In daily life, shift work, smartphone overuse, Circadian rhythm exercise long-haul flights rhytgm time zones may ezercise acute circadian disruption, suppressed melatonin Exercise for diabetes, and sleep deprivation Wei et al. Article PubMed CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar Moran-Ramos, S. This free course also includes a practical coaching guide to help you design and deliver your own fun and engaging agility sessions. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Marquet, L.

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Circadian rhythm exercise -

Several preclinical studies have shown that exercise can shift the muscle clock and both preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated a time-of-day dependent effect of exercise on gene expression and energy metabolism 3 — 6.

This Research Topic reviews current advancements that underline the value of timed exercise and physical activity as therapeutic interventions for cardiometabolic diseases in the era of chronomedicine.

Hypertension, one of the components of the metabolic syndrome and strongly associated with cardiac deaths, responds to exercise training 7 , 8. As the blood pressure naturally spikes in the morning, Imamura et al. investigated the association between blood pressure and habitual physical activity timing throughout the day in a cohort of Japanese men.

Interestingly, individuals who performed vigorous exercise in the evening between 6 and 9 PM had the lowest systolic and diastolic blood pressure while individuals who went on walks in the very early morning between 3 and 6 AM had significantly higher blood pressure.

This data matches the report by Arciero et al. who observed in an intervention study that evening exercise training more effectively lowered the blood pressure of exercise-trained men.

Surprisingly however, in women, morning exercise achieved a greater reduction in blood pressure and abdominal fat mass while evening training on the other hand was found to increase muscular performance.

Improvements to metabolic homeostasis in individuals with obesity or T2D have previously been reported to be greater with evening exercise in short-term studies 9 , In a new randomized controlled trial with individuals with T2D, Liu et al.

aim to further assess the effect of four months of combined exercise training paired with a controlled diet on fat mass, muscle mass and the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in exercise-induced metabolic benefits.

This work will aid the optimization of exercise recommendations for individuals with T2D and obesity. Over the past decades, the cellular and molecular effects of physical activity on skeletal muscle and the rest of the body have been investigated thoroughly and it has become evident that nearly every known aspect of this physiological response is intertwined with circadian rhythmicity Investigating the transcriptional impact of exercise training in a state of circadian disturbance, Lin et al.

identified that high intensity interval training was able to offset the negative consequences of sleep impairment. In particular, exercise training reversed the induction of a pro-inflammatory transcriptional profile induced by five nights of sleep restriction in healthy men.

This work highlights the importance of robust circadian rhythms for the maintenance of cardiometabolic health and points towards the capacity of exercise to re-align these rhythms should they be disturbed through sleep loss, jetlag, shift work or light exposure at night Zooming in on skeletal muscle, Mansingh and Handschin reviewed the intracellular interaction of energy sensors such as AMPK or SIRT1 with the core clock machinery during muscle contractions, highlighting that the skeletal muscle clock is less sensitive to circadian perturbations like nighttime eating than, for instance, the highly susceptible liver clock.

designed a study exposing individuals to bright light or to bright light in combination with exercise and melatonin following an artificial, lab-induced 8 hour jetlag. To ensure the reproducibility and comparability of pre-clinical and clinical circadian exercise studies in the future, several considerations relevant for study design and reporting are summarized in Figure 1.

As large-scale human studies are still limited at this point, the current recommendation remains: Any exercise at any time in the day is likely better than no exercise but it might be best to keep your time of exercise consistent. Figure 1 Considerations for study design and reporting of circadian exercise studies.

To ensure the reproducibility and comparability of preclinical and clinical circadian exercise studies in the future, several aspects should be taken into account when planning, executing and reporting studies.

These considerations range from unique aspects of clinical studies in free-living individuals to highly controlled lab environments of rodent studies and comprise common aspects relevant for all circadian exercise studies.

MS wrote the manuscript, KE and BG reviewed and edited the manuscript, BG created the figure. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Lee Y, Field JM, Sehgal A. Circadian rhythms, disease and chronotherapy.

J Biol Rhythms 36 6 — doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Cable J, Schernhammer E, Hanlon EC, Vetter C, , Cedernaes J, Makarem N, et al. Sleep and circadian rhythms: pillars of health-a keystone symposia report.

Ann New York Acad Sci 1 — CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Sato S, Basse AL, Schönke M, Chen S, Samad M, Altıntaş A, et al.

Time of exercise specifies the impact on muscle metabolic pathways and systemic energy homeostasis. Cell Metab 30 1 — Ezagouri S, Zwighaft Z, Sobel J, Baillieul S, Doutreleau S, Ladeuix B, et al.

Physiological and molecular dissection of daily variance in exercise capacity. Maier G, Delezie J, Westermark PO, Santos G, Ritz D, Handschin C. Transcriptomic, proteomic and phosphoproteomic underpinnings of daily exercise performance and zeitgeber activity of training in mouse muscle.

J Physiol-London 4 — Yamanaka Y, Honma S, Honma K. Hower , Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.

Sara A. Harper , Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States. Thomas W. Buford , Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States. Abstract Human circadian rhythmicity is driven by a circadian clock comprised of two distinct components: the central clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN within the hypothalamus, and the peripheral clocks, located in almost all tissues and organ systems in the body.

Keywords: circadian rhythmicity circadian clock entrainment exercise cardiovascular disease. Submitted on 8 May Accepted on 27 Jun Published on 12 Jul Peer Reviewed CC BY 4.

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