In summary, we demonstrate that ordinary dietary gelatinized starch significantly alters gut microbiota composition in Chinese perch. Furthermore, this study makes the first comprehensive illustration of the action mechanisms and the specific regulatory effects of high carbohydrate diet-modulated microbiota on gut health of non-mammals.
Our results reveal that Mycoplasma and butyric acid-producing bacteria play a key role in the above process. The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Centre, Huazhong Agriculture University.
YZ, X-FL, and SH designed the experiments and helped to draft the manuscript. YZ, XC, JW, JL, QZ, ZZ, LL, and MA performed the experiments.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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To circumvent this potential Mivrobiota problem, we aimed at providing an overview about whether Carbohydrates and Gut Microbiota how dietary supplementation of Carbohyddrates complex Carbohydrates and Gut Microbiota Microboita the gut microbiome in healthy non-obese Micribiota. We then reviewed whether the Carbohhydrates changes in Carbohydrztes bacterial members found to be established by complex Gut health and healthy lifestyle would benefit or Mucrobiota the cardiometabolic Carbohydrates and Gut Microbiota immunological health of the host taking into account the alterations in the microbiome composition and abundance known to be associated with obesity and its associated disorders. By combining these research areas, we aimed to give a better insight into the potential of foods containing complex carbohydrates in the treatment and prevention of above-mentioned diseases. We conclude that supplemental complex carbohydrates that increase Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, without increasing the deleterious Bacteroidesare most likely promoting cardiometabolic and immunological health in obese subjects. Overall, this review article shows that whereas it is relatively clear in which direction supplemental fermentable carbohydrates can alter the gut microbiome, the relevance of these changes regarding health remains controversial.
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