Energy balance for athletes -
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School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK.
Sophie L. Wardle, Thomas J. Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Department of Targeted Intervention, University College London, London, UK. Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre of Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK. Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Download PDF. Current Opinion Open access Published: 22 February Measurement of Energy Intake Using the Principle of Energy Balance Overcomes a Critical Limitation in the Assessment of Energy Availability Caroline A.
Tarnowski 1 , Sophie L. Wardle 2 , 3 , Thomas J. Gifford 4 , 5 , Julie P. Wallis ORCID: orcid. Abstract Prolonged low energy availability, which is the underpinning aetiology of the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport and the Female and Male Athlete Triad frameworks, can have unfavourable impacts on both health and performance in athletes.
Key Points Prolonged low energy availability, which is the underpinning aetiology of the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport and the Female and Male Athlete Triad frameworks, can have unfavourable impacts on both health and performance in athletes.
Introduction Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport RED-S and the Female and Male Athlete Triad frameworks are highly topical within sports science and sports medicine due to the impact of low energy availability on athlete health and performance [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ].
Calculating EA using the EA EB method. Full size image. Application of the EB Method to Improve the Assessment of Energy Availability The EB method quantifies EI EI EB and improves the calculation of EA by obviating the reliance on self-report approaches.
Considerations for the EA EB Method Advantages and Applications The EA EB method proposes an alternative approach to calculating EA with the advantage of using an objective measure of EI, which removes burden from the athlete to self-report EI, and minimises the resulting behaviour change from recording dietary intake [ 29 ].
Practicalities and Limitations When the EB method is used in the obesity field, there are often significant changes in body composition because of a large calorie deficit [ 18 , 22 , 23 , 32 ], reducing the reliance on the precision of the body composition measurement.
Conclusion This Current Opinion proposes the EA EB method as an alternative method for assessing EA. Availability of data and materials Available from the corresponding author upon request.
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In the present study, we confirmed the importance of evaluating the stage of sexual maturity together with an evaluation of body composition, particularly in adolescent girls between 13 and 15 years old who are classified as either pubertal or postpubertal.
Adolescents require special attention during this biological period, which includes noticeable body changes related to sexual maturity and growth. However, it is known that the eating habits of adolescents are frequently inadequate.
Adolescents often substitute meals with snacks of low nutritional value [ 29 ] and consume insufficient amounts of milk, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables [ 30 — 32 ], as well as large amounts of high energy-density foods that are rich in sodium and sugar, such as soft drinks and fast foods [ 31 , 33 , 34 ].
Few pentathletes ate vegetables and fruits with this same frequency. Our findings therefore corroborate previous findings demonstrating that young athletes have inadequate nutritional intake levels, particularly with respect to energy, carbohydrates, vitamins A and C, and calcium.
However, intakes of lipids, proteins, and iron among this population were adequate. In the present study, a deficit in total energy intake among adolescent males was verified, different to the findings of Braggion et al. Moreover, Kazapi and Ramos [ 30 ] observed a greater prevalence of restricted energy intake among female athletes than their male counterparts.
According to Panza et al. Paradoxically, in this study, female athletes consumed more energy than the recommendations. Carbohydrates are essential for athletes because they contribute to meeting their specific energy needs, to maintain glycemia and recover glycogen reserves [ 28 ].
Furthermore, inadequate carbohydrate intake could result in the use of body protein as an energy source, impairing the growth and development processes in both sexes [ 37 ]. Additional studies should be carried out to assess whether insufficient intake of energy and carbohydrates, according to ADA recommendations [ 10 ], impairs either the growth or physical performance of young modern pentathletes.
Calcium intakes were below the EAR for both male and female study participants, regardless of age. In surveys carried out in Brazil among adolescent non-athletes [ 38 ] and athletes [ 32 , 39 , 40 ], low intakes of calcium according to dietary recommendations were common.
Santos et al. In addition to calcium, dietary iron intake also appears to be inadequate among adolescent athletes [ 38 ]. However, in the present study, the average amounts of iron ingested by most athletes of both sexes were in accordance with recommendations [ 23 ].
The habit of consuming small snacks by physically active individuals could help meet their energy and nutrient needs, according to Burke et al. The majority of adolescent athletes in this study concentrated their food intake in the three main meals breakfast, lunch and dinner.
Considering the fact that participants reported a short interval between lunch and the start of training sessions, we suggest an evaluation of using snacks as part of the daily nutritional contribution, mainly during periods of training.
According to Jacobson [ 42 ], young athletes normally receive guidance from an unreliable source when it comes to use of supplements, such as from trainers, friends, family, magazines, or television.
Energy and hydroelectrolytic supplements were the most frequently used among study participants. Vitamin C supplements, multivitamins, and branched-chain amino acids were also mentioned by a smaller number of athletes.
Vigorous and taxing physical activity together with reduced energy availability may cause adverse effects on pubertal development and reproductive function [ 43 ]. Therefore, accurate estimation of individual energy needs is needed to establish appropriate dietary guidelines [ 44 ].
In the present study, TEE was estimated by predictive equations. The findings of this work can contribute to awareness among young modern pentathletes of the importance of nutrition and the role of each nutrient, for adequate physical performance, muscular recovery, health preservation, and promoting growth and development.
Our results will also help sports nutrition professionals in advising adolescent pentathletes. A main limitation of this study is that we were unable to obtain a homogeneous distribution of athletes at each stage of sexual maturity, so as to more accurately investigate the influence of this variable on eating habits.
In addition, the analyses performed here might provide more useful information if conducted using a larger sample size. Further studies will be carried out that are focused on this sport, especially regarding the nutritional demands of athletes during each pentathlon event.
The adolescent modern pentathlon athletes in this study had inadequate eating habits with respect to energy, carbohydrates, and calcium intake. Moreover, the majority of athletes made use of supplements, even without qualified nutritional counseling, and showed qualitative inadequacy in their eating habits, especially with regard to frequent consumption of soft drinks and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.
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Athletes apply well-executed fuel strategies Importance of macronutrients for athletes known as energy management- to stay at their best throughout their careers. The energy goal atthletes a bqlance athlete Blood glucose monitor strips to be able to Eergy his zthletes Energy balance for athletes to balancr all expenditures from training. Blood glucose monitor strips adjustments support an energy balance that is positive for health and performance. This article will shine light on what energy balance, energy availability and low energy are and the effects that may occur in athletes in such cases. In addition, it is explained how this balance can be achieved with nutrients and what can happen if it is not provided. The first condition for optimizing training and performance through nutrition is to ensure that the athlete consumes enough calories to balance energy expenditure. Click name Seasonal eating habits view affiliation. Very Blood glucose monitor strips is known flr Energy balance for athletes energy needs of young athletes. Athletss studies using the doubly labeled water method athleetes shown that the Enregy dietary allowances for energy may be too high for normally active children and adolescents living in affluent societies. No studies of energy balance in young athletes have been published. Self-report dietary records of young athletes indicate that energy, carbohydrate, and select micronutrient intakes of certain athletic groups and individual athletes may be marginal or inadequate.
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